Browsing by Author "ODEH, Lemuel Ekedegwa"
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Item African Union Election Observer Mission(Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2015) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe African Union is the union of fifty-four (54) African countries. The African Union is the legal successor of Organization of African Unity. AU was launched on 9 July, 2002 in South Africa to replace the OAU. It could be understood that, just like United Nations Organisation did to League of Nations, AU was launched to correct the failures of OAU. At the dawn of the new millennium, most of the African countries were democratizing. The task for African Union (formally O.A.U) was promotion of democracy and good governance. Since the transformation of OAU to AU, the latter has maintained its stance on democratic enhancement of African through different means including election observation. Monitoring of elections by international observers is perceived as capable of reducing if not preventing fraud, build confidence among voters and competing political actors, and ensuring that elections take place in a free fair and transparent atmosphere. It is important to understand that free and fair election is a sine qua non to democratic substance in Africa. Most African countries face problems of free and fair elections, good governance, democratization and peaceful handovers. It is against this background that this paper seeks to examine the activities of the African Union Election Observer Mission vis a vis democratic sustenance, good governance, free and fair election in Africa. It is believed that the monitoring of the elections by Election Monitoring Observers would help in reducing largely some of these bottlenecks in African countries particularly at the dawn of the new millenniumItem Analysis of Factors Inhibiting Democracy and Democratization in Nigeria, 1999-2007(Department of History & Archaology Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, 2010) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaAfter the long occupation of the political arena by the military, Nigeria is now on the path of transforming civil rule into full democratisation. Though the problems of democratic transition, nurturing and consolidation are daunting, the challenge has to be faced. For democracy is an avenue through which members of the society possesses the right of choosing the leadership through elections. Nigeria's march to constitutional democracy has however, been a chequered one marked by anti-colonial struggles, crisis, coups and a thirty month agonising civil war. The collapse of the past few democratic administration came as a result of the weak foundations of democracy paving the way for military incursion into politics and governance. The demise of the First Republic in 1966 marked the beginning of 'soldier go, soldier come' syndrome which was detrimental to the process of democracy in Nigeria. Colonialism, ethnicity and religious bigotry have been identified as factors inhibiting democracy and democratisation in Nigeria. This paper also identified other factors to include the failure of a workable federal system, the debate over resource control and corruption.Item Communal Conflicts in the North Central States and Food Insecurity in Nigeria: e Panacea of the Chinese Example(The Quint A Quartely Journal from the North Published by the University College of the North Canada, 2021-12) ODEH, Lemuel Ekedegwa; ORJI, Boniface IfeanyiNigeria is richly endowed with vast natural resources and an estimated population of about 140 million people who need food for their daily survival. e favorable climatic and topographical conditions of the North central states of Benue, Nassarawa and Plateau place them in a good position to provide food for the entire country. Perceived poverty and food insecurity in Nigeria is not only as the result of cumulative consequences of the general failure of agricultural policies and implementation over time, but also incessant communal conflicts and clashes mostly between the Fulani herdsmen and the host communities. is paper focuses on the challenges that these conflicts pose while considering downward trends in agricultural production in Nigeria and how the Chinese example may act as a panacea.Item A Comparative Analysis of Global North and Global South Economies(Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania, 2010) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaIn this paper the argument is that there are broadly two economic worlds that cut across the globe, these are the Global North and the Global South. That while, the Global North represent the economically developed societies of Europe, North America, Australia, Israel, South Africa, amongst others, the Global South represents the economically backward countries of Africa, India, China, Brazil, Mexico amongst others. While Global North countries are wealthy, technologically advanced, politically stable and aging as their societies tend towards zero population growth the opposite is the case with Global South countries. While Global South countries are agrarian based, dependent economically and politically on the Global North, the Global North has continued to dominate and direct the global south in international trade and politics.Item Conflict Resolution and Peace Keeping in Africa(IRORO, Journal of Arts, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, 2008) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaConflict occurs due to a misunderstanding or clash of interest between or amongst Parties, Nations, Groups, Organisations, or Individuals either because they are pursing opposing and incompatible objectives or because of political relevance. There are almost two hundred sovereign states in the globe, and some of these states occasionally wage wars on one another in pursuance of economic advantage and political gain. The African continent is not bereft