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PHENOTYPIC AND GENOMIC CHARACTERISATION OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER SPECIES FROM CATTLE AND POULTRY IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
(University Of Ilorin, 2024) AHMED, AKEEM OLAYIWOLA
Campylobacter is a significant cause of gastroenteritis globally, with poultry and cattle as the primary sources of human infections. In Sub-Saharan Africa, campylobacteriosis is becoming a major cause of diarrhoea, especially those caused by antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains. However, in this region, there is limited understanding of the sources of human infections. Hence, this study aimed at characterising the thermophilic Campylobacter (TC) circulating among cattle and poultry in Kwara State (KWST). The objectives were to: (i) isolate and identify TC from cattle and poultry; (ii) determine the species of TC circulating among cattle and poultry; (iii) determine the phenotypic (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) and genotypic antimicrobial profiles of the isolates; (iv) evaluate the genetic diversity (clonal-complexes, CCs and sequence types, STs) of the TC; and (v) determine the virulence genes among the isolates. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey. Six local government areas (LGAs) were purposefully selected from KWST for the study. Six farms each of cattle and poultry were randomly selected from 62 cattle and 85 poultry farms registered in the LGAs. Nine hundred (300 cattle and 600 poultry) samples were randomly collected during the dry (N=450) and rainy (N=450) seasons. The samples were cultured using standard bacteriological procedures. The isolates were speciated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and subsequently tested for AMR using microbroth dilution method. A subset of the isolates were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq method. The data obtained were analyzed using OpenEpi v3.03 and Chi-square test was used with level of significance at α=0.05 The findings of the study were that: the isolation rate of TC from cattle and poultry in KWST was 10.7 % and the rate was significantly higher in poultry (13.3 %) than cattle (5.3 %) and in rainy (16.2 %) than dry season (5.1 %) (p=0.02); Campylobacter coli (cattle=50.0 %, poultry=62.5 %) was the major species detected and putative Campylobacter coli/Campylobacter jejuni-hybrid (PCc/Cj-H) was reported (cattle=6.3 %, poultry=5.0 %); the TC displayed varying resistance phenotypes with high MIC to ciprofloxacin (97.9 %), tetracycline (89.5 %), kanamycin (76.0 %) and ertapenem (54.2 %), a drug not used in veterinary practices. 87.8 % of them exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Most resistance genes/mutations (gyrA, tetO, aadE, aph(2”)-If blaOXA-193, 23S_A2075G) detected among the sequenced isolates were in concordance with AMR phenotypes except for 12 isolates with “silent genes” to kanamycin resistance; the TC revealed seven previously described and four novel STs. All the C. coli belong to CC-828 while 80 % of Campylobacter jejuni belong to CC-353; and virulence genes ranging from 72 to 76 were detected among the sequenced isolates. The study concluded that TC from cattle and poultry in KWST showed MDR resistance phenotypes and harboured multiple virulence, and resistance determinants. The study documented PCc/Cj-H for the first time in Africa. The study, therefore recommended that data generated to be used in developing strategies for control of campylobacteriosis in animals and humans. iv. Department of Veterinary Pathology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Pathology v. Department of Veterinary Parasitology & Entomology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Parasitology vi. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Pharmacology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Toxicology vii. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry M.Sc.; M.Phil./Ph.D.; Ph.D. Veterinary Physiology M.Sc.; M.Phil./Ph.D.; Ph.D. Veterinary Biochemistry viii. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine ix. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Small Animal Surgery M.Sc.; Ph.D. Large Animal Surgery M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Anaesthesiology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging x. Department of Theriogenology and Production M.Sc. Animal Health in Production M.Sc.; Ph.D. Theriogenology
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PRISON AND SOCIETY-BASED FACTORS INFLUENCING RECIDIVISM IN THE MEDIUM CUSTODIAL CENTRE, LAGOS, NIGERIA
(University Of Ilorin, 2024) HASSAN, Abdulazeez
The need to protect members of society from dangerous criminals as well as making the offenders functional members after release from prison custody are some of the justifications for the establishment of prisons globally. However, these objectives have not been adequately met, leading to increasing rate of recidivism in Nigeria. While most of the existing studies focused on the inadequacies in the prisons, there are limited studies on the integration of prison and societal-based factors of recidivism. Therefore, the study examined the effects of prison and societal-based factors on recidivism in the Medium Custodial Centre, Lagos State Command. The specific objectives were to: (i) examine the effect of inadequate rehabilitation facilities on recidivism; (ii) assess the effect of insufficient skilled professionals on recidivism; (iii) assess the effect of deficient empowerment programs for discharged inmates on recidivism; (iv) examine the effect of existing regulations on family/friend visitation on