Browsing by Author "Shittu, A.O."
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Item Atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia in an adolescent nigerian: a case report and review of the literature(College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, 2017) Babatunde, A.S.; Olawumi, H.O.; Durotoye, I.A.; Shittu, A.O.; Adepoju, A.M.Abstract: Atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia (aCML) is a rare subtype of CML which is now regarded as a separate clinical entity and classified among the Myeloproliferative/myelodysplasic syndromes. It lacks the Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL fusion gene found in the classical CML. We report a case of aCML which was diagnosed and managed at the Haematology Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. Full blood count showed anaemia, leucocytosisand presence of various forms of myeloid cells with dysplastic features. Bone marrow aspiration done also showed myeloid hyperplasia with dysplastic changes in the myeloid cells. There was poor outcome in the patient. This case illustrates the importance of full haematological investigations of suspected CML cases so that the diagnosis of a CML will not be missed or passed for CML as this could influence choice of treatment and prognosis of patients. There is need for improved diagnostic facilities in tertiary health institutions in the country if we must achieve proper diagnosis and characterization of cases of aCML.Item Autologous blood donations and transfusions among patients undergoing elective orthopaedic, gynaecologic and elective caesarean section at a Tertiary Hospital in North Central Nigeria(Kenya Medical Association, 2018) Shittu, A.O.; Olawumi, H.O.; Adesina, K.T.; Babalola, O.M.; Ibraheem, G.H.; Babatunde, A.S.; Olatinwo, A.W.O.ABSTRACT Introduction: Allogeneic donor blood is becoming increasingly costly, scarce and associated with multiple risks; there is need for more conservative transfusion strategies, one of which may be adoption of Autologous Blood Donation and Transfusions (ABDT). Despite increased acceptance of ABDT by clinicians and patients in most developed world, awareness in this part of the world is still low. Materials and methods: this is a cross sectional survey of knowledge and acceptance of ABDT by patients scheduled for elective orthopaedic, gynaecologic and elective caesarean section surgeries using structured interviewer administered questionnaire on socio-demographics, clinical presentations, knowledge of blood donations and transfusions, and acceptance of ABDT. The study population comprised of 171 subjects. Results: Gynaecologic/obstetric patients were 120 (70.2%) while 51 (29.8%) of the subjects were Orthopaedic patients. Majority (43.95%) were within the age range 31-45 years, 38.6% were less than 31 years while 17.5% were older than 45 years. Females constituted the larger proportion (77.2%). Twenty one (12.3%) subjects had donated blood in the past, 45 (26.3%) had previous blood transfusions and 30 (17.5%) had knowledge of ABDT. Eight one (47.4%) of all subjects accepted ABDT for the scheduled surgeries while 123 (71.9%) subjects accepted to be voluntary blood donors after surgery. Pre-deposit is the commonest form of ABDT preferred by the subjects (66%), followed by Haemodilution (28%) and Cell salvage (6%). February 2018 EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 1215 significant number of the subjects who accepted ABDT were ready to become voluntary blood donors after surgery (90.1%). Conclusion: Acceptance rate as high as 47.4% was recorded in this study despite low awareness. This is higher than what was reported by most authors’ locally but similar to the findings from Europe and Asia. Pre-deposit form was the commonest ABDT acceptable to these patients. Improving awareness on ABDT will boost voluntary blood donations and improve blood transfusion safety.Item Bacteriological Quality of Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) and Commercial Yoghurts Marketted in Ilorin(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2016) Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Aliyu, A.; Bello, R.H.; Olajide, R.O.Item Changing pattern of haematological malignancies in Ilorin, Nigeria: A 10 year retrospective review of 181 cases(Ambrose Alli University, 2016) Babatunde, A.S.; Olawumi, H.O.; Durotoye, I.A.; Shittu, A.O.; Akinwumi, O.O.Abstract The global burden of cancer has been reported to be on the increase and haematological malignancies (HM) are not exceptions to this observed trend. The aim of this study was to carry out a retrospective analysis of all cases of HM seen at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin and document the current pattern of HM and compare with previous reports from Nigeria and elsewhere. Materials used for the study were obtained from the Records Cancer Registry of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. A total of 181 cases of HM were diagnosed and managed within the study period constituting 8.1% of all cancer cases and 0.2% of all hospital admissions. The ages of patients with HM ranged from 7 months to 80 years. There were 116 (64.1%) males and 65 (35.9%) females. The various HM recorded in the study were: ALL 17(9.4%), AML 23(12.7%), CLL 33(18.2%), CML 46(25.4%), NHL 33(18.2%), HL 7(3.9%), BL 2(1.1%) and MM 20(11.0%). CML was the commonest HM observed in this study. NHL was the commonest lymphoma encountered constituting 82.5% of all the lymphoma cases. This study demonstrated that haematological malignancies are common in this environment. Availability of improved diagnostic facilities, improved blood transfusion services, early presentation and better referral system from other health facilities to our centre may have contributed to the improved mean survival of patients with HM observed in this study.Item Characterization, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potentials of a herbal preparation.