Browsing by Author "Raji, Shittu Ade"

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    Africa and The Philosophy of the New Partnership For Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
    (Danubius University of Galati, Romania, 2016-02) Raji, Shittu Ade
    This work examined the task of developing Africa within the framework of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) with a view to evaluating the philosophical implications of the Programme for sustainable development in the continent. Findings from the research through exploratory technique showed that the NEPAD philosophy is primarily anchored on the African ownership and management of its development process owing to the continent’s conviction that no development paradigm can succeed optimally unless it is built on what its people genuinely require, understand and overwhelmingly control. The paper therefore concluded that there is no country that can escape from the process because the contemporary global imperative to development is premised on sufficient funding, adequate knowledge of scientific and technological know-how, all of which are the drivers and hallmark of neo-liberalism and globalization process. Africa thus needs to align its development philosophy with the global best practices in order to achieve the best for its citizens. There is also the need for the continent to re-negotiate the neo-liberal contents in the NEPAD document to make the programme more relevant and more responsive to the development aspirations of Africans.
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    The African Culture of Forgiveness and the Formation of Government of National Unity in Africa: The Nigeria Experience
    (African Journal of Peace and Security, 2013-07) Raji, Shittu Ade
    This paper studies the impact of the African traditional culture of forgiveness on the efforts at bringing about political stability and democratic consolidation in Africa using Nigeria as a case study. The research findings which were sourced from secondary data shows that the traditional culture of forgiveness has largely been used successfully across African countries as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism to resolve protracted disputes. Such culture of forgiveness as applied to the resolution of political disputes in Nigeria through the establishment of Government of National Unity (GNU) has helped to stabilise the country’s polity and thus promoted democratic consolidation. However, in spite of the central role of GNU as a viable socio-political dispute resolution and emotional healing mechanism, the strategy has some pitfalls for political processes and democratic consolidation in Nigeria. The study reveals further that since the establishment of party alliances and government of national unity in the country right from the first republic, none has worked adequately within the range of an unconditional forgiving spirit owing to the fact that the issues that are associated with Nigeria’s disunity are contradictions that are far beyond political disputes. There is unwholesome federal structure arrangement in Nigeria that is contrary to normal functional federal practices all over the world. The issue of national unity in Nigeria has been forced on the federating units and interwoven with ethnic loyalty. The above divisions have created some kinds of conundrum in the polity without sufficient forgiving spirit. Any federal arrangement that benefits one region at overwhelming disadvantages to the others cannot last. This seeming divides underscore the need to renegotiate the basis of Nigeria’s national unity through a sovereign national conferences to address disagreements and perceived marginalisation amongst different groups in Nigeria.
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    African Union and the Challenge of Integration in Contemporaryt International System
    (Ilorin Journal of Sociology, 2011-12) Raji, Shittu Ade; Aremu, Fatai Ayinde; Ayodele, Tunde Olufemi
    The international system has witnessed landmark transformations in the wake of the end of Cold War and the 9/11 attacks. Across the world, there is growing interest in the formations of supranational institutions given the inherent limitation of individual states to resolve the various challenges that comfront them. Africa is no exception in this global wave of supranational institutions.l The transformation from the OAU to African Union in 2001 is a high water mark in the renewed driveto0 entrench an enduring integration framework in the region. The evolution of the African Union has raised some questions: How different is it from its predecessor? How has the prevailing environment that circumscribed the OAU changed? How well grounded is the emergence of the AU in theoretical contexts? These are some of the questions that propelled this paper. It concludes by highlighting the need to thoroughly re-engage the conceptual and theoretical basis of integration wit5h a view to charting a clear focus for the AU into the future.
