Browsing by Author "Salawu, K.M."

Now showing 1 - 13 of 13
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    Antibacterial Screening and Isolation of Compounds from Detarium microcarpum Stem Bark against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    (. Journal of Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 2020) Salawu, K.M.; Wang, Y.; Maharjan, R.; Ajaiyeoba, E.O.
    Purpose: Infectious diseases are leading cause of death globally and a primary cause of public health concern. The most worrisome aspect of microbial infection is the emergence of resistant strains of micro-organisms to commonly available antimicrobial agents. The emergences of resistant strains have added more pressure on the need to identify new agents that may be effective against resistant microbial strains. The focus of this study was to screen the crude extract and fractions of D. microcarpum stem bark for their antibacterial effects and isolate compounds with antibacterial activities. Methods: The stem bark of Detarium microcarpum was collected, authenticated, air dried, extracted into 70% methanol. The extract was fractionated successively into n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Concentrated extract and fractions were subjected to antibacterial assay using Microplate Alamar Blue Assay. Two compounds were isolated using column chromatographic techniques. The compounds were characterised using spectroscopic techniques and later subjected to antibacterial studies to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The crude extract displayed weak antibacterial activity across the panel of test microorganisms while the fractions displayed antibacterial activity in order of decreasing polarity. Compounds isolated from dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were identified as methyl gallate (compound 1) and catechin gallate (compound 2), respectively. Interestingly compounds 1 and 2 displayed anti-MRSA activity with compound 2 (MIC of 200 µg/mL) displayed anti-MRSA activity. Conclusion: Antibacterial and chromatographic analysis of D. microcarpum stem bark led to identification of compounds active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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    Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Stem Bark Extract
    (Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2021) Salawu, K.M.; Oyerinde, A.A.; Bello, R.H.
    Citrus limon is traditionally use for the treatment of several ailments including infectious diseases. This study was designed to evaluate antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities of Citrus limon stem bark extract. The plant material was collected, authenticated, air-dried and pulverized. Two hundred grams of powdered plant material was extracted into distilled methanol by cold maceration and the extract was concentration in a vacuo. The extract was subjected to in vitro phytochemical screening and bioassays including; antiproliferative assay (Sorghum bicolor radicle and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays) and antimicrobial susceptibility against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter ferundii and Candida albicans. Phytochemical evaluation detected the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and cardiac glycoside in the extract. The extract displayed concentration-dependent antiproliferative activity with an IC50 of 1.10±0.07 and 0.62±0.04 mg/mL compared to cyclophosphamide (IC50 of 0.17±0.02 and 0.83±0.08 mg/mL) for Sorghum bicolor radical growth and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays, respectively. The extract displayed antimicrobial activity with the highest activity against Escherichia coli and Citrobacter ferundii with activity indices of 0.68 and 0.59, respectively compared to gentamicin. Citrus limon stem bark extract displayed antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities.
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    Assessment of Antiviral Activity of Curcuma longa on Two RNA Viruses
    (Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2021) Shenge, J.A.,; Obi, R.K.; Salawu, K.M.
    Major pandemics and seasonal epidemics that have ravaged the world in the past and even at present, are mostly caused by RNA viruses. This has necessitated the need for continuous research to identify important natural products, with antiviral potentials, which can be harnessed for use in the prevention and treatment of viral infections. This study therefore, evaluated the antiviral property of Curcuma longa on two important RNA viruses of public health importance, namely polio and measles viruses. Extraction of active ingredients from turmeric rhizomes was done with the use of Analar grade methanol and concentrated using rotary evaporator. Polio and measles viruses were isolated from their respective vaccines using Reed-Muench method. Infective doses of the viruses and toxicity profile of extract were determined. Confluent Vero cells were inoculated with the viruses at different dilutions of the extract, incubated and observed for 7 days. Methanol extract of Curcuma longa inhibited polio virus at the maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC) of 0.031μg μL-1 and inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.067 μg μL-1 with selectivity index of 2.16. Inhibition by the extract was observed prior to infection with the viruses. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed presence of terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and phenol as the bioactive phytochemicals. This study has shown that curcuma longa has potent inhibitory activity, hence can be harnessed in the development of an effective antiviral agent against polio and measles viruses.
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    Cytotoxicity and Anti-Proliferative Studies of Crinum Jagus L. (Amaryllidaceae) Bulb Extract
    (Bima Journal of Science and Technology, 2020) Salawu, K.M.; Atunwa, S.A.; Eniayewu, I.O.
