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Isolation of MDR-Salmonella enterica from RTE Rectum (Abodi) and Small Intestine (Round-about) Offal from Restaurants in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, 2025-11-28) Oludairo, Oladapo O.; Fasasi, Abdulbasit. G.; Ishola, Titilayo O.; Zakariya, Maryam E.; Richards, Bukola A
Salmonella belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacterium. It commonly causes foodborne illnesses and can be transmitted through the consumption of undercooked or contaminated items, including ready-to-eat offal. This research aimed to isolate Salmonella enterica from ready-to-eat rectum (abodi) and small-intestine (roundabout) meat, sold in restaurants/canteens within Ilorin metropolis in Kwara State, Nigeria, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) status and AMR patterns of isolated Salmonella species. To achieve this, a total of 112 ready-to-eat rectum (abodi) and 108 small-intestine (roundabout) samples were collected and analyzed using conventional isolation methods and PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out on the isolate using the disc diffusion method. One (0.9%) and zero (0%) Salmonella enterica were isolated from the collected samples. The Salmonella isolate was resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. The isolate was sensitive to gentamicin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole. Salmonella spp. Pose a significant risk to both animal and human health, especially through the consumption of contaminated food products, which may result in diseases such as gastroenteritis, typhoid fever or septicaemia. There is a need for public education on the proper handling of meat products, which can serve as potential vehicles for Salmonella infections. Concerned government agencies should closely monitor the hygiene and sanitation practices in restaurants in the study area to mitigate risks associated with Salmonella contamination.
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Molecular Detection of invA Virulence and floR Resistance Genes in Salmonella Enterica Isolated From Hawked RTE Roasted/Spiced Meat (Suya) in Ilorin, Nigeria
(Assiut University, Faculty of Veterinaty Medicine , Egypt, 2026) Oludairo, Oladapo Oladapo; Fabiyi, Fathiat Eniola; Imam, Aisha Anuoluwapo; Balogun, Adedotun Kabirat; Richards, Bukola Arinola; Akpabio, Uduak; Aiyedun, Julius Olaniyi
Salmonella remains a significant public health concern, particularly in populations where ready-to-eat products, such as roasted/spiced meat (suya), are popular. The consumption of products contaminated with bacteria strains harbouring virulence and resistance genes may result in illnesses such as gastroenteritis, typhoid fever or septicaemia that are tough to control. The invA and florR genes code for cell proteins needed for invasion of the host epithelial cells and antimicrobial resistance to florfenicol (FFC)/chloramphenicol (CM), an antibiotic commonly used in veterinary practice, respectively. This study aimed to detect the presence of invA virulence and floR antimicrobial resistance genes in the Salmonella enterica isolated from 102 Ready to Eat (RTE) suya samples obtained from hawkers within Ilorin, Nigeria, using PCR. The Salmonella strains were sub-cultured, while pure colonies were inoculated into tryptone soya broth, incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C, and transported to the Bioformatics Laboratory, Ibadan, for PCR analysis. DNA was extracted from the isolates and amplified using primers targeting specific parts of the organism’s genome. The PCR products were run on agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized with the gel imagery device. All five (100%) isolates displayed the 284bp invA and 926bp floR genes’ bands. This study confirmed the presence of invasion and antimicrobial resistance genes in all Salmonella enterica from RTE spiced roasted meat obtained from the study area. There is a need for continued surveillance and control measures to prevent foodborne illnesses that may be due to contamination by virulent and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in food.