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    Bilateral Relations between Nigeria and Canada and its Strategic Implications for their Socio-Economic Development
    (Lapai International Journal of Politics, 2018-04) Raji, Shittu Ade; Yusuf, Idowu Mulikat
    This paper examined the main thrusts of the bilateral relations between Nigeria and Canada and the extent to which the relationship has contributed to the socio-economic development of both countries. Findings from the paper, which relied on secondary data confirmed that the bilateral relation between Nigeria and Canada has benefitted both countries. However, Nigeria has not benefitted optimally from the relationship owing to concerts of internal development challenges. The challenges include weak economy, dilapidated social infrastructures and low industrialization, which made it impossible for her to maximize the investment opportunities inherent her bilateral relationship with Canada. It is recommended that issues of weak infrastructure, import-oriented economy, weak industrialization, which are among the primary causes of the lull in the economy of Nigeria, should be urgently addressed for the country to benefit maximally from Canada.
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    Boko Haram Insurgency and its Implications for Food Security in Borno State, Nigeria
    (Journal for Peace, Security and Development, 2017) Raji, Shittu Ade; Okpor, Francis Chibuzor
    The devastating humanitarian crisis in Borno State of Nigeria, which was occasioned by the Boko-Haram insurgency, was presumed to have serious implications for food security in the state. this paper investigated the evolution of the insurgency and examined its nexus with humanitarian crises and food security in Borno State. the paper adopted secondary data for its analysis. the study found that Boko-Haram-induced humanitarian crises in Borno State include but not limited to destruction of more than 20,000 lives and #2b illion property, mass dislocation of inhabitants from Borno state to other parts of Nigeria and mega dispersal of over a million residents into refugee camps within Nigeria and as refugees outside the country within adequate access to humanitarian aids. the insurgency also has negative implication on food security in Borno state having led to dwindling availability of agricultural produce, weak accessibility to the source of farm produce in the state due to security threat and lack of adequate incomes for the dispersed farmers and many consumers to buy food, which further aggravated human crises in the paper. the paper concluded that thye Boko-Haram insurgency has obvious adverse implication for human security and it is directly and indirectly responsible for the large scale humanitarian crises in Borno State. it is recommended that the Nigerian government and other stakeholders should intensify counter insurgency operations and also expediently address the grievances and conflict drivers that led to their emergence in order to arrest the humanitarian crises in Borno State and the North-Eastern Nigeria at large
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    A Century of Nationhood and Nigeria’s Unending Debt: Implications for Human Security
    (Fountain Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2015) Raji, Shittu Ade
    This paper examined the implications of Nigeria’s unending debt accumulation for human security. It presumed that Nigeria’s debt service obligations have become a veritable source of undermining socio-economic security of many Nigerians, as huge chunks of resources for providing social amenities and promoting citizens’ development aspirations are diverted to debt repayment. The paper specifically examines Nigeria’s debt profile within her one hundred years of political existence, identifies the sources and structures of Nigeria’s debt stock and discusses the implications of her debt overhang for human security. Findings of the paper, which relied on secondary data were that Nigeria has accumulated huge debt over the years from loans taken to supplement the financial shortfalls from her weak internally generated revenue capacity. The huge loans, which are mainly derived from both domestic and foreign sources, have become debt burden on Nigeria, leading to diversion of greater percentage of the country’s development resources for debt service obligations and underfunding of social institutions that are responsible for improving the basic productive capacity of the citizens. In conclusion, the study finds that Nigeria’s fast rising debt stock has direct and indirect negative implications for human security as the diversion of huge developmental financial resource for compulsory loan service obligations reduces the country’s capacity to provide mega employment, sound health and credible education to most Nigerians, thereby, exposing them to structural violence of poverty and human insecurity. The paper recommended that Nigeria should reduce her debt burden and improve human security by diversifying her economy, from primary to secondary export earnings in order to generate more income and reduce the country’s reliance on internal and external borrowing for projects implementation.
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    The Changing Pattern of African Development Stategies and the South-South Development Platforms
    (African Journal of Peace and Security, 2013-01) Raji, Shittu Ade
    This paper investigated the prospects and the challenges of the South-South development platforms. The research findings which were generated through secondary sources reveals that development challenges in Africa are legion and are noticeable in virtually all the development sectors. The study reveals further that the North-South development platforms generated marginal success and has not sufficiently aided development efforts in Africa because the development programme were foreign in content, largely borrowed, less understood, largely irrelevant and very draconian in nature. Such development programmes of action have promoted the greatest hardship to the greater majority of Africans, especially those from the poorest households. The South- South development platforms have however generated reasonable levels of socio-economic development. However, different ideological leaning, especially during the cold war era, lack of institutional charters and poor infrastructural development have hampered the optimal utilisation of the South-South development platforms as efficient development avenues. Efforts are being made to repackage and refocus the platforms through the formation of micro-development frameworks within the Southern Hemisphere.
