Browsing by Author "Bello, R. H"

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    Antimicrobial activities of volatile oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus citriodora and Cymbopogon citratus against organisms isolated from Nigerian currency notes
    (Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources by by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria., 2023-02-19) Ayinde, B. A; Bello, R. H; David, M. S; Olawoye, O.I; Lawal, B. A; Abdullahi, A. A; Attah, F. A; Usman, S. O; Njinga, N. S
    Naira notes are means of exchange for goods and services that may act as fomites in the transmission of pathogens. This study determined the identities of microorganisms isolated from notes and their susceptibilities to antibiotics and volatile oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora. Fifteen notes (₦50-₦500) obtained from two Ilorin markets were soaked in sterile water and loopful of each sample was inoculated onto appropriate agar plates. Isolates were identified using standard methods, confirmed with Identification System and Mycological Atlas. Disc and agar diffusion methods were employed for susceptibility tests and positive controls were Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. S. aureus (42%) was the most prevalent bacteria, Serratia odorifera (11.1%) including Aspergillus niger (1) while some had multiple bacteria. The isolates exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (100%), ceftazidime (57%), sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim (43%) and 100% sensitivity to gentamicin. All S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant – MRSA and vancomycin susceptible while A. niger exhibited 100% sensitivity to fluconazole. The volatile oil of C. citratus exhibited highest growth inhibitory effects with MBC and MIC of 3.13-0.39 and 1.56-0.39 mg/mL respectively; the oil of E. citriodora exhibited the least activity. This oil can be used as antiseptics against Naira fomites.
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    Biofilm Detection and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates from In-patients with Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Hospital
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development & Practice, 2018-12) Aliyu, A; Bello, R. H; David, M. S; Olufadi-Ahmed, H. Y; Salami, O. T; Itodo, P. E; Kola-Mustapha, A. T
    A survey for the detection of biofilms amongst uropathogens was conducted in a Medical ward of a Tertiary hospital in Ilorin, Kwara State. This was done to determine the prevalence of biofilm producing uropathogens among patients with CA-UTI (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection) using MTP (microtitre plate) method. Effect of media variations in the production of biofilms and the antibiogram pattern of the isolates were also determined. Out of the 50 urine samples collected and analyzed, 27 (54.0 %) yielded growth and 28 isolates were identified. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (42.9 %), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (35.7 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the least (21.4 %). A total of 59. 3 % of the isolates were resistant to various antibiotics used and 39.3 % of the isolates were found to be multiple antibiotic resistant. Of the 28 uropathogens isolated, 21 (75.0 %) were biofilm formers comprising of 17.9 % high biofilm formers and 57.1 % of moderate biofilm formers while 25.0 % did not form biofilm in BHIsuc. High biofilm formation was observed in Staphylococcus aureus. There was variation in biofilm formation with different media as more isolates (75. 0 %) produced biofilm in BHIsuc than in TSBglu (67.9 %). Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have potential of biofilm production which could lead to relapse of disease condition and eventually treatment failure in CA-UTI.
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    Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaf of Senna alata and Bark of Piliostigma thonningii and the effect of their combination against Skin Infections.
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development & Practice, 2020-06) Afosi, A. B; Shittu, A. O; Adekunle, R. B; Bello, R. H; Attah, F. A; Eniayewu, I. O
    The skin is the largest, multi-layered organ with a protective function. However, a breach as a result of damage to the epidermis causes micro-organisms to penetrate and cause infections. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of leaf of Senna alata and bark of Piliostigma thonningii as well as possible effect of the extracts combination in varying ratios. Ethanolic extracts of leaf of S. alata and bark of P. thonningii were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against selected Gram-positive - Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative - Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia enterocolitica; and fungal strain - Candida albican using agar well diffusion method at 100, 200 and 300 mg/mL and in combination at 75:25, 25:75 and 50:50 ratios against selected microorganisms. Gentamicin and Nystatin were used as positive controls. Triplicate zones of inhibition were measured after 24 and 72 hours for bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. The extracts of S. alata and P. thonningii had means of zones of inhibition ranging from 24.00±1.06 to 13.00±0.00 and 30.00±0.43 to 15.00±1.00 against S. aureus and 21.50±0.25 to 18.00±0.00 and 19.00±0.43 to 17.00±0.81 against E. coli respectively. Only the extract of S. alata showed antifungal activity with mean of zones of inhibition ranging from 30.00±0.53 to 12.00±0.82 against C. albicans. The synergistic activity S. alata and P. thonningii at ratio 50:50 produced the highest activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Considering these antimicrobial activities observed, the two extracts have shown interesting potentials in the treatment of skin infections.