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Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and perception of anthrax among slaughterhouse workers in Nigeria
(Discover Public Health, 2026) Adebowale, Oluwawemimo Oluseun; Oludairo, Oladapo Oyedeji; Oloye, Abimbola Adetokunbo; Muawiyyah, Muhammad Mahuta; Aliyu, Umar Babangida; Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan; Adesokan, Hezekiah Kehinde; Ezeh, Gladys Chinelo; Akwoba, Joseph Ogugua; Richards, Arinola Bukola; Jimoh, Afeez Babatunde; Oyawole, Tayo Oluwabukola; Akinbami, Michael Abolanle; Jolaoso, Taiwo Oluwole; Tade, Adeniyi Olarenwaju; Akanbi, Ifeoluwapo Omolola
Background Anthrax is a neglected and life-threatening infectious zoonotic disease occurring, especially in Africa. This study was conducted a week before the confirmation of the anthrax outbreak in Nigeria in July 2023. It assessed the knowledge, risk practice, and perception of anthrax among the high-risk working groups, such as meat processors, butchers, animal farmers, meat vendors, para-veterinarians, veterinarians, cleaners, administrative staff, and animal traders in slaughterhouses (SHs) in Nigeria. Also, the national preparedness towards an outbreak was evaluated. Method A total of 627 participants were purposively selected from seven States and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive and logistic regression statistics. Results Most (499; 81.4%) of the participants were males, with the mean age being 37.3 ± 12.0 years old, and the majority (471, 78.1%) had no tertiary education. Onethird (207, 32.7%) of the participants self-reported being aware of anthrax, and 13.2% indicated that anthrax was a serious disease for both animals and humans. The knowledge median score was 0.0 (min 0, max 30), the general knowledge level was poor (16.8%), and 91.2% (527) of participants fell within this category. The practice median score was 6.0 (min 0, max 12) and categorised as generally poor (52.9%). Gaps observed in practices that could promote the risk of participants’ exposure to anthrax included slaughtering sick animals for human consumption, splashing blood on inspected carcasses, carrying carcasses on heads or shoulders, and disposing of condemned animal tissues or organs in open dumps. One-third of participants (202, 32.2%) strongly perceived that efficiently implementing vaccination in livestock would reduce the outbreak in humans. Furthermore, participants with no tertiary qualifications and no veterinary background had increased odds (COR: 14.378, 95% CI; 4.923–41.991, p = 0.000) and (COR: 9.157, 95% CI; 3.644–23.008, p = 0.000) of having an inadequate knowledge level of anthrax, respectively. Participants who were non-veterinarians/non-para veterinarians had increased odds (COR: 3.471, 95% CI: 1.629–7.392, p = 0.001) of having a poorer practice level than veterinarian or para veterinarians. Conversely, participants less than 37 years old had lower odds (COR: 0.268, 95% CI: 0.148–0.486, p = 0.000) of having a poor practice level than those above the age. Conclusion The knowledge level of the high-risk working groups was poor, with observable critical risk practices. Promoting media publicity and awareness creation, vaccination, effective disease surveillance, on-farm biosecurity, and adequate border control are critical strategies to prevent anthrax outbreaks in Nigeria.
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The Role of Laboratory Professionals in Preventing Contamination of Food by Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms (AMRMs)
(Egyptian Society for Animal Management (ESAM), Cairo, Egypt, 2025) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, B. B.; Oludairo, M. P.; Fabiyi, F. E.; Imam, A. A.
Antimicrobial-resistant-microorganism (AMRM)-infected or contaminated food that leads to livestock losses and disease/death in humans is estimated to put 31 million people at risk of food insecurity in Nigeria by the last quarter of 2024. This study aimed to explicate the roles of food-industry stakeholders/laboratorians in preventing food contamination and animal/human infection by AMRMs. The objectives were to determine what food/food system, food security, and stakeholders in the food industry are; investigate the occurrence of AMRM in food; and elucidate preventive measures to be implemented to avoid AMRM in food. A structured questionnaire was administered to stakeholders and baseline information from published literature/established international standards was used to achieve this purpose. The majority (88%) of the respondents were from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin; all (100%) participants from the laboratories stated they knew the meaning of food security, while 56% of respondents that were ≤25 years old stated that AMRM could contaminate food. Only 52% of university-educated respondents agreed they were stakeholders in the food industry while 60% were veterinarians/medical practitioners. Reported contamination of food by AMRMs from harvest to consumption, especially in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) like Nigeria was by antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., and Clostridium spp. This was largely enhanced by the unrestricted use of antimicrobial agents in food animals, especially as growth promoters, leading to the production of unwholesome food, outbreaks of zoonoses, loss of livestock, and human diseases that were foodborne. Compulsory antimicrobial susceptibility tests should be done for isolates from food/food products to determine their suitability for use and the presence of AMRM. The diffusion method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) should strictly follow the International Standard Organization (ISO) protocol, which includes using pure colonies, overnight culture of 0.5 McFarland turbidity, and interpreting zones of inhibition using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) recommended breakpoints. Only certified safe and wholesome food/food products should be passed to the public for consumption. Universities and researchers should carry out more extension work outside establishments’ walls to disseminate research results in food-AMRM.
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Educating Almajiri Children for Global Citizenship: Issues, Prospects and Challenges
(Institute of Education, University of Ilorin, 2018-11) Abdulwahab, Rafiu; Y. A. Kuranga; Kayode, S. T.
One of the fundamental and alienable rights of every citizen is the provision of interrupted basic education for every category of Nigerian child. Therefore, educating Alimanjiri children for global citizenship is a veritable tool towards eradicating out of school social phenomenon which is a national threat. This paper examined conceptual framework of Alimajiri education bearing in mind its laudable objectives. It equally spelt out the needs to educate Alimanjiri issues involved, prospect and challenges. The paper further gives working suggesions on how Alimanjiri programme would bring about school reform geared towards sustaining desirable growth and development.