of this conflictual phenomenon. Thus, conflicts in Africa in recent times are a recurring decimal, much to the distress of the ;people. This interminable conflicts results in extermination of lives, destruction of property and among others. To this end, this paper seeks to posit that conflicts in Africa can be a thing of the past as recognition is bequeathed to conflict resolution mechanism, conflict transformation and conflict management policies and principles, which are recipe for peaceful co-existence paradigms and internalizationItem Dynamics of China-Nigeria Economic Relations Since 1971(Historical Society of Nigeria (JHSN) Vol. 23, 2014) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaBy 1960, China recognized that Western Imperialism was a threat to the continent of Africa. She provided an alternative trajectory by offering bilateral trade relations that would foster development in the continent. China’s offer, over the years, eventually snowballed into the Sino-Nigeria Economic Relations in 1971. This diplomatic relationship, now over forty years old, has yielded more benefits to Nigerian than those she had with her conventional Western partners. However, like every other mutual relationship, China—Nigeria ties had also been bedeviled by a number of factors, which largely derive from the challenges inherent in the relationship. Nonetheless, these challenges can easily be subdued if more is done in expanding the policy, building institutions, enhancing leadership capabilities and investing more in human capital and entrepreneurship. Generally, while the relationship has been described as a win-win situation for China much could certainly have been achieved for Nigeria particularly in the area of technological transfer. This paper historically analyses this relationship. It looks at this supposedly lopsided and unequal relationship; and considers how these could be tackled to ensure a balanced relationship. It also considers the mechanisms to be adopted for the future. Lastly, it outlines the lessons for other countries from bilateral tie between China and Nigeria.Item The Esoteric and Cultural Relevance of Alekwu Afia Masquerade and the Eje-Alekwu Festival among the Otukpo(Published by the Department of the Performing Arts, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2012) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThis paper examines the Alekwu Afia masquerade and the role the masquerade played in the life now and beyond and how this has also helped in synthesising a critical segment of idoma society, the Otukpo people. the Otukpo people place the entire belief in the Alekwu Afia deity and believe that death is inevitable. In addition, death is not natural and there must be a causation of death. this may come in form of old age, sickness or accident. Consequently, this study adopts a historic-structural, analytical and systematic approaches in carrying out research on esoteric and cultural relevance of Alekwu Afia. Findings have revealed that Alekwu Afia, aside from determining the life and after life of the average Otukpo man, it also possessed a drama of life with clear aesthetic elements soothing the soul of man.Item Ethno-Religious Issues and National Intergration in Nigeria(MOI University Press Kenya, 2010) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaNigeria a forty-eight years old multi-religious society has made several constitutional efforts in its chequered march to nationhood. One of the inspired and calculated efforts at deception was the constitutional conference of 1995 where about four hundred Nigerians gathered to formulate a constitution that could resolve once and for all, the many problems of ethno-religious and national questions. Although, the military leadership in Nigeria then did not carry out or effect the constitution, yet the draft of the constitutional conference looked more like a mechanical contraption for ethnic groups rather a constitution of a nation state with a common destiny and will. The decision of the conference were not motivated by any philosophy of common identity rather, they were mooted by selfish interest and ethno-religious ambition at the expense of national interest. This paper attempts to x-ray factors largely responsible for ethno-religious issues in Nigeria. The paper adopts a historic-analytical approach and concluded that selfish and parochial interest more than anything else is the problem of Nigeria and ethno-religious sentiments were mere tools in the hands of the eliteItem Globalization and Socio-Cultural Development in Africa(Faculty of Arts University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2013) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe world is gradually becoming a mono economic block where different nationals and different economic policies such as the capitalist oriented and the communist oriented are found to be extending their tentacles outside their immediate geographical confines. Scholars have termed this process i.e. the gradual efforts at making the world economy to tend towards a capitalist economy, as “Globalization”. Different people at different times have called this process by a different nomenclature. For example, in the 1960’s and 1970’s scholars of these changes used the word “Internationalization of economics”. Most Africans are of the view that the process of globalization is detrimental to the socio-cultural development of Africans; while Eurocentric scholars are of the view that globalization has been beneficial to Africa. This paper seeks to determine the specificity of the globalization process in the economic development of Africa. This paper argues that globalization is not the answer to African’s trade and economic development. Rather globalization has served as a clog in trade and economic development of Africa. Therefore, there is the need by Africans to embark on urgent steps to enable her flow with the tide of the globalization process. Such steps