Browsing by Author "Ajao M.S."

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    Alterations of Kiss 1 receptor, GnRH receptor and nuclear receptors of the hypothalamopituitary-ovarian axis following low dose bisphenol-A exposure in Wistar rats
    (Korean Association of Anatomists, 2021) Kadir R.E.; Imam A.; Olajide O.J.; Ajao M.S.
    Bisphenol A is a chemical used primarily as a monomer in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It is a synthetic chemical compound that is produced in billions of pounds annually, and tagged as an endocrine disruptor. Bisphenol A is a high production synthetic chemical compound that is used in the production of many consumables and equipments of daily consumption and use by man. Growing interest in possible health threats posed by endocrine disrupting chemicals (bisphenol-A inclusive), as these substances are in our environment, food, and many consumer products. Therefore, this study aims to determine bisphenol-A effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis, and role of melatonin in this regard. Forty-two Wistar rats were bred, grouped into 7, with each group consisting of 6 rats. Experimental groups were administered low and high doses of bisphenol-A and melatonin, starting from day 19, and was continued for 7 weeks orally. They were left to develop into full adults and were sacrificed on day 120±4 days. Blood samples, hypothalamus, pituitary and ovarian tissues were excised for biochemical and tissue antioxidants assays as well as genetic studies. Results show elevated gonadotropin and androgen levels. There was disruption of reactive oxygen species in the ovarian tissues, as well as alterations in the expression of genes that regulate reproduction at the hypothalamus and pituitary levels. Conclusion of early exposure to bisphenol-A is associated with prolonged duration of disruption of reproductive functions in female Wistar rats, which persist long after cessation of the exposure. Melatonin antioxidant effects give some promising outturns against bisphenol-A induced toxicities.
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    Castor oil induces morphological changes in endometrium and biochemical parameters in pregnant Wistar rats
    (Association of Medical Doctors in Academics, 2021) Kadir E.R.; Ibrahim A.; Imam A.; Onigbolabi O.G.; Imam A.A.; Ajao M.S.
    Background: Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used for the management of miscarriages and labour. Castor oil is a natural plant extract that has been reported to have some abortifacient Properties Objectives: This study investigated the labour induction and abortifacient properties of castor oil, as well as possible effects on the electrolytes and hormones that regulate pregnancy, as well as to compare these effects with a standard labour inducing drug misoprostol, in Wistar rats. Methods: The study was conducted out in 2 phases. The pregnant rats were administered varying Castor oil doses of low (12.4ml/kg), medium (18.6ml/kg) and high (24.8ml/kg), which were compared with misoprostol group as well as a control group. All animals were euthanized on gestational day 15 and day 20 respectively for the two phases and blood samples collected via cardiac puncture from the apex of the heart for hormonal assay, electrolyte and kidney function tests. The uterus was also removed for histological processing. Results: The abortifacient effect of castor oil is dose dependent with high dose castor oil group seen to have significantly reduced serum progesterone level (32.8±4.25 and 40.8±0.70 compared with 51.0±2.00 of controls), resulted in weight loss and interference with kidney function (increase in serum potassium while decrease in sodium electrolytes). Castor oil also exhibited labor inducing properties. Conclusion: Castor oil has the potential to induce abortion. This study has demonstrated a possible usage of castor oil in medical induction of labor in rats as it exerted uterotonic principle on the uterus.
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    Central Cholinergic Markers and Spatial memory Performance in rats following administration of Rauwolfia Vomitoria and Chlorpromazine
    (Centre Point Journal (Science Edition). Published by Library and Publication Committee, University of Ilorin, 2015) Ajao M.S.; Imam A.; Adana M.Y.; Kareem S.B.; Alabi A.S.; Olawepo A.; Okesina A.; Kadir R.E.; Oyewopo A.O.
    The study was designed to compare the effects of Rauwolfia vomitoria and chlorpromazine on metabolic activities, spatial memory performance, central cholinergic markers, oxidative stress markers and neurohistoarchitecture in the brain of adult wistar rats. Twenty five adult male wister rats weighing between 200 - 230 g were divided into five groups (A-E) of five rats each. Group A (control) received 2mls of normal saline daily, Group B received 5mg/kg of chlorpromazine, Group C received 10 mg/kg of chlorpromazine, Group D received 150 mg/kg of R. vomitoria and Group E received 300 mg/kg of R. vomitoria orally. All the medications were given daily for 21 days. Body weights were taken weekly and recorded. A y-maze apparatus was used to assess the spatial memory performance in the rats at days 14 and 21 of the experiment. All the animals were euthanized using 20mg/kgbw of intramuscular ketamine, cardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and the brains were removed, some were homogenised for analysis of central cholinergic markers and others for histological analysis. Low doses of chlorpromazine increase body weight and Rauwolfia vomitoria increase central cholinergic markers. The findings of the study show that R.vomitoria and chlorpromazine exert differential and dosage dependent effects on body weight, central cholinergic neurons and learning performance. The conclusion from the study indicates that R. vomitoria could be a better alternative drug in the treatment of psychosis with lesser metabolic and central nervous system side effects.