    Crinum jagus is a flowering plant, commonly called poison bulb. Traditionally, the bulb extract is used in the treatment of several ailments including cancer. Cancer is a global cause of death characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. This research thus aimed to identify secondary metabolites present in the crude extract of C. jagus and evaluate its cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities using bench top assays. Whole C. jagus bulb was collected, air-dried under the shade and extracted into distilled methanol. The extract was concentrated in vacuum and subjected to; phytochemical analysis, brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay, Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays. Data obtained was analyzed by Graphpad prism version 6.0. The whole bulb on extraction had a percentage yield of 12.15 % w/w. The phytochemical content of the extract includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and some glycosides. The extract demonstrated concentration dependent brine shrimp lethality (LC50 of 65.62±0.74 µg/mL), Sorghum bicolor radical growth inhibition (IC50 = 5.36±3.21µg/mL) and significant Allium cepa root growth inhibition comparative to cyclophosphamide (a standard anticancer drug). The extract was found to be rich in secondary metabolites which elicited significant cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities. This is the first report of antiproliferative activity of C. jagus bulb extract. Hence, this study justifies the traditional use of the bulb in the treatment of cancer.
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    Ethnobotanical Survey, Phytochemical Screening, Growth Inhibitory Effects and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Medicinal Plants used for Cancer Management in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria
    (2021) Salawu, K.M.; Ogbole, O.O.; Abiodun, O.O.; Ajaiyeoba, E.O.
    Cancer is a leading cause of death globally and in many local communities, medicinal plants are employed by traditional medicine practitioners (TMP’s) to manage cancer patients. This study was designed to access information on medicinal plants that are locally employed for cancer management in Ilorin metropolis and evaluate growth inhibitory and cytotoxic potentials of selected plants mentioned from the survey.An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among TMP’s in Ilorin metropolis. Plants selected from the survey were collected at Ilorin and authenticated at the Herbarium Unit Department of Plant Biology University of Ilorin before they were air-dried, pulverised and extracted into aqueous-methanol (30:70%). Phytochemical constituents of the plants were determined and thereafter the extracts obtained were subjected to growth inhibitory assays using Sorghum bicolor radicle and Allium cepa root. Cytotoxicity of the plant extracts using brine shrimp lethality and MTT colorimetric assays was evaluated.Fifteen (15) respondents comprising of 9 herb-sellers and 6 herbalist gave their consent to participate in the ethnobotanical study. Nineteen plants belonging to twelve families were mentioned for the management of cancer. The plants were observed to contain secondary metabolites including saponins, tannins, alkaloids, free and combined anthraquinones, flavonoids and terpenoids. Extracts of Detarium microcarpum stem bark and Prosopis africana whole fruit displayed the highest growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects, with Detarium microcarpum displayed the higher cytotoxicity against Hep-2C cancer cells (IC50 value of 0.08±0.00 μg/mL) compared to cyclophosphamide (2.69±0.25 μg/mL).This study reveals that Detarium microcarpum and Prosopis africana used traditionally in Ilorin for the management of cancer possess growth inhibitory and cytotoxicity effects. These plants might be further explored for anticancer drug discovery.
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    EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS (LOGANIACEAE) IN MICE
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka., 2023) Aiyelero, O.M.; Salahudeen, M.A.; Salawu, K.M.; Ojuade, F.I.; Njinga, N.S; Ayanniyi, R.O.
    Anthocleista djalonensis (Loganiaceae) is used traditionally for the treatment of convulsions, hypertension, stomach pains, hemorrhoids, syphilis, diabetes, and other conditions. The objective of this work was to access the phytochemicals (using standard methods) and anticonvulsant potential (using adult Swiss albino mice) of the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis (EEAD). The acute toxicity profile of EEAD was investigated following standard guidelines established by the OECD 423. The study examined the anticonvulsant activity of EEAD at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg in pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizure tests. The phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out and revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids. When given orally to mice, the extract's median lethal dose (LD50) was more than 2000 mg/kg. Despite the fact that there was no significant difference between the control and 200 mg/kg doses, the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis showed a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent increase in the start of clonic and tonic seizures.. The 800 mg/kg dose of the extract produced an almost similar effect as standard drug (diazepam) in stopping the occurrence of clonic and tonic seizure. Also, the higher the dose of EEAD, the higher its protection of the mice against mortality in both strychnine and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure models as 800 mg/kg dose produced complete protection against mortality similar to diazepam. These findings suggest that EEAD possess anticonvulsant activity which justifies the traditional utility of the plant in the management of convulsion.