include, development of stronger regional grouping, promoting trade, investment, good governance, tackling the problem of debt servicing, and the enhancement of human development.Item GOOD GOVERNANCE, TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN NIGERIA(Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania, 2009) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaIn recent times, democracy and democratic governance became a very attractive bride admired by most countries in the third world. Following the collapse of the First and Second Civilian Government of 1966 and 1988 respectively. Nigeria has experienced series of coups and counter coups under various regimes. The spirit of democracy and the hope of democratic dividends have remained very strong and attractive. The transition from Military to Civilian regime in May 1999, no doubt marked a new beginning of democratic life for the Nigerian State. This hope has brought a semblance of political transparency, accountability good governance, and political stability. This paper seeks to look at the Nigerian State, how it has been able to consolidate on her fourth democratic experience. It also traces Nigerian's historical evolution, her attempts at democratic governance, corruption, accountability and due process. This paper shall examine all this attempts at good governance so far and how well and suggest possible solutionsItem A Historical Analysis of African Society and Morality(Local Societies Initiative (LSI), University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2010) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe task of history is for the historian to discover or find out what happened in the past. This paper traces a historical analysis of the traditional African society and the moral lessons attached to the hitherto settings and how it helped to shape the African society from certain negative vices. The paper adopted a multi-disciplinary approachItem Historical Trajactory of Nigeria-China Diplomatic Relations 1971-2018(Journal of Oriental & African Studies Department of History, University of Patras Greece, 2022) Aregbesola, Opeyemi Glory; ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe paper takes a holistic look at the historical trajectory of Nigeria-China diplomatic and economic relations. This is done with the aim of understanding the dynamics of the relationship between Nigeria and China from its inception in 1971 up till 2018. The study adopts a historical and analytic approach while data were gathered using secondary sources. Findings reveal that Nigeria-China relations gradually evolved from mere diplomatic exchanges to a relationship hinged on win-win economic situation. Evidence from available sources suggests that following China’s new economic orientation since the beginning of the 21st century as well as Nigeria’s search for development partners, the relationship between both countries grew exponentially from 1999 up till 2018. The conclusion derived from available evidence is that Nigeria holds a strategic place in China’s foreign policy owing to her huge oil and gas deposits, large market for finished goods and huge population. The paper posits that Nigeria’s relationship with China holds great prospects for the country if its policy makers put in place the right measures to reap the dividends of the relationship.Item History and International Relations: The Question of Additional Nomenclature(Published by the Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin pp265-275, 2012) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe nature of this argument stemmed out of the protracted and obvious devaluation attached to the word 'History' as a discipline. History is a course and not a curse and so there is no basis for it to go into extinction neither is there any reason for it to change its nomenclature before the value and importance of history could be acknowledged and appreciated. The position of this paper therefore is that 'the hood does not make a monk'. International Relations as a concept came after the failure of the League of Nations to prevent further destruction in the global arena. International Relations concerns herself chiefly with political discourse and action which indeed is an integral part of history. It is therefore the argument of this paper that we do not need additional nomenclature to make the study of History attractive to the studentsItem Muammar Gaddafi, Hero or Villain”? Issues in American Foreign Policy in the Middle East(Published by the Department of History and International Studies, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2012) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe view about Muammar Gaddafi has been a divergent issue, with some people seeing him as a Hero while others see him as a Vallain. Muammar Gaddafi was the Libyan Head of State. He came to power in September 1969 through a Military coup that ousted the capitalist and pro-western monarchical government of King Idris. This change in government enabled Libya to articulate revolutionary domestic and foreign policies that had severe impact on American interests in particular and the ‘WEST’ in general. Consequently, this study adopted a historic-structural, analytical and systematic approach. Findings of this paper examined the American foreign policy posture as it affects the Middle East and critically analyzed if Gaddafi was as he had been paintedItem Nigeria’s Strategic Role in the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)(A Journal of the Department of History and International Studies, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo. Vol. 8 June 2009 pp. 274-288., 2009-06) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe phrase "Nigeria as the giant of Africa" has been known by many nations because of the leading roles she plays in policy-makings and their implementations. Also, these leading roles are prevalent in her military prowess, landscape, natural and