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    Central cholinergic markers and spatial performance in rats following administration of rauwolfia vomitoria and chlorpromazine
    (Center Point Journal (Science Edition). The Official Journal of the Library and Publications Committee, University of Ilorin, Ilorin., 2015) Ajao M.S.; Imam A.; Adana M.Y.; Kareem S.B.; Alabi A.S.; Olawepo A.; Okesina A.A.; Kadir R.E.; Oyewopo A.O.
    The study was designed to compare the effects of Rauwolfia vomitoria and chlorpromazine on metabolic activities, spatial memory performance, central cholinergic markers, oxidative stress markers and neurohistoarchitecture in the brain of adult wistar rats. Twenty five adult male wister rats weighing between 200 - 230 g were divided into five groups (A-E) of five rats each. Group A (control) received 2mls of normal saline daily, Group B received 5mg/kg of chlorpromazine, Group C received 10 mg/kg of chlorpromazine, Group D received 150 mg/kg of R. vomitoria and Group E received 300 mg/kg of R. vomitoria orally. All the medications were given daily for 21 days. Body weights were taken weekly and recorded. A y-maze apparatus was used to assess the spatial memory performance in the rats at days 14 and 21 of the experiment. All the animals were euthanized using 20mg/kgbw of intramuscular ketamine, cardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and the brains were removed, some were homogenised for analysis of central cholinergic markers and others for histological analysis. Low doses of chlorpromazine increase body weight and Rauwolfia vomitoria increase central cholinergic markers. The findings of the study show that R.vomitoria and chlorpromazine exert differential and dosage dependent effects on body weight, central cholinergic neurons and learning performance. The conclusion from the study indicates that R. vomitoria could be a better alternative drug in the treatment of psychosis with lesser metabolic and central nervous system side effects.
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    Cephalometric study of mouth morphology among major Nigerian tribes
    (Association of Anatomical Societies of Africa, 2015) Akinlolu A.A.; Akinola B.O.; Nurudeen R.L.; Kadir R.E.; Ajao M.S.
    We tested the hypothesis that Nigerians of the three major tribes of Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo are of similar cephalometric parameters (morphological patterns) of the lips and mouth. 300 subjects were selected from each of Hausa, Igbo or Yoruba tribe. A total of nine hundred (900) randomly selected volunteered subjects aged 18 – 30 years (450 males and 450 females) who were of Hausa, Igbo or Yoruba tribe by both parent and grandparents were, therefore, used in the study. Cephalometric parameters measured include: width of the philtrum, width of the mouth (length of the labial fissure), height of the upper lip, height of the cutaneous upper lip, height of the cutaneous lower lip, height of the lower lip, depth of the body of mandible and the vermilion heights of upper and lower lips. The statistical significance of the differences between the tribes was determined by using the student’s t-test at p≤0.05. No statistically significant differences exist between the cephalometric parameters of the tribes studied. Our findings are, therefore, consistent with the stated hypothesis.
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    Comparative Study of the Thyroid Gland of Juvenile Male Guinea Pigs and Grass-cutters: Hematological and Hormonal Profile
    (Anatomical Society of Nigeria, 2025) Sulaimon F.A.; Ibiyeye R.Y.; Imam A.L.; Shehu M.; Abioye, A.I.‘R.; Ajao M.S.
    This study presents a comparative examination of the hematological parameters, structure, and function of the thyroid gland between two rodent species: guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus), which are taxonomically distinct. They are important for research and agriculture, yet little is known about their comparative thyroidal morphology, physiology, and hematological profiles. The study utilized six grasscutters and six guinea pigs with an average weight of 1800±530 g and 210±20 g, respectively. The thyroid gland of the guinea pigs is compact, while the grasscutters are bilobed without an isthmus joining the lobes. The average weight of the guinea pigs’ and the grasscutters’ thyroid gland weight was found to be 1.69±0.26 g and 2.81±0.37 g, respectively. The relationship between thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]) of the guinea pigs and grasscutters was found to be in line with that of most mammals, with the T4 concentration being significantly higher than the T3 concentration. The differences in the Red Blood cell properties of the guinea pigs and grasscutters were found to be significant at P<0.05, being significantly higher in grasscutters. The differences in the guinea pigs’ and grasscutters’ white blood cell indices were not statistically significant at P<0.05. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the comparative endocrinology and hematology of guinea pigs and grasscutters, with implications for their use in physiological, toxicological, and pharmacological studies
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    Cytoarchitectural differences in reproductive organs of some polycystic ovary-like induced animal models
    (Elsevier Limited, 2024) Kadir E.R.; Yakub A.D.; Ojulari L.S.; Hussein A.O.; Lawal I.A.; Jaji-Sulaimon R.; Ajao M.S.