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    Child Soldiering and its Implications for National Security in Liberia
    (Danubius University of Galati, Romania, 2017-02) Raji, Shittu Ade; Bolade, Olori; Abdulrazak, Tanko
    For fourteen years, Liberia was involved in a bloody civil war, in which the state and armed non-state actors made use of children as soldiers in combat operations. The overwhelming involvement of children in the armed struggles was presumed to be a negative trend that seriously undermined their personal productive capacity and the Liberian national security. This paper examined the use of children as soldiers in Liberia and its implications for the security of the country. The paper explored the causes of the Liberian civil war, the nexus between the war and child soldiering, the factors that aided the recruitment of children as soldiers and the physical and psychological effects of the war on the children. Findings from the study, which utilized data from secondary sources, were that the Liberian civil wars were caused by structural violence, perpetrated by indigenous rulers against their citizens for decades. Many children were forcefully or willfully recruited by the government and armed non-state actors to prosecute the war. Children were more preferable for the war because they were cheap to procure and easy to be lured into combatant operations because of their tender age and low level of comprehension and perception of dangers associated with war and their less understanding of the implications of their actions for national security at that formative age. The Liberian war had both physical and psychological effects on the children. Apart from the physical destruction of their lives and those of other innocent citizens, many of the child soldiers showed symptoms of psychological complications in form of post-traumatic stress disorder. The paper also found that the use of child soldiers by warring factions in Liberia denied the kids of their childhood with negative consequences for their future progress and prosperity as adults. The reintegration programmes that were put in place for the rehabilitation of the children into the communities ended with marginal success due to concert of internal and external factors. Evidence still remains of past maltreatment and neglect of Liberia‘s ex-child soldiers, many of who are still physically and psychologically traumatized having remained largely uneducated, unemployable and thus, vulnerable to permanent poverty and re-recruitment for armed conflicts elsewhere across the world. The paper concluded that the use of child soldiers in Liberia, just like in other parts of the world will not stop until extreme deprivation facing the children, which leads to their impoverishment, is addressed and until they have better opportunities for their personal and group development aspirations. It is recommended; amongst others, that good governance should be pursued to a logical conclusion in Liberia while the government should continue to address all acts of structural violence against the children in the country.
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    Chinese Investment and its Implications for Nigeria's Economic Security
    (Brazilian Journal of African Studies, 2018) Raji, Shittu Ade; Ogunrinu, Adenike
    In spite of functional bilateral relations existing between Nigeria and China, the benefits accrued by each country through their socio-economic interaction have attracted debate, resentment and critique among Nigerians. Concerns have been raised over presumed negative impact of Chinese investments on Nigeria's fragile economy through the dumping of inferior Chinese industrial products in the country and lack of technology transfer from China to Nigeria. Some scholars argued that there are fewer opportunities for the survival of Nigeria investments in China, because of the employment and visa restrictions many Nigerians face to explore business opportunities in China. This study examined China's investment profile in Nigeria and its implications for the latter's economic security. Specifically, the paper traced the background of the Nigeria-China relations and investigated the main thrusts and strategic importance of the relationship. The study also identified the key sectors of Chinese investments in the Nigerian Economy and discussed the implications of Nigeria-China bilateral relations for the economic survival of Nigeria. The study is anchored on descriptive research methodology, consisting of qualitative data, which relied primarily on the existing literature. Findings from the paper were that Nigeria and China have benefited from their diplomatic relations but the relationship is not mutually rewarding having been tilted towards China. The unequal relationship between the two countries has increased the dependency of the Nigerian economy on China and undermined its economic security. Findings also revealed that China is a global model of rapid socio-economic transformation that Nigeria could study to optimize the performance of its economy. The study concluded that for Nigeria to benefit optimally from its competitive economic relations with China, the country need to build its internal productive capacity through regular training of its workforce. The Nigerian government should also ban the importation of substandard goods from China.