human resources and natural endowment. The larger world as well as other African nations have in contemporary time looked up to Nigeria as the "Saviour" of African race, given the enormity of the resources that mother nature had endowed her in comparison to other African states. Sequel to the above, Nigeria has played significant roles in the establishment of some agencies such as; Organisation of Africa Unity (O.A.U) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), African Union, (A.U) among others. This same philosophy informed her strategic roles aimed at establishing and realizing the objectives of the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). To this end, the thrust of this paper revolves around the enormous issues, challenges and prospects of this African project called NEPADItem The Resurgence of Sharia Issues in Contemporary Nigeria 1999-2009(Published by Department of History Benue State University Makurdi, Makurdi pp. 1-15., 2010-12) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe Sharia is a debacle in the history of Nigeria's development. The adoption of the Sharia in Nigeria in some stales of Northern Nigeria since the advent of the present democratic dispensation has caused crises which led to destruction of lives and property, and is well threatened the corporate existence of the Nigerian slate. The paper argues that selfish and insensitive leadership are the main causes of the problems arising from the Sharia palaver. It suggests that purposeful leadership should be the major concern of our leaders and political elites. The paper further went on to opine that both leaders and the led should embrace the ethos of democracy and tolerance.Item Sino-Nigeria Economic Relations 1990-2009(Adonis|&Abbey Publishers., 2010-11) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe history of man has been marked with interactions both at the level of individuals and politics. Nations have been known to be in a continuous interaction so that man at the centre would achieve his chief goal, which is true happiness and fulfillment. Thus, the continuous interaction of man at all levels has lent credence to the popular saying that 'no man lives in isolation'. Therefore, nations interact with one another for the benefit of mankind and as well as to assist and support in areas some nations are deficient and incapacitated. The foregoing bears fang on the long standing relationship existing between China and Nigeria since 1970's, but specifically the period 2007-2009. To this end this paper attempts an appraisal of the Sion-Nigerian Economic Relations 2007-2009, the benefits, matters, arising and the prospect of these relations.Item Sino-Nigeria Economic Relations under the Obasanjo Administration(Published by the Department of History and International Studies, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2011) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaThe last eight years 1999-2007 have tremendously witnessed monumental and developmental changes as regards Sion-Nigerian economic ties, which have grown astronomically. China's achievements of accelerated progress have occasioned her modernization, civilization, global acceptability and dramatic economic growth. Thus, the effects of China's feat have positively and negatively affected the economic relations with Nigeria. The juxtaposition of China-Nigeria relations seems like an exercise in separate categories and lopsidedness or Chinese domination in the bilateral terrain. Therefore, the paper postulates that Sion-Nigerian economic relations anchor on economic alliances and understanding, This informs why former Nigerian president, Olusegun Obasanjo described China's investment in Nigeria as part of the overall reform of the national economy, aimed at giving the nation a fresh economic lease, as well as benefiting from Chinese experience as an emerging Superpower.Item Sino-Nigeria Investments: Prospects and Challenges 1971-2010(Stellenbosch University, South Africa Issue No. 4 December 2013., 2013-12) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaCountries enter bi-lateral and multi-lateral relationships with one another based on the expectation of mutual benefit. This paper focuses on the bi-lateral investment relations between China and Nigeria. Despite the long history of interactions and agreements between Nigeria and various more developed partners, development in Nigeria has not been as successful as could have been hoped. This study adopts a historic-structural, analytical and systematic approach to the Sino-Nigeria Investments. Findings reveal that Nigeria has been one of the leading partners of foreign direct investment from Chinese companies. In addition the research has also revealed that the benefits derived from the relationship sketch a lopsided picture in favour of China, at the peril of the Nigerian counterparts. To this end the paper postulates that this Sino-Nigeria bilateral engagements should undergo some changes to achieve equal and mutual benefits to both parties.Item Traditions of Origin and Migrations(Faculty of Arts, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Vol. 10 No. 2., 2009-10) ODEH, Lemuel EkedegwaMigration generally constitutes movement of a group of people from their natural habitat to another place of abode. A group of people, therefore, would want to emigrate while another group of people would be immigrants into a particular area hitherto deserted. Several factors are responsible for migrations. While emigration connotes a person or a group of persons leaving a particular place to settle in another where they are known as immigrants. These movements are usually as a result of push and pull factor. These push and pull factors could be socio-economic and political determinants. This paper attempts to look at the Iyala people of present day Northern Cross Rivers who were originally Idoma of present day Benue State and seek to analyze factors responsible for their migration