    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynaecological, endocrine disorder that occurs during reproductive age and is a significant cause of anovulatory infertility. Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor which negates the action of the aromatase enzyme, which results in the buildup of male hormones (testosterone) in the females, causing hyperandrogenism, which is a hallmark of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Mifepristone (RU486) is a progestin antagonist that acts to arrest the actions of the progesterone hormone, resulting in follicular atresia and anovulation. DHEA is an androgen which was also administered in a bid to cause hyperandrogenism in the rats.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these hormones on the cytoarchitecture of the ovaries and uterus to assess their various PCOS-like histological features.Animals were grouped mainly into three: Letrozole, Mifepristone and DHEA groups, which were further divided into two subgroups each, administered low and high doses of letrozole orally, Mifepristone and Dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) subcutaneously. Each of the subgroups also had a comparison control group. Following the completion of administration, the Wistar rats were euthanized, and their ovaries and uterus were collected for histological analysis.Increased proliferation of ovarian follicles was noted in the treated groups compared to control, as well as thickening of the endometrial layer.
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    Memory, neurogenic protein and oxidative deficits of frontal cortex following chlorpyrifos/dichlorvos exposure in rats
    (College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Nigeria, 2022) Kadir R.E.; Gegele T.A.; Kola-Taiwo I.O.; Oyewole A.L.; Ibrahim A.; Imam A.; Chengetanai S.; Ajao M.S.
    Objective: The use of xenobiotics to boost agricultural productivity has led to toxic chemicals exposure including organophosphates, causing adverse health outcomes including behavioral and neuronal impairments. This study aimed to evaluate the memory indices, possible oxidative and cholinesterase outturns on the frontal cortices of rats exposed to organophosphates. Methodology: Thirty-two Wistar rats were grouped into four. They received 1ml/kg of Normal, 8.8 mg/kg dichlorvos, 14.9 mg/kg chlopyrifos, and 8.8 mg/kg dichlorvos plus 14.9mg/kg chlorpyrifos respectively. They had training trials in the Y Maze paradigm then spatial working memory assessment. They were euthanized 24hours following exposure and tissues excised for analysis. Results: A marked reduction in metabolic markers, Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE) activity, spatial memory indices and proliferative neuron marker (Ki67) were observed. Also, increase in oxidative stress markers in the frontal cortices of the organophosphates exposed rats. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated neurotoxic effects of organophosphates in rats.
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    Morphology and Histoarchitectural of the Cerebellum of Grasscutter (Thyronomys swinderianus) and Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)
    (Centre Point Journal (Science Edition). The official Journal of Library and Publications Committee, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2016) Ajao M.S.; Usman I.T.; Abioye A.I.R.; Imam A.; Olawepo A.; Adana M.Y.; Kareem S.B.; Olayaki L.A.
    The study investigated the general morphology and histoarchitecture of the cerebellar of grasscutter and the Hedgehog. Six grasscuttters and six hedgehogs were used for the study. They were obtained from Jobavic farm in Ilorin, Nigeria. The animals were euthanised, transcardially perfused with 0.9% normal saline and by 4% paraformaldehyde solution. the brains of the animals were removed and the cerebellum detached, weighed and processed for histological purpose and comparism. the findings of this study show a well organised gyration and sulci in the grasscutter compared to the hedgehog. the brain and cerebellar weights of the grasscutter are comparably larger than that of the hedgehog. However the cerebellar cortices and the histoarchitecture of the two animals were similar with little variations in the cellular layers especially the Purkinje cell layer. The study concludes that that though there are no marked histological differences between the cerebellar cortices in the two animals, the observed complex motor functions in the grasscutter may be explained by the complexities in their cerebellar gyration and sulci.
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    Restorative effects of melatonin on bisphenol A-induced interference of gene expression in hypothalamic pituitary axis following early exposure
    (International Journal of Health Sciences, 2024) Kadir E.R.; Yakub A.D.; Imam A.; Olajide O.J.; Lawal I.A.; Oyewole A.L.; Hussein M.O.; Ojulari L.S.; Ajao M.S.
    Background: Bisphenol-A is a standard monomer used industrially in manufacturing plastics and epoxy resins, and it is widely used in food preservation and packaging. There is a global increase in its use due to increased demand and the growth in world population. Bisphenol A is an endocrine-disrupting chemical miming the endogenous estradiol hormone. However, due to its exposure to the environment, food and other consumables, its effects on reproductive health have been a growing area of interest. Melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles and plays essential physiological roles in the body through its antioxidative, anti-cancer and neuroprotective properties. This research aims to ascertain the impact of Bisphenol A on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and determine melatonin's function on possible BPA-induced effects. Methods: Six adult male Wistar rats and 12 adult female Wistar rats of proven fertility were bred and organized into groups. Litters were divided into seven groups, each comprising six rats. These animals were subjected to subcutaneous injections of high and low doses of bisphenol A from postnatal days 0-3, then oral melatonin. The rats were allowed to mature into full-grown adults and euthanized at 120 ±4 days. The serum and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian tissues were collected for various assays, histology and genetic studies. Results: Compared to the control groups, groups administered varying doses of bisphenol A showed significant overexpression of estrogen and androgen receptors. Administration of Melatonin showed some reversal and reparative effects on BPA-induced damage of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis. Conclusion: Elevated estrogen receptor levels induced by Bisphenol A altered receptor function, ultimately impairing hormonal cascades that regulate reproductive functions. Melatonin showed some promising reparative effects.