Browsing by Author "Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade"
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Item Analysis of Indoor Air Microflora of Some Daycare Centres in Ilorin South Local Government Area, Nigeria(Al-Hikmah Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2017) Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Saliu, Kudirat Bolanle; Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Ali, Aminat AThe microflora of air in ten daycare centres within Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria was investigated by settling plate technique. The plates were exposed for a period of 10 minutes at each sampling point. The counts of bacteria, total coliform and fungi ranged from 10 to 200, 10 to 170 and 6 to 110 cfu/10 minutes respectively. A total of 23 microorganisms comprising 12 bacteria and 11 fungi were isolated in this study. These bacteria were Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus arlettae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae., Corynebacterium amycolatum, Bacillus pumilus, Corynebacterium matruchotii and Listeria grayi while the fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus glaucus and Polyporus sp. The predominant bacterium and fungus in this study were Micrococcus sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus respectively. It can be concluded that the indoor air of the daycare centres used for this study had diverse species of Gram positive bacteria, high occurrence of non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Moulds dominate the fungal isolates and some of the bacterial species are commensals found on human body whereas the fungi are environmental in origin. A few pathogenic species were isolated among the bacteria and fungi.Item Antibacterial Action of Silver Nanoparticles of Extract of Leaf of Thevetia nerifolia(Society for the Conservation of Phytofuels and Sciences, 2015) Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Abdullahi, M.A; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Gambari-Ambali, Rabiat. O; Adeyemi, Sherif D; Afonja, A.I; Adebisi, O.OSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a combination of aqueous extract of Thevetia nerifolia and 1mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution to obtain concentrations of 100mg/ml–400mg/ml. Characterization of the particles was done by UV–Vis spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Antibacterial activity was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Psedomonas aeruginosa using standard agar well diffusion method. Gentamicin and tetracycline were used as reference antibiotics. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was achieved by microbroth dilution technique. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was done by plate assay. The mode of action of the particles was evaluated by direct exposure of the cells of selected isolates to the nanoparticles. The presence of phytochemical constituents was examined using standard methods. The total yield of AgNPs of the plant extract was 0.6g. Characterization by UV-visible spectrometry revealed peak absorbance of 0.465 at 452.0nm, while FTIR showed the presence of two (2) functional groups. According to the antibacterial sensitivity assay, the four concentrations exhibited considerable effects against all test isolates. At 400mg/ml, the highest inhibitory activities were observed with S. aureus and E. coli with zones of inhibition measuring 22mm and 20mm respectively. The activity of synthesized particle compared favourably with reference antibiotics. The MIC was obtained at 40mg/ml while MBC was at a higher concentrations. The mode of action showed disruption of cellular components as a result of increased permeability of cell membrane. Following the results of the phytochemical analysis, a total of five (5) bioactive constituents were obtained. It is evident from this study that AgNPs synthesized could be a good candidate in the treatment of conditions caused by the test isolates.Item Antibacterial Activities of Some Antidiarrheal Herbal Concoctions Locally Prepared in Ilorin, Nigeria, on Fecal Isolates(Centrepoint, 2015) Saliu, Kudirat; Anibijuwon, Ibikunle; Zakariyah, Rahmat FolashadeAntibacterial activity of herbal concoctions commonly used to treat diarrhea in Ilorin, Nigeria was determined against fecal isolates. Aqueous extracts of different combinations of the herbs used were prepared by soaking for eighteen days. Samples were taken daily for four days and weekly thereafter and used to challenge bacteria isolated from human feces. The efficacy of