Design and Performance Analysis of a Tissue-Load Stable H-Slotted Patch Antenna for 2.45 GHz Breast Phantom Sensing Applications

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dc.contributor.authorSalaudeen Kazeem Olawale
dc.contributor.authorSani Saminu
dc.contributor.authorSulaiman Abimbola Yahaya
dc.contributor.authorIdris Oladele Muniru
dc.contributor.authorAdisa Y Yusuf
dc.contributor.authorAdam H Jabire
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-10T11:44:46Z
dc.date.available2026-09-10T11:44:46Z
dc.date.issued2026-06-28
dc.description.abstractThe detection of solid tumors, especially in the breast, is crucial to improving patient outcomes and minimizing the side effects of cancer treatment. This study presents a highly miniaturized rectangular H-slotted PIFA operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM band; the design incorporates an H-shaped slot on top of the radiating patch to reduce the antenna size and improve current-path meandering. Simulation results from CST Studio Suite indicate that the proposed design resonates at 2.45 GHz with a -10 dB impedance bandwidth of approximately 277 MHz (2.33 – 2.61 GHz), a record Return Loss (S11) of - 51.65 dB, and a VSWR of 1.005 in free-space conditions, demonstrating a near-perfect impedance match. The antenna exhibits a realized gain of 3.5 dBi at 70% efficiency. and a directional radiation pattern with a directivity of 4.16 dBi, enabling effective electromagnetic energy penetration into breast tissues. The antenna was also shown to be stable in its resonant frequency while modeled within a three-layered breast phantom model (skin-fat-gland). The presence of a 5 mm malignant tumor produces a noticeable shift in the reflection coefficient from -51.65 dB to -39.20 dB, demonstrating the antenna’s sensitivity to dielectric-property variations between healthy and cancerous tissues. Finally, a maximum 1-g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.103 W/kg at 10 mW input was achieved, which is substantially below the FCC safety limit of 1.6 W/kg. The results demonstrate that the proposed H-slotted antenna is a compact and stable sensor with the capability to detect early-stage breast tumors effectively
dc.identifier.citationSalaudeen, K. O., Sani, S., Yahya, A. S., Muniru, O. I., Adisa, Y. A., & Adamu, H. J. (2026). Design and performance analysis of a tissue-load stable H-slotted patch antenna for 2.45 GHz breast phantom sensing applications. Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), 30(2), 42–54.
dc.identifier.issn2141-3819
dc.identifier.urihttps://uilspace.unilorin.edu.ng/handle/123456789/18814
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherCentrepoint Journal (Science Edition)
dc.relation.ispartofseriesCPJ 2026015/30204
dc.subjectBreast Cancer detection
dc.subjectMicrowave imaging
dc.subjectSAR
dc.subjectPatch Antenna
dc.subjectISM Band
dc.titleDesign and Performance Analysis of a Tissue-Load Stable H-Slotted Patch Antenna for 2.45 GHz Breast Phantom Sensing Applications
dc.typeArticle

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