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    Growth inhibitory properties and antimicrobial evaluation of Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker) leaf rind extract
    (African Journals Online, 2020) Salawu, K.M.; Oyerinde, A.A.; Aliyu, A.; Obajemihi O. I
    Cancer and infectious diseases combined are leading cause of death and public health concern. In developing countries, about 80% of the populace depends on medicinal plants for their general health care needs including treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Aloe schweinfurthii (Aloaceae) is a small medicinal herb that is commonly used for the treatment of cancerous and infectious diseases in South-West Nigeria. The focus of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of the herb. The rind of the herb was collected, air dried, pulverized and extracted into distilled methanol by cold maceration. The dried extract obtained was subjected to growth inhibitory and antimicrobial assays. The extract displayed concentration dependent growth inhibitory activity with IC50 of 484.7±2.16 and 1188±2.32µg/mL compared to cyclophosphamide with IC50 of 174.3±0.19 and 834.5±0.84 µg/mL in Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays, respectively. The extract displayed concentration dependent antibacterial and antifungal effects with the highest activity against C. freundi (18 mm zone of inhibition) at 50 mg/mL. The extract of Aloe schweinfurthii leaf rind displayed marked growth inhibitory and antimicrobial bioactivities. The extract maybe considered as a viable candidate for discovery of chemotherapeutic agent (s).
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    Growth Inhibitory Properties and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker)
    (Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2020) Salawu, K.M.; Oyerinde, A.A.; Aliyu, A.; Obajemihi, O.I.
    Cancer and infectious diseases combined are leading cause of death and public health concern. In developing countries, about 80% of the populace depends on medicinal plants for their general health care needs including treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Aloe schweinfurthii (Aloaceae) is a small medicinal herb that is commonly used for the treatment of cancerous and infectious diseases in South-West Nigeria. The focus of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of the herb. The rind of the herb was collected, air dried, pulverized and extracted into distilled methanol by cold maceration. The dried extract obtained was subjected to growth inhibitory and antimicrobial assays. The extract displayed concentration dependent growth inhibitory activity with IC50 of 484.7±2.16 and 1188±2.32µg/mL compared to cyclophosphamide with IC50 of 174.3±0.19 and 834.5±0.84 µg/mL in Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays, respectively. The extract displayed concentration dependent antibacterial and antifungal effects with the highest activity against C. freundi (18 mm zone of inhibition) at 50 mg/mL. The extract of Aloe schweinfurthii leaf rind displayed marked growth inhibitory and antimicrobial bioactivities. The extract maybe considered as a viable candidate for discovery of chemotherapeutic agent (s).
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    A new ent-clerodane diterpene from Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. and its protective potential for osteoporosis
    (2022) Irshad, R.; Kabbashi, A.S.A.; Salawu, K.M.; Cao, Y.G.; Fayaz, A.; Khan, F.A.; Choudhary, M.I.; Wang, Y.
    A new clerodane diterpene, named 6α-hydroxy-3,13E-clerodien-15-oic acid (1), together with a known clerodane diterpene (2), four known labdane diterpenes (3–6), a triterpenoid (7), a known steroid (8), and two benzenoid compounds (9 and 10) were isolated from Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. The structures of all obtained compounds were determined by chemical properties and spectroscopic evidence, accompanied by comparisons with data in the literature. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) was performed for compounds 1–4 to confirm the absolute configuration. Compounds 1–3 and 8–10 were evaluated for the protective effect on osteoblasts. Compound 1 was observed to increase the proliferation of dexamethasone (DEX)-treated MC3T3-E1 cells significantly at 1 μM, which was comparable with the positive control geniposide at 10 μM. The results were further confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. In addition, compound 1 increased the level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mineralization in osteoblasts inhibited by DEX. Moreover, Compound 9 (vanillic acid) showed a pronounced inhibition (IC50 6.5 ± 0.6 μM) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and 10 (4-O-methyl gallic acid) showed a good inhibition with IC50 as 103.3 ± 2.2 μM, compared with the standard drug ibuprofen (IC50 54.2 ± 9.2 μM). Besides, compounds 1–3 and 8–10 were non-cytotoxic against MCF-7, NCI-H460, Hela, and BJ cell lines.
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    A new sesquiterpene, prosoterpene, from Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub.
    (Natural Product Research, 2022) Ali, R.; Salawu, K.M.; Aamer, M.; Jahan, H.; Tufail, P.; Irshad, R.; Khan, F.A.; Sener, B.; Choudhary, M.I.; Wang, Y
    A new sesquiterpene (Prosoterpene, 1) and eleven reported compounds (2–12) of several classes, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and long-chain alcohols, were isolated from the BuOH extract of Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. Compounds 2–10 were reported for the first time from this plant. Isomers 11 and 12 were separated for the first time. Extensive spectroscopic techniques and literature comparisons were used to characterise their structures. Furthermore, compounds 3, 5–8, and 10–12 were performed for anti-glycation and cytotoxicity activities. Compound 3 (quercetin-3-O-a-L-rhamnoside) exhibited moderate anti-glycation activity. All tested compounds were noncytotoxic against MCF-7 (breast cancer), NCI-H460 (lung cancer), Hela (cervical cancer), and BJ (normal human fibroblast) cell lines.