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    Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) and Counter Insurgency Operation in Borno State, Nigeria
    (Journal of Sustainable Social and Management Sciences, 2015-12) Raji, Shittu Ade; Ahmed, Y.D
    The mandate of Military and Para-military Joint Task Force (JTF) to restore normalcy in the North-eastern part of Nigeria where Boko-haram insurgency is prevalent, is recently complemented by a vigilante group calls Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) due to some inherent lapses requiring civilian efforts. This study, therefore, assessed the roles and relevance of informal counter insurgency operation in Borno State. It employed qualitative approach in sourcing for its data. Findings revealed that involvement of Civilian Joint Task Force has helped to curb insurgency positively in restoring peace in Borno State. Their impact led to the reduction of destructive activities of the Boko-haram insurgents, protection of lives and properties, arrest and handing over of the suspected insurgents to Police and Military. It was discovered that though the involvement of Civilian Joint Task Force in counter insurgency operation has recorded some effects in Borno state, there is need for adequate training of Civilian Joint Task Force. Governments should design a Para-military training programme for them in order to improve in their performances, and enacting the law that will permit civilians in involving in the counter insurgency operation in Nigeria.
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    Comparative Study of Local Government Systems in Nigeria and United States of America (USA)
    (Lapai International Journal of Administration, 2018-12) Raji, Shittu Ade; Garuba, Rasheed Obasekore; Letswa, A.M
    The operational challenges facing local government system in Nigeria have seriously curtailed its optimal performance at meeting the needs of the people at the grassroots compared to the United States of America (USA) where the structural arrangement of the local government administration has contributed immensely to sustainable development of the country. This paper carried out a comparative study and appraisal of local government structures in Nigeria and USA in order to unveil the extent to which local administration has responded to the development aspirations of the people in both countries. The paper, which relied on secondary source, found that local government system is better organized structurally and legally in USA, and have recorded tremendous successes in meeting the development aspirations of her citizens as opposed to Nigeria where the reverse is the case. The poor performance of local government administration in Nigeria was linked to concerts of internal factors, including corruption, weak funding and lack of financial autonomy, among others. Nigeria should domesticate much of the USA local government model in order to make the governance system at the local level more democratic, self sustaining and more responsive to the development needs of Nigerians.
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    Crisis of Academic Performance in Secondary Schools and its Nexus with Instructional Materials in Kwara State, Nigeria
    (Ilorin Journal of Education, 2019) Raji, Shittu Ade; Amin, Amin; Abdulrahim Halimat, Amin; Geetto, Aishat Aromoke
    Instructional materials are very central to the academic performance of students as it helps to improve their knowledge of the subject matter and enhances their understanding of educational concepts and their practical applications for solving societal problems. In spite of the importance of instructional materials to the learning process, most students often complain of being taught principles that seem to be abstract in nature without adequate use of instructional materials, leading to much failure of secondary school students both in the internal and external examinations in Kwara state. This study examined the rate of availability of instructional materials for teaching and its effects on students’ academic performance in Kwara state, using Asa local government area as case study. The study relied on both primary and secondary data, in which 189 questionnaires were collated and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software while existing literature were also analyzed. Majority of the respondents agreed that there are sufficient instructional materials, including chalk board, textbooks and chart in secondary schools in Asa but strongly disagreed that there is availability of other relevant instructional materials, especially, the projector in the schools. Findings of the study also confirmed that the use of instructional material has impacted positively on student academic performance in secondary school in Asa local government and that the large failure of the students was not due to dearth of availability of instructional material. Identified challenges of using instructional materials for secondary school students in the study area included environmental distractions, which made students to pay less attention when lessons are being taught, use of obsolete instructional equipment for the students and high rate of absenteeism among teachers. The study concluded that the use of instructional material is very impactful on the academic performances of students in secondary schools in Asa local government. It is recommended that the Kwara State and Asa local government should procure more instructional materials in secondary schools to take care of new student enrolments.