recidivism; and (v) assess the effect of discrimination against ex-convicts by community members on recidivism. This study employed survey design using mixed method approach. The population for this study was 3,076 recidivists in the Command. A sample size of 781 respondents was selected using quota sampling technique from different strata of the recidivists based on the number of times they have returned to the prison. Also, purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 participants from correctional officers, community leaders, social workers and concerned NGOs for qualitative data. Data for this study were gathered through questionnaire and in-depth Interview. Cronbach alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument used for data collection at a minimum parameter of 0.60. Frequency and percentage were used for descriptive analysis of the data; while multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to test the formulated hypotheses. Content analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data. The findings of the study were that: inadequate rehabilitation facilities had a positive effect on recidivism (β=1.28; P-value=0.014); insufficient professionals in the correctional center had a positive effect on recidivism (β=1.34; P-value=0.002); deficient empowerment programs for discharged inmates had a positive effect on recidivism (β=1.05; P-value=0.001); existing regulations on family/friend visitation had a positive effect on recidivism (β=1.09; P-value=0.013);
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IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF REDEMPTION CAMP, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(University Of Ilorin, 2024) OMITOLA, ADETOLA ABIMBOLA
Religious tourism is one of the activities people engage in order to be closer to their Creator, such activities include pilgrimage, worshipping, evangelism among others. These activities are often drivers of social, cultural and economic development in many countries of the world. This study aimed at examining the impact of religious tourism on socio-economic development of the Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to: (i) examine the motives of visiting the camp; (ii) analyse the flow pattern of population mobility to the camp based on origin; (iii) determine the distance travelled and common mode of transportation used by visitors to camp; (iv) examine the factors responsible for residents’ permanent stay at the camp; (v) analyse the distribution of infrastructure and recreational facilities in the camp; and (vi) examine the effect of religious tourism on the camp. The primary sources of data included questionnaire, interview and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The secondary data were generated from RCCG’s records. Two sets of questionnaire were employed for the visitors and the residents. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for the visitors. The RCCG’s record revealed highest figure of 1,680, 267 visitors. The first stage involved using Yamane 1967 formula to obtain a sample size of 4,568. In the second stage, 10% (456) of the sample size was calculated. The third stage involved accidental sampling of the required 456 respondents. Similarly, there are 13,200 residents of the camp, a sample size of 374 residents which were systematically sampled, only 312 returned their questionnaires. Simple percentages, frequency, mean, ranking, nearest neighbor, regression, and factor analyses were used to analyse the quantitative data while Content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The findings of the study were that: the motives for visiting the Redemption Camp are for religious service (65.8%), sight-seeing and relaxation (14.0%), for business purposes (9.4%), see friends and families (7.2%), healing (2.9%) and educational purpose (0.7%); Ogun state recorded highest (36.8%) number of visitors to the camp while others migrated from different States of the country; most of the visitors (80.2%) spent less than 15 hours and covered less than 500km before getting to the camp mainly by public buses (67.3%); availability of essential facilities (50.2%), security infrastructure (19.1%) and income from employment (10.5%) were the three major factors responsible for residents’ stay in the Camp, and these factors contributed 79.8% to the total variance; facilities in the camp are randomly distributed with neigbourhood ratio of 1.141167, p value = 0.20; and 72.9% (p = .001) of the effect of religious tourism on the development of the camp was collectively accounted for by spending on feeding (69.9%), transportation (1.9%) souvenir (0.7%), and recreation/refreshment (0.4%). The study concluded that religious tourism has contributed positively to the socio-economic development of the Redemption Camp, Ogun State through provision of adequate facilities and services. The study therefore recommends other religious bodies should replicate this activity in order to adequately harness its socio-economic potentials. iv. Department of Political Science A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE 2015 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN NIGERIA ALEBIOSU, Emmanuel Niran Prof. (Mrs) Adedoyin Jolade Omede May 2023 Social media has become a dominant political communication tool in the contemporary global democratic process, especially during elections. In Nigeria, the intensive and extensive use of social media was observed during the 2015 presidential election, where an opposition party defeated the ruling party. This has never happened in the history of Nigeria’s electoral democracy, yet it has not been fully explored. This study, therefore, examined the influence