(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria., 2019) Njinga, N.S.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Mustapha, K.B.; Yahaya, T.; Shittu, A.O.; Bello, H. R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Usman, S.O.; Ayanniyi, R.O.; Olufadi-Ahmed, H.Y.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.Item Chemical Equivalence of some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Shittu, A.O.The occurrence of fake and substandard medicines has become a global issue that draws the attention of all key players in the sector in all nations of the World. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of metronidazole tablets in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for therapeutic purpose. Five (5) brands of 200mg metronidazole tablet, marketed in Sagamu community Pharmacies were randomly selected and subjected to physicochemical studies which include uniformity of weight, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration rate, and chemical equivalence study using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to official procedures in British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). All brands except brand D and E passed the weight uniformity test. The friability test was passed by all the brands except brand E according to B.P specification which states that the loss in weight should be less than 1% also all brands except brand B showed satisfactory crushing strength. Also, the disintegration rate of the brands was satisfactory according to the B.P. specification as all the brands disintegrated within 30 minutes. The results of high performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of brands A,B,C,D, and E to be 97.44% w/w, 130.9% w/w, 111.56% w/w, 98.52% w/w, 96.02% w/w respectively. The British Phamacopoeia specification for percentage composition of metronidazole is in the range of 90-105%. Therefore brand A, D and E passed the test while brand B and C did not pass the test. The results showed that only brand A passed all the analytical procedures and therefore fit or safe for human consumption.Item Chemical Equivalence of Some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Shittu, A.O.Item Clinico-Laboratory Features of Multiple Myeloma in Selected Patients at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, North Central Nigeria(Library and Publications Committee, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2020-03) Babatunde, A.S; Omokanye, K.O; Ogunfemi, M.K; Owoeye, O.A; Sanni, E.O; Durotoye, I A.; Shittu, A.O.Multiple myeloma is an haematological disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells with production of increased amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins which are detectable in blood and/or urine. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics as well as treatment outcome in multiple myeloma patients diagnosed and managed at the Haematology Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (U.I.T.H), Ilorin, North Central Nigeria, between 1 st January 2008 and 31 st December 2018. The study materials included bone marrow registers from the department and case folders of all multiple myeloma patients diagnosed within the study period. Relevant data including socio-demographic characteristics of patients, clinical features at presentation and laboratory tests results were extracted, documented and analyzed. Diagnosis was made in all patients based on the presence of major and/or minor criteria as described by the International Myeloma Working Group guidelines. Fifty eight (58) patients were diagnosed with multiple myeloma comprising of 31 males and 27 females (M:F ratio = 1.15:1). The median age of patients was 62.6 years (range = 39 – 85 years), and the most common presenting features included back pains (86.2%), bone pains (69%), inability to walk (67.2%) and anaemia (67.2%). High erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 30mm/Hr was seen in all patients (100%), Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) was the commonest monoclonal immunoglobulin demonstrated on serum protein electrophoresis (82.8%), and “punched out” osteolytic bone lesion on X-rays was demonstrated in 79.3% of cases. In resource- limited settings such as ours, the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with multiple myeloma still rely on the clinical and laboratory features of the disease to a large extent, hence the need for haemato-oncologists and physicians to be conversant with these features.Item Clinico-Laboratory Features of Multiple Myeloma in Selected Patients at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, North Central Nigeria(University of Ilorin, 2019) Babatunde, A.S.; Durotoye, I.A.; Shittu, A.O.; Omokanye, K.O.; Ogunfemi, M.K.; Sanni, E. O.; Owoeye, O.A.Abstract Multiple myeloma is an haematological disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells with production of increased amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins which are detectable in blood and/or urine. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics as well as treatment outcome in multiple myeloma patients diagnosed and managed at the Haematology Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (U.I.T.H), Ilorin, North Central Nigeria, between 1st January 2008 and 31st December 2018. The study materials included bone marrow registers from the department and case folders of all multiple myeloma patients diagnosed within the study period. Relevant data including socio-demographic characteristics of patients, clinical features at presentation and laboratory tests results were extracted, documented and analyzed. Diagnosis was made in all patients based on the presence of major and/or minor criteria as described by the International Myeloma Working Group guidelines. Fifty eight (58) patients were diagnosed with multiple myeloma comprising of 31 males and 27 females (M:F ratio = 1.15:1). The median age of patients was 62.6 years (range = 39 – 85 years), and the most common presenting features included back pains (86.2%), bone pains (69%), inability to walk (67.2%) and anaemia (67.2%). High erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 30mm/Hr was seen in all patients (100%), Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) was the commonest monoclonal immunoglobulin demonstrated on serum protein electrophoresis (82.8%), and “punched out” osteolytic bone lesion on X-rays was demonstrated in 79.3% of cases. In resource-limited settings such as ours, the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with multiple myeloma still rely on the clinical and laboratory features of the disease to a large extent, hence the need for haemato-oncologists and physicians to be conversant with these features.Item Clinico-Pathologic features and outcome of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria(College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2020) Babatunde, A.S.; Durotoye, I.A.; Shittu, A.O.; Omokanye, K.O.; Ogunfemi, M.K.; Owoeye, O.A.; Sanni, E.O.Abstract: A retrospective analysis of all patients that were diagnosed and managed for Chronic lymphocytic Leukemia(CLL) in the Department of Haematology of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2018 was carried out with the aim of characterizing the clinical, haematological and prognostic features as well as outcome in the patients. A total of 39 patients were reviewed consisting 25(64.1%) males and 14(35.9%) females giving a M:F ratio of 1.6:1. The median age of patients at diagnosis was 65.5 years and the highest prevalence was found in the 60 – 69 years age group. The commonest symptoms at presentation were night sweats (59.0%), Body weakness (51.3%), fever (41.0%), and weight loss (41.0%) while the commonest signs included lymphadenopathy in all patients (100%), splenomegaly (87.2%), pallor (53.9%) and hepatomegaly (46.2%). The mean values of haematological parameters were: Packed cell volume (28.6%), Haemoglobin concentration (9.4g/dL), Total white blood cell count (87.6 x 109/L), Absolute lymphocyte count (55.8 x 109/L) and platelet count (134.8 x 109/L). The majority of the patients (94.9%) were diagnosed with advanced disease (Rai stage III and IV) while only 2(5.1%) had Rai stage II and none in Rai stage 0 – I. Chlorambucil-based regimen was used in 71.8% of patients, and only 2 patients had Rituximab as part of their treatment regimen. The clinical presentation, haematological features and disease outcome observed in our study was similar to what had been reported in Nigeria and other parts of the world.Item Clinicopathological features of chronic myeloid leukemia at diagnosis: Study of a series of 46 cases(Ibn Sina Medical College, 2016) Shittu, A.O.; Babatunde, A.S.; Adewoye, A.O.Introduction: A variety of symptoms and signs are said to be common at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia, but their exact incidence is not well documented. There are conflicting opinions on the incidences of the symptoms and signs. Subjects and methodology: This is a retrospective study whereby the clinical and laboratory features of 46 patients diagnosed as chronic myeloid leukemia at different phases between 1999 and 2009 were retrieved from their case files and analyzed. Results: Of all the patients, 38, 6 and 2 presented in chronic, accelerated and blastic phases respectively. The mean age of the series was 38.3 years (range 17-68 years). The peak age of presentation was 31-40 years (30.48%) followed by 21-30 years (26.1%), 41-50 (21.7%), above 50 years (17.4%) and 10-20 years (4.3%). There was a slight male preponderance 24:22 (1.09:1) with 