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    The Crisis of Development in Africa and Africa's Sub-Regional Development Institutions: Case Study of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
    (2015) Raji, Shittu Ade
    This paper captures the challenges of sustainable democracy confronting Africa and the prospect of using the NEPAD programme to addressing those challenges. Democracy has remained a familiar concept of political discourse in pre and post- colonial Africa because it was believed that the realization of development and socially significant issues such as accountability, social justice and respect for human right which are the major hallmark of good governance, can only take place adequately within the confines of credible democratic space. However, in spite of its centrality to the development process, democracy as currently practiced in Africa is characterized more by democratic deficits rather than dividends thus leading to underdevelopment, corruption and political disputes, amongst others. This research which relies on secondary sources essentially finds that the pre-NEPAD political setting was characterized more by democratic reversal due to frequent military intervention and stage-managed elections and that the post-NEPAD’s democratic settings have recorded some measure of democratic consolidation even though many democratic transition programmes are still riddle with various electoral malpractices. The research equally revealed the fact that the post-NEPAD democratic electoral process has improved tremendously in quality, glamour and content delivery in many African countries due to the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into the electoral process. In spite of these relative achievements, the post-NEPAD democratic regimes have failed to bring about sustainable development in many African countries due to the dictatorial and prebendal nature of African politics.
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    Curtailing Electoral Violence through Information and Communication Technologies
    (Conflict Study Center Babes-Bolyai University, Romania, 2019-04) Raji, Shittu Ade; Angelina, Iheoma Onyeukwu
    This paper examined the contributions of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) towards transparent and violence-free elections in African countries with speci􀏐ic focus on Nigeria, which is the largest democracy in the continent. Many countries have witnessed violent electoral contests, arising from the inability of the electoral umpire to conduct free and fair elections, hence the introduction of ICTs to correct the lapses. The objectives of this paper were to identify major ICTs gadgets for the conduct of elections in Nigeria and evaluate the extent to which the devices have curtailed electoral violence. The paper adopted an interpretive case study as its research methodology. The interpretive method is based on analogical deductions and re-analysis of relevant existing literature from secondary sources to generate new 􀏐indings. Findings from the paper were that the ICTs have added tremendous values to the credibility of electoral process in Nigeria by securing elections from intense manipulation and violence through the use of electronic gadgets, including the use of Direct Data Capturing Machine (DDCM), Automated Finger Prints Identification System (AFIS) and the Smart Card Reader (SCR). However, it is concluded that the use of ICTs has improved electoral credibility but has not substantially reduced electoral violence in Nigeria as the electronic gadgets have relocated such electoral debacle from physical to electronic violence, and from manual to digital electoral manipulation. Digitalized electoral process in Nigeria is also faced with machine failure, system hacking and poor logistic supports. It is recommended that the usage of ICTs in the conduct of elections in Nigeria should be sustained as a complement, rather than supplement, to the traditional manual voting system in Nigeria. This recommendation is premised on the fact that Nigeria is not yet ripe for sole reliance on electronic voting system, which is largely challenged by inadequate power supply, derth of highly skilled ICTs technicians and high rate of ICTs non-compliance illiterate voters.