of social media on the 2015 presidential election in Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to: (i) investigate the most influential social media platform in Nigeria during the 2015 presidential election; (ii) assess the role of social media in the 2015 presidential electoral campaigns; (iii) determine whether social media influenced voters' choices of presidential candidates during the 2015 presidential election; and (iv) examine the challenges posed by the use of social media during the 2015 presidential election. The study adopted a mixed-methods research design. The population comprised 29,432,083 registered voters in the 2015 presidential election in Nigeria. A purposeful sampling technique was used to select 409 respondents. Primary data were collected through 25 interviews and 384 copies of a questionnaire. The instrument was validated using the content validity method, while its reliability was determined through an internal constituency reliability of 0.70 using the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (KR-20) index. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques of percentage and content analysis. Hypotheses were tested using Chi-square at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study were that: i. during the 2015 presidential election, Facebook (60%) was found to be more influential than Twitter (30%); ii. social media played a relative role in voter mobilisation (45%), political dialogue and engagement (35%), and especially among the youth (60%), during the 2015 presidential electoral campaigns in Nigeria; iii. social media was found to have some degree of influence among voters (50%) in their choice of candidates during the 2015 presidential election (X2 = 758.47>7.82); and iv. misinformation, hate speech, and fake news constituted major challenges posed by the use of social media during the 2015 presidential election. The study concluded that social media (particularly Facebook and Twitter) was a double-edged political communication tool in Nigeria's presidential election. Therefore, the study recommended that the national assembly make a law to regulate the use of social media within the electoral process in Nigeria. AN APPRAISAL OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S INTERVENTION IN THE MICRO-FINANCING OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA, 2010-2015 BELLO, CHARLES KOLAWOLE MARCH, 2023 PROF ADEDOYIN JOLAADE OMEDE In recent times, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) have become an important tool for government intervention in improving the economy. In response to the global challenges of financial institutions’ inability and unwillingness to create access to finance for (SMEs), successive governments in Nigeria since the return to democratic rule in 1999 embraced a national microfinance policy, supervisory and regulatory framework as an alternative market-based intervention programme. Despite the intervention, access to finance still remains a major challenge of SMEs which is consequently fueling high poverty and unemployment rates in Nigeria. This study, therefore, appraised the federal government’s intervention in the micro-financing of SMEs in Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to: (i). examine the nature of the federal government’s intervention in the micro-financing of SMEs in Nigeria between 2010 and 2015; (ii). assess the level of effectiveness of the federal government’s intervention in the micro-financing of SMEs between 2010 and 2015; and (iii). evaluate the challenges of the federal government’s intervention in micro-financing of the SMEs between 2010 and 2015. The study adopted a mixed-method research design. The method helped to provide a better description and in-depth findings. Primary data collected through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were used to complement Secondary data. The Secondary data were sourced from official documents while a total population of 50 participants were purposively selected for the KIIs and FGDs. The adequacy of the instruments was validated through content test at 0.5 level of significant. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics (percentage) and content analysis methods. The findings of the study were that: the federal government intervention in microfinancing of SMEs in Nigeria attracted diverse private sector players with increased total shareholders’ fund from N44billion to N91.4billion from 2010 to 2015; the level of effectiveness of the federal government’s intervention was poor on the ground that only an average of 0.1% SMEs (as a total percentage of private sector) had access to credit, giving impetus to high rates of poverty (62.9%), unemployment (16.65%), governance (2.4%), inequality (0.444) measured by Gini-coefficient, economic growth (4.058) measured by gross domestic products and insecurity (2.710) measured by global peace index; and improper engagement and the lack of understanding of market and political processes were the main challenges that hindered the effectiveness of federal government’s intervention in micro-financing of SMEs in Nigeria between 2010 and 2015. The study concluded that despite the increase in government’s funding of SMEs, the economic challenges of high poverty rate, unemployment and economic inequality still persist in the country. Therefore, the study recommended more innovative political and market-based interventions that better inspire the inclusiveness of microfinance institutions, SMEs and the general interest of economically active poor/youth, women and other vulnerable classes that suffers the greatest burden of poverty, inequality, unemployment and governance failure ravaging the country.