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    Phytochemical Characterizations of Maranthes polyandra (Benth.) Prance.
    (Molecules, 2022) Ali, N.; Khan, F.A.; Salawu, K.M.; Irshad, R.; Jabeen, A.; Zhang, C.L.; Choudhary, M.I.; Liu, X.M.; Wang, Y.
    Two new ursane-type triterpenoids, named Polyanside A (1) and B (2), along with eleven known compounds (3–13), were isolated and elucidated from Maranthes polyandra (Benth.) Prance. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on chemical evidence and multiple spectroscopic data. Isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and cytotoxicity on a normal human cell line (BJ). None of them showed activity and cytotoxicity. The hexane fraction was analyzed by GC-MS, resulting in the identification of forty-one compounds. This is the first comprehensive study on the phytochemistry of M. polyandra.
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    Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Brine Shrimp Lethality and Antiproliferative Analyses of Solanum dasyphyllum schum. & thonn. Leaf and Fruit Extracts (Solanaceae)
    (Savannah Veterinary Journal, 2019) Sodeinde, O.A.; Salawu, K.M.; Ogbole, O.O.; Ajaiyeoba, E.O.
    Introduction: Solanum dasyphyllum is an edible egg plant belonging to Solanaceae family. The fruit and leaf of S. dasyphyllum are traditionally used to relief swellings and oedema. In this study, we investigated the phyto-chemical constituents, DPPH antioxidant activity, brine shrimp lethality and cytotoxicity on human cancer cell lines of the leaf and fruit extracts of S. dasyphyllum. Methods: The leaf and fruit extracts of S. dasyphyllum were subjected to phytochemical screening, in vitro anti-oxidant assay using DPPH, brine shrimp lethality (BSL) bioassay and MTT colorimetric assay using human can-cer cell lines. Results: The leaf and fruit of S. dasyphyllum tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Extract of the leaf (IC50 of 274.6±2.45 and LC50 of 406.0±7.41) and fruit (278.2±2.68 µg/mL and 766.7±9.14 µg/mL) displayed weak DPPH radical scavenging activity and brine shrimp lethality (BSL) com-pared to ascorbic acid (IC50=20.2±0.36 µg/mL) and cyclophosphamide (LC50 of 98.76±0.15 µg/mL) respectively. Compared to the fruits extracts, the leaf extract was found to be more cytotoxic with CC50 of 28.46±1.42, 2.99±0.15 and 23.33±2.7 µg/mL on the human cancer cell lines Rd, Hep-2c and the normal cell line, Vero, re-spectively in the MTT colorimetric assay. Significance: The leaf and fruit extracts of S. dasyphyllum had weak DPPH activity and elicited mild cytotoxi-city in BSL assay. However, the leaf extract of displayed a higher cytotoxicity than the fruit extract on human cancer line used in the study.
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    Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Studies of Securinega Virosa Aerial Parts Extract
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, 2020) Salawu, K.M.; Oyerinde, A.A.; Ajaiyeoba, E.O.
    Cancer and infectious diseases are leading causes of death, globally. Securinega virosa is locally used for the manage ent of cancerous tumour and infectious diseases. This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical consituents of the plant’s aerial parts and determine the antioxidant, antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of theextract using standard laboratory procedures. The plant was collected and the aerial parts was extracted with methanol. The extract was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. It displayed potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 0.018±0.002 mg/mL compared to ascorbic acid (0.008±0.001 mg/mL) and was nontoxic to brine shrimp. The extract displayed potent antiproliferative activity with an IC50 value of 1.50±0.037 mg/mL compared to the value for cyclophosphamide, 0.55±0.043 mg/mL in Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assay. The extract displayed potent activities (IC50 = 11.31±0.18 and 7.23±0.01 μg/mL) on RD and Hep-2C cancer cells, respectively, compared to cyclophosphamide (IC50 = 0.32±0.18 and 2.56±0.13 μg/mL). The extract also displayed some antibacterial and anti-fungi activities with up to 10 and 14 mm zones of inhibition against Escherichia coli, Citrobacter ferundii at 0.625 mg/disc, respectively. Securinega virosa extract displayed antioxidant, antiproliferative, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities and the plant maybe considered a viable candidate for discovery of chemotherapeutic agent(s)