65% of patients being married and 35% single. Occupation wise, the ratio of petrochemical and benzene related jobs to others was 3:43 (0.07:1). Spleneomegally was the commonest presenting clinical feature in this series and was reported in 44 (95.6%) of our patients. Others were anemia, weight loss, fever, hepatomegally and night sweat. Conclusion: Because of unavailability and unaffordability of the sophisticated diagnostic tools like quantitative PCR in developing worlds, there is need for clinicians to be up to date with the usual and common clinical and laboratory features of chronic myeloid leukemia.Item Compaction Characteristics of a Micro-structured Filler-binder “Microcrystarcellactose B3” for direct compression tableting(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Shittu, A.O.; Oyi, A.R.; Isah, A.B.; Ibrahim, M.A.A research was conducted to develop and evaluate a highly compressible micro-structured filler- binder for direct compression tableting. Tapioca starch (TS) was annealed, hydrolyzed and coprocessed with α-lactose monohydrate (α-LMH) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to yield a novel microcrystarcellactose (MSCL B3). The powder suspensions were prepared at a concentration of 40 %w/w in five separate conical flasks. The TS granules were annealed for 1 h and subsequently hydrolyzed with α-amylase at 58o and pH 7 for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h respectively. The reaction was terminated and neutralized with 0.1 N HCL and 0.1 N NaOH respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed starch (EHS) at 3 h, sieved fraction >75-250 μm was coprocessed with α-LMH and MCC and compressed with load ranging from 2.5 to 12.5 KN. MSCL B3 (component ratio of EHS, α-LMH, and MCC ‘35: 35:30’) possessed improved functionality over direct physical mixture of the excipients. The Py (yield values) are: Cellactose (24.2 MNm-2) > MCC (25 MNm-2) > MSCL B3 (50.0 MNm-2) > Starlac (143 MNm-2). The degree of plastic deformation occurring “Pk” are in the following order: MSCL B3 (17.0 MNm-2) = Cellactose ® (17.0 MNm-2) > MCC (18.6 MNm-2) > Starlac® (19.1 MNm-2). MSCL B3 is as good as Cellactose® and more superior in functionality than Starlac® and MCC. The dilution potential for MSCL B3 in PCM and AA tablets were: 45% and 50 % respectively. MSCL B3 can be used to formulate softer tablet of both poorly compressible API and moisture sensitive APIItem Design and Characterization of Taste Masked Metronidazole Microcapsules and its Utilization in the Formulation of Orodispersible Tablets(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2019) Shittu, A.O.; Njinga, N.S.; Olatinwo, S.; Afosi, A.B.Orodispersible tablet (ODT) containing microcapsules is an advanced and convenient drug delivery system that offers advantages of easy administration, and increased bioavailability. Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal, with a bitter and metallic taste as its major drawback. A taste masking is required since the tablet will disintegrate in the oral cavity releasing the drug into close proximity to the taste buds. The purpose of the study is to design and evaluate metronidazole microcapsules for formulation of taste masked orally ODT metronidazole tablets. Taste masked metronidazole microcapsules were prepared by emulsion polymerization method with sodium alginate as polymer using different drug to polymer ratio. The microcapsules were evaluated for drug loading, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer interaction by FTIR spectrometry, DTA, and flow properties. Batches B4 and B5 were formulated into orally disintegrating tablet by direct compression method. The results of FTIR spectrometry and DTA characterization of microcapsules revealed absence of drug-polymer interaction. Evaluation of the microcapsules showed fairly good flow properties and increase in entrapment efficiency as the polymer concentration increased. Evaluation of the directly compressed ODTs showed acceptable weight variation, and average disintegration time less than 60 sec. The average tablet crushing strength range from 18 to 19 N, and the drug release profiles showed greater than 80% release of metronidazole within 10 min. The successful microencapsulation of metronidazole, fast disintegration, rapid drug release profile, and evidence of compatibility between metronidazole and the process polymer demonstrates the suitability of the microcapsules for formulation of orally disintegrating tablet for convenient delivery of metronidazole.Item Design, Formulation and Characterization of Ibuprofen-Polyethylene Glycol (6000) Solid Dispersions(West African College of Postgraduate Pharmacists, 2019) Shittu, A.O.; Oyeyiola, R.W.; Njinga, N.S.; Afosi, A.B.Background: Formulation of solid dispersion has attracted considerable interest where dispersing a poorly water soluble drug in a water soluble polymer matrix improves the dissolution characteristics and bioavailability of the drug. Aim: The aim of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate and bioavailability of Ibuprofen (BCS class II) using solid dispersion techniques. Method: Ibuprofen solid dispersion was prepared by fusion method. Drug-carrier