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    The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Protocol on Socio-Economic Development of Member States: Implications for Nigeria and Benin Republic
    (African Journal for Security and Development, 2018-12) Raji, Shittu Ade; Lydia, Temitope Oyekunle
    This paperassessed the bilateral relations between Nigeria and Benin Republic within the ECOWAS protocol on socio-economic development of member states,and the extent to which both countries are seizing the opportunities inherent in the protocol to benefit one another. The study, which was premised on secondary source of data, revealed that the ECOWAS protocol has impactedpositively on the socio-economic development ofNigeria and Benin Republic. This positive impact included relative free movement of citizens, goods and services across the bordersofboth countries. The paper also found that the bond of friendly relations, which serve as the basis for economic, political and cultural interaction between the two countries still remain as strong as they were before the colonial creation of the artificial boundary between them. The joint and collaborative effortsof securityagencies from both countries has reduced trans-border crimes,including the reduction in smuggling activities, thusimproving revenue capacity of both 2 countries. The ECOWAS protocol has also served as a means of advancing socio- cultural unity between Nigeria and Benin Republic through inter bordermarriages, crossborder sporting activities and joint social outings. There are occasional disagreements and disputes between both countries in an attempt tomaximize the ECOWAS protocol on socio-economic development to their advantage but such disputes areusually amicably resolved. The paper recommended further relaxation ofCustoms and other tariff rates, establishment of more border markets between the two countries and improved security collaboration to enhance their maximum benefits from the ECOWAS protocol on socio-economic development
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    Electoral Violence in Nigeria and its Implications for National Security
    (Osun Sociological Review, 2016-01) Raji, Shittu Ade
    Election is a vital pillar of representative governance globally. In spite of its centrality to democratic governance in Nigeria, the country’s electoral experiences have always floundered over the failure of the National and State electoral commissions to organize credible, free and fair elections in most instances thus leading to electoral violence. This paper appraised the implications of such violence for national security in Nigeria. The research findings which were sourced from secondary data revealed that electoral violence is a primary source of political power tussle and security threat in the country. Electoral violence in Nigeria is caused by political, social and economic factors, amongst others. The study unveiled the physical and psychological implications of electoral violence for national security. The physical dimensions of electoral violence include physical assault, arsons and destruction of lives and properties. The psychological dimensions are emotional trauma from physical assault, constant feelings of political insecurity, emotional pains, and unforgiving spirit of the affected persons for those who were responsible for the violence. Such psychological torture makes post election conflict reconciliation and resolution very difficult to achieve. Electoral violence has negated peaceful co-existence, law and order amongst the populace and militated against the consolidation of democracy in the country. Electoral violence in Nigeria has thus generated democratic deficits rather than dividends under a largely unsecured political environment. The paper recommends legal and institutional reforms, and attitudinal transformation of the character of political actors to bring credibility to the election process in order to reduce electoral violence to the barest minimum in Nigeria.
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    GOOD GOVERNANCE, BOKO-HARAM INSURGENCY AND COMMUNITY SECURITY IN NORTH -EASTERN NIGERIA
    (Fountain university Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2016) Raji, Shittu Ade; Adewoyin, Johnson Adekunle
    This paper attempted to establish the nexus between good governance, the Boko Haram insurgency and community security in the North-Eastern Nigeria. The paper adopted a Desk-Review research method in which data were generated for the study using secondary sources from technical reports, journals, academic papers and books, amongst others. Findings from the paper revealed that the failure of governance at the federal, state, and local government levels are the most immediate sources of disconnect between Nigeria and her citizens. The contradiction between the country’s abundant wealth and the impoverishment of greater number of her citizens and wrong ideological orientation have largely contributed to the rise of the Boko-Haram insurgency and other deviant groups that reject state authorities and embraces violence in Nigeria. The paper concluded with the fact that the security of many communities in the North-Eastern Nigeria is largely undermined by the Boko- Haram insurgency. The negative scenario is threatening the socio-economic well-being of the North in particular and Nigeria as a whole. It is recommended in this study that Government policies that supply public goods should respect the rights of Nigerians, enthrone credible economic empowerment programme and embrace all-inclusive governance in order to curtail the Boko-Haram insurgency in Nigeria.
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    Impact of Globalization on the Economic Security of African Countries
    (Lapai International Journal of Administration, 2018-12) Raji, Shittu Ade; Adimula, Ruth Abiola; Letswa, A.M
    Globalization, both as a concept and process is very central to the development of nation-states in the contemporary international system having promoted massive movement of fund, goods and services across the globe from where states benefit. However, globalization has different effects on the participating states by giving economic security and financial prosperity to those who are able to compete favorably in the process while impoverishing other countries that are less competitive. This paper appraised the impact of globalization on the socio-economic development of African countries. Findings of the study, which was anchored on secondary data, were that globalization has lifted many African countries from shackle of absolute poverty and positively enhanced their efforts at achieving sustainable development. Conversely, the process has undermined development efforts in Africa due to many factors that included unjust global trade rules, weak technical know-how and dilapidated social infrastructure. It is concluded that though globalization has relatively enhanced the economic security of some African states that have the capacity to compete in the process, the development process in many African countries are largely threatened by stunted growth, protracted civil war and economic insecurity. In spite of its huge marginalization from the globalization process, Africa should not delink from the process because no nation can escape from it; especially within the contemporary Uni-polar neo-liberal world order that has inescapably coerced developing countries into the Globalization process. Africa should fix her dilapidated infrastructure and seek mutually rewarding trade relations with her development partners to guarantee sustainable development within the globalization process.