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DETERMINANTS OF CHILD HEALTH STATUS AMONG UNDER-FIVE YEARS OF AGE IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
(University Of Ilorin, 2024) ABDULMALIK, Iyabo Belawu
Child health, as a prerequisite to national development, represents a public health condition, while national health condition is a reflection of the state health status. From the available literature, Kwara State experienced deteriorations of social and economic well-being, as reflected especially in age under-five years. Most existing studies on the determinants of the under-five child health status in Kwara State were health facility-based which was a supply side phenomenon, while neglecting the demand side. The aim of this study is to determine the child health status among under-five years of age in Kwara State, Nigeria. The objectives were to: (i) examine the impact of background factors on under-five child health status; (ii) investigate the effect of proximate factors on under-five child health status; (iii) evaluate the relationship between background and proximate factors among under-five child health status; and (iv) examine, if proximate factors significantly moderate the nexus between background factors and under-five child health status in Kwara State, Nigeria. The study was based on Mosley-Chen Model of the determinants of child survival. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect data through a structured questionnaire from the sample. The sample population of the study consists of 900 respondents selected from nine Local Government Areas covering the three senatorial districts in Kwara State, through the used descriptive statistics and binary logistics model to achieve objectives i, ii, iii and iv. The study used primary data to source for the necessary information needed. The findings of the study were that: i background factors: mother’s education (P=0.000), child age (P=0.001), child sex (P=0.000), mother’s marital status (P=0.075), mother’s age (P=0.003), wealth index (P=0.022), mother’s occupation (P=0.000), place of residence (P=0.007) and tribe (P=0.013)) were significant determinants of age under-5 health status; ii proximate factors: birth order (P=0.003), immunization (P=0.005), toilet facility (P=0.000), type of cooking fuel (P=0.000) and place of delivery (P=0.012)) were significant determinants of age under-5 health status; iii Pearson Chi-square test of association showed that among the proximate factors, source of drinking water (0.000), toilet facility (0.000), type of cooking fuel (0.000) and place of delivery (0.000)) had a significant relationship with all the background factors; and iv estimated log ratio (lr) test statistic of 100.13 which is statistically significant implies that proximate factors (birth order, immunization, child breastfeeding, source of drinking water, toilet facility, type of cooking fuel and place of delivery) jointly moderate the effect of background factors on under-five child health status in Kwara State. The study concluded that under-five child health is still a major concern that needs timely intervention of the government and non-governmental organisations. The study therefore, recommended that health intervention policies that focus on children and nursing mothers should be strengthened to achieve the targeted 3.2 by 2030. In addition, special education and health programs should be included in the formal education for better parenting.
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THE IMPACT OF AGRO-CLIMATIC VARIABLES ON WHEAT YIELD IN SAVANNAH ECOLOGICAL ZONE OF NIGERIA
(University Of Ilorin, 2024) AKPAN, Godwin Peter
Climate constitutes the major determinant of crop production globally. Although climate and weather variables influence human activities and environmental resources sustainability, its variability causes pronounced seasonality in rainfall and threatens food security such as wheat production. This study aimed at examining the impact of selected agro-climatic variables on wheat yield in savannah ecological zone of Nigeria. The objectives were to: (i) examine the pattern of climate parameters in the study area from 2011 to 2020; (ii) assess the relationship between agro-climatic variables and wheat yield; (iii) assess the reliability of rainfall onset and cessation, rain days and their implications for wheat growth; (iv) determine the climatic suitability level for wheat crop; (v) predict future climatic suitability level for wheat growth; and (vi) identify the most biophysically suitable zone(s) for wheat growth in the study area. Six climatic variables, namely rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature, sunshine hour, relative humidity, evaporation and wheat yield data were obtained for 10 years in three savannah ecological zones (Derived Guinea, Guinea and Sudan/Sahel). Climatic data were collected from the record of Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Abuja while wheat yield data were obtained from Lake Chad Research Institute, Borno State. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages; and inferential statistics such as Pearson Product Moment correlation, Multiple Regression analysis and Global Agro Ecological Zone (GAEZ) model. The findings of the study were that: rainfall and evaporation displayed increasing trends in the three zones (0.34, 0.36, 0.62 and 0.13, 0.16, 0.06, respectively). Conversely, minimum temperature, sunshine, and wheat yield displayed decreasing trends across all zones (0.48, 0.22, 0.009; 0.69, 0.13, 0.0002; and 0.018, 0.011, 0.53, respectively). Other variables in the savannah zone exhibited fluctuating pattern; correlation coefficient (r) of wheat yield with each of maximum temperature (r = 0.10), evaporation (r = 0.02) and sunshine (r = 0.82). Only Sunshine was statistically significant. Similarly, with rainfall (r = -0.50), minimum temperature (r = -0.28) and relative humidity (r = -0.81) which showed negative correlation, rainfall and relative humidity were statistically significant. Coefficient of determination R2 revealed that 79.5% variance in wheat yield was explained by the six explanatory variables; wheat production in Guinea and Sudan/Sahel Savannah is negatively impacted by low probability of rainfall reliability (Interdiurnal Variability Index < 70%). climate suitability for wheat growth is high in guinea savannah zone (> 63%) while Sudan/Sahel and derived guinea savannah indicated good suitability (> 50%) and marginal suitability (> 0%) respectively; The result of GAEZ model predicted declining climate suitability level for wheat growth in baseline period of 2041 to 2070; and Guinea Savannah was identified as the most suitable region (42.65%) for wheat growth. The study concluded that agro-climatic variables have significant impact on wheat yield. The study therefore, recommended that wheat belt be extended to guinea savannah. Climate-resilient wheat varieties should be developed while irrigation system be made available to wheat farmers in the guinea savannah eco-zone.