physical mixtures were also prepared. Effects of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) was studied for the solid dispersions and physical mixtures. The solid dispersions were investigated for drug content, solubility and dissolution characteristics, surface morphology using optical microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). All the solid dispersions showed better solubility characteristics and dissolution rate than physical mixtures. Evaluation of the FTIR results shows that the stretching vibration of ibuprofen carbonyl peak in SDs and physical mixture remained which indicates that the drug crystalline form may not be altered during solid dispersion formation and its attenuated intensities were thought to be due to the lower drug content as the amount of polymer was increased. Conclusion: The FT-IR and DTA results for SDs and physical mixtures showed no drug-polymer interaction. The statistical analysis, solubility and dissolution rate test result of ibuprofen was compared to that of the SD formulations and the values obtained were significantly below 0.05 which indicates that the results are statistically significant. Therefore, solid dispersion may be an effective technique to enhance dissolution rate of Ibuprofen.Item Development and Characterization of Ibuprofen Solid Dispersion for Solubility and Dissolution improvement using a binary carrier system consisting of D- Mannitol - Polyethylene Glycol 6000(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, 2022) Shittu, A.O.; Njinga, N.S.; Orshio, S.D.Background: Adequate drug bioavailability is a major problem in most solid dosage formulations. Recent works reported enhanced solubility and dissolution using a carrier. This study was carried out to enhance the solubility and dissolution of ibuprofen using a binary carrier system. Method: Solid dispersions (SD) of ibuprofen were prepared using PEG 6000 and D (-) mannitol in different ratios (1:0:4, 1:1:3, 1:2:2, 1:3:1, and 1:4:0) by the fusion method. Results: Percentage yield of SD was between 96% and 99% and content analysis revealed 100 % drug content. All batches of SD showed better solubility characteristics than Ibuprofen alone or its physical mixtures. The SD batch 3, ratio 1:2:2 with equal amount of PEG and mannitol possessed the best solubility characteristic and drug release profile with T at 17 min. FTIR spectral and DSC thermograms of SDs showed no 50% interaction between the carriers and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The SD3 formulated with 20 % ibuprofen, 40 % mannitol and 40 % PEG 6000 possessed.Item Effect of increasing concentration of Acacia sieberiana gum on both matrix granules and tablet properties of chloroquine phosphate and metronidazole tablets(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2010) Shittu, A.O.; Oyi A.R.; Onaolapo, J.A.The effect of increasing concentrations of a locally sourced A. sieberiana gum on the granules and tablet properties of chloroquine and metronidazole tablets was investigated in the gum matrix formulation. Varying concentrations 10-60%w/v of A. sieberiana gum composition in the tablet formulation was evaluated. Matrix tablets were formulated via the wet granulation method with 5%w/v maize starch mucilage as binder and at compression pressure of 3.5 x 105 N/m2. Mean granule size was greater than 500m. Flow properties of granules were optimal with average of 4.1g/sec for chloroquine phosphate matrix and 3.5g/sec for metronidazole matrix. Tablets prepared revealed that 50%w/w composition of gum produced the best quality in terms physico mechanical properties base friability, crushing strength and weight variation. Dissolution rate studies revealed T 90% for metronidazole matrix tablet and chloroquine phosphate matrix tablet as 1hr 45min and 50 min respectively. The gum shows better retardant effect with metronidazole than chloroquine phosphateItem Effects of UV, Red and Sun Light on the Stability of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity in the Rhizomes of Zingiber Officinale(Zingiberacea)(Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 2020) Njinga, N.S.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Abdulmajeed, F.F.; Bello, H.R.; Adediran, J.O.; Muhammad, Z.T.; Egharevba, G.O.; Shittu, A.O.; Attah, F.A.U.Item Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of the leaf of senna alata and bark of piliostigma thonningii and the effect of their combination against skin infections(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2020-06-04) Afosi, A.B.; Shittu, A.O.; Adekunle, R.B.; Bello, R.H.; Attah, F.A.; Eniayewu, O.I.The skin is the largest, multi-layered organ with a protective function. However, a breach as a result of damage to the epidermis causes micro-organisms to penetrate and cause infections. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of leaf of Senna alata and bark of Piliostigma thonningii as well as possible effect of the extracts combination in varying ratios. Ethanolic extracts of leaf of S. alata and bark of P. thonningii were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against selected Gram-positive - Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative - Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia enterocolitica; and fungal strain - Candida albican using agar well diffusion method at 100, 200 and 300 mg/mL and in combination at 75:25, 25:75 and 50:50 ratios against selected microorganisms. Gentamicin and Nystatin were used as positive controls. Triplicate zones of inhibition were measured after 24 and 72 hours for bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. The extracts of S. alata and P. thonningii had means of zones of inhibition ranging from 24.00±1.06 to 13.00±0.00 and 30.00±0.43 to 15.00±1.00 against S. aureus and 21.50±0.25 to 18.00±0.00 and 19.00±0.43 to 17.00±0.81 against E. coli respectively. Only the extract of S. alata showed antifungal activity with mean of zones of inhibition ranging from 30.00±0.53 to 12.00±0.82 against C. albicans. The synergistic activity S. alata and P. thonningii at ratio 50:50 produced the highest activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Considering these antimicrobial activities observed, the two extracts have shown interesting potentials in the treatment of skin infections.Item Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Tree Gum as Disintegrating agent in Metronidazole Tablets(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2016) Shittu, A.O.This research was conducted to extract and purify Moringa oleifera gum (MOG) from the bark of the tree and evaluate its disintegrant property in metronidazole tablets. The gum was extracted using a standard method. Thedx gum was used as disintegrant at different concentration (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 %w/v) (F1 – F4) using sodium alginate gum as standard (F5 – F8) and gelatin as binder ( 1 and 2 %w/v) in metronidazole tablet. The physicomechanical properties of the dried gum particles showed excellent flow rate and Carr’s compressibility index. The physicochemical properties of the granules show free flowing compact particles. Analysis of the granule percent (%) cumulative size showed that as the concentration of MOG increases, more firm compact granules were formed. Average granule size for all the batches were retained on 500 μm. The composite granules were used to formulate metronidazole tablets using single punch tablet machine compressed at 2.0 KN. The evaluation of metronidazole tablets yielded acceptable tablets. The batches with 1% w/v gelatin as binder gave disintegration time within the acceptable limit (i.e., less than 30 minutes). The batch F4 (having 1.0 %w/v moringa gum as disintegrant) with crushing strength 55 N and friability value of 0.90 % is comparable with the batch F8 (having 1.0 % w/v sodium alginate as disintegrant) with crushing strength of 44 N and friability value of 0.77 %. The result of disintegration shows that the MOG can be effectively used as disintegrant in tablet formulation for conventional tablet at concentration of 1 % and above this concentration; it can be used as release retardant.Item Evaluation of the Clinico-haematological Characteristics and Pattern of Presentation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria.(Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, 2020) Babatunde, A.S.; Durotoye, I.A.; Shittu, A.O.; Omokanye, K.O.; Ogunfemi, M.K.; Owoeye, O.A.; Sanni, E.O.Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant haematologicaldisorder of the myeloid lineage in the bone marrow resulting from clonal proliferation of haemopoietic progenitor cells with accumulation of myeloblasts in the blood, bone marrow and tissue infiltration. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the pattern of presentation, clinical features and haematological parameters of AML patients diagnosed at the Haematology Department of U.I.T.H, Ilorin between 1" January 2008 and 31“ December 2018. The study materials included Bone marrow registers from the department and case folders of all AML patients diagnosed within the study period. Relevant data including socio-demographic characteristics of patients, clinical features at presentation and laboratory tests results were extracted, documented and analyzed. Diagnosis of AML was made based on the findings of 20% blasts in the bone marrow and/or peripheral blood and classified using FAB classification criteria.There were forty-six patients and their median age at diagnosis was 20.6 + 15.9 years.The highest prevalence of the disease was found in the 11 — 20 years age group.The most common presenting symptoms were fever (91.3%), pallor (84.8%), bleeding diasthesis (52.2%), and body weakness (45.7%).The mean+SD values of haematological parameters in the patients wer—e PCV (19.9+5.8%), Hb cone. (6.6+1.9 g/dL), Total WBC (48.1+54.8 x 10’/L) and Platelet Count (39.6+24.0 x 10’/L).The commonest subtype of AML in our study was M4 which was seen in 26 (56.5%) patients, followed by M5 observed in 10 (21.7%) patients. In resource-limited settings such as ours, the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with AML still rely on the clinical and laboratory features of the disease to a large extent, hence the need for Haemato-oncologists and Physicians to be conversant with these features.
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