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    The Impact of the Nigerian Police Force on Crime Control in Cross River State
    (Osogbo Journal of Management, 2016) Raji, Shittu Ade; Hamzat, Ade Ayinde
    The dynamism and complexities of interaction amongst the people in a society gives room for crime. Since independence, Nigeria has been experiencing new set of crime problem in diverse areas of human endeavors, including petty theft, burglary, assault, fraud, armed robbery, kidnapping and terrorism, resulting in threat to security of lives and property. The Nigerian Police was established, amongst other security agencies, to control crime in the country. This paper assessed the impact of the Force on crime control in Cross River State. Finding from the study, which was premised on secondary data confirmed that the Force has recorded moderate achievements in combating crime in the state through efficient intelligence policing, credible beat and patrol system, constant raid of criminal hideouts, crime mapping and inter-agency collaboration, amongst others. In spite of its relative success, the Nigeria Police Force is facing many challenges in its task of combating crime in Cross River State. These challenges include underfunding, inadequate office and residential accommodation, insufficient arms and ammunition, obsolete patrol vehicles, poor communication equipment, shortage of personnel, lack of modern crime fighting equipment, poor welfare packages and corruption amongst its work force. The challenges enumerated above should be addressed. Community policing should also be rejuvenated with better coordination and financial support for effective collaborative policing in order to curtail crime in Cross River State and Nigeria.
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    Managing Communal Conflict in Africa through Electronic Media: A Casae Study of RAdio Nigeria in Share-Tsaragi Crisis
    (Acta Universitasis Danubius, 2018) Raji, Shittu Ade; Niyi Ameen, Abdulkadir- Imam
    Communal conflicts have ravaged many countries in Africa, leading to destruction of lives and property. Previous studies have confirmed that the electronic media sometimes instigate these conflicts because of its capacity rating as a powerful tool for mass mobilization for escalating or deescalating violence due to its wider audience. However, the electronic media also mediates conflict through peace advocacy, peace parley and conciliation programs. This paper examined the emerging paradigm of using radio as manager of conflict in Africa by specifically assessing the extent to which the mediating roles of Radio Nigeria, Idofian have impacted on the communal conflict between Share and Tsaragi in Kwara state of Nigeria. The paper, which relied on secondary data, found that the mediating programmes of Radio Nigeria have de-escalated conflict between the two affected communities. Some of the programs identified for de-escalating the Share-Tsaragi communal crisis include but not limited to; facilitated round-table mediation programs for the representatives of Share- Tsaragi warring communities to discuss their Conflict Position on radio, and running frequent jingles on the danger of violence confrontation between the two communities and beyond. Radio Nigeria also collaborated with the National Orientation Agency (NOA) of Nigeria, to discuss Peace Advocacy program for the two communities in its Station, free of charge and also covered the proceedings of the Administrative Tribunal set up by the Kwara State Government of Nigeria to suggest the appropriate solutions to the crisis. The station also organized sporting events for the youth in Share and Tsaragi to foster unity between the two communities, amongst others. The challenges confronting the station in its task of mediating communal conflict generally and in the Share-Tsaragi communal crisis in particular include logistic problems, vulnerability of its reporters to danger of physical injury or death in the battlefront, and accusation of bias reportage against the media by few members of the warring factions. Concerned authorities should address the above challenges to facilitate the optimal use of Radio as a credible avenue for managing communal conflict in Africa.