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    Evaluation of Risks Factors Associated with Otitis Media in Children in Bauchi State – Nigeria
    (Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences, 2011) Bello, R. H; Agbo, E. B; Olabode, H. O. K
    Risk factors associated with Otitis Media in children were evaluated using a structured questionnaire amongst parents of patient-children attending ENT section of Specialist Hospital Bauchi. Out of the 400 respondents that ear swabs were collected from their children, 332 yielded microbial isolates and 68 no growth. The highest occurrence of infection was observed in male children below the ages of three years that suffered underlying infection such as common cold. These infections were mostly unilateral amongst children of breast and bottle feeding illiterate housewives using wood as source of domestic energy. This established relationship was significant between Age and sex, mode of feeding and type of energy generation processes (p<0.01). However, there was no statistically significant relationship between types of Otitis Media and sex, family history of Otitis Media and underlying infection, parental social, occupational and educational status, Age and forms of Otitis Media, sex and number of persons co-habiting in a room. This study confirms that Otitis Media is a highly multi-factorial disease associated with a number of environmental factors. Thus, routine check-up should be conducted in children at the onset of identified potential risk factors so as to avert the risk of permanent hearing loss, speech and language disabilities associated with Otitis Media. Lifestyles that minimize the risk of developing ear infection is hereby advocated such as encouraging breast feeding and bottle feeding of children in upright posture and avoidance of exposure to passive smoke.
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    Occurrence and Antibiogram Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from the Urinary Tract of Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics In Ilorin Metropolis.
    (African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development., 2020) Bello, R. H; Ibrahim, Y. K.E; Olayinka, B. O; Jimoh, A.A. G; Olabode, H. O. K
    Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a serious health problem affecting millions of people globally. In females, it is more common during pregnancy and is characterized by increased morbidity, maternal and perinatal complications. This alarming rate of UTI related complications and antibiotics resistance necessitated this study among pregnant women attending ante – natal clinics within Ilorin metropolis of Kwara State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 420 pregnant women attending ante – natal clinics was conducted from February, 2018 to April, 2019. Midstream urine samples were collected from enrolled subjects and cultured using quantitative urine culture method. Isolates were identified using standard bacteriological method, further confirmed using the Microgen Identification system and susceptibility testing was performed using the Disc Diffusion method. A total of 188 (44.67%) of the 420 urine samples had significant bacteriuria (colony-forming unit ≥105 /ml), and 56 (26.05 %) of the isolates were characterized as Escherichia coli. The E. coli isolates exhibited high resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin clavulanic acid, cefuroxime sodium at 88.68 %, 73.59%, 69.81% and 66.04% respectively. Of these isolates, 38 (71.70%) were resistant to three or more antibiotics and regarded as multidrug resistant. The most occurring resistant phenotype was ampicillin 8 (15.09%), followed by its combination with amoxycillin clavulanate, cefuroxime sodium 7 (13.21%) as well as tetracycline and sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim 6 (11.32%). All E. coli isolates were sensitive to imipenem and nitrofurantoin. This study indicates high prevalence of multidrug resistant E. coli in pregnancy associated UTIs with potential health consequences.
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    Phytochemical, elemental, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic studies of a mixed herbal product used for the management of diabetics.
    (Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources., 2018-09) Bakare-Odunola, M. T; Njinga, N. S; Ayanniyi, R. O; Bello, M. K; Abdullahi, S. T; Eniayewu, O. I; Abdulmajeed, F. F; Bello, R. H
    Medicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg−1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 105and 9.0 x 104 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes.