Design and Performance Analysis of a Tissue-Load Stable H-Slotted Patch Antenna for 2.45 GHz Breast Phantom Sensing Applications
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Date
2026-06-28
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition)
Abstract
The detection of solid tumors, especially in the breast, is crucial to improving patient
outcomes and minimizing the side effects of cancer treatment. This study presents a
highly miniaturized rectangular H-slotted PIFA operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM band; the
design incorporates an H-shaped slot on top of the radiating patch to reduce the antenna
size and improve current-path meandering. Simulation results from CST Studio Suite
indicate that the proposed design resonates at 2.45 GHz with a -10 dB impedance
bandwidth of approximately 277 MHz (2.33 – 2.61 GHz), a record Return Loss (S11) of -
51.65 dB, and a VSWR of 1.005 in free-space conditions, demonstrating a near-perfect
impedance match. The antenna exhibits a realized gain of 3.5 dBi at 70% efficiency. and
a directional radiation pattern with a directivity of 4.16 dBi, enabling effective
electromagnetic energy penetration into breast tissues. The antenna was also shown to be
stable in its resonant frequency while modeled within a three-layered breast phantom
model (skin-fat-gland). The presence of a 5 mm malignant tumor produces a noticeable
shift in the reflection coefficient from -51.65 dB to -39.20 dB, demonstrating the
antenna’s sensitivity to dielectric-property variations between healthy and cancerous
tissues. Finally, a maximum 1-g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.103 W/kg
at 10 mW input was achieved, which is substantially below the FCC safety limit of 1.6
W/kg. The results demonstrate that the proposed H-slotted antenna is a compact and
stable sensor with the capability to detect early-stage breast tumors effectively
Description
Keywords
Breast Cancer detection, Microwave imaging, SAR, Patch Antenna, ISM Band
Citation
Salaudeen, K. O., Sani, S., Yahya, A. S., Muniru, O. I., Adisa, Y. A., & Adamu, H. J. (2026). Design and performance analysis of a tissue-load stable H-slotted patch antenna for 2.45 GHz breast phantom sensing applications. Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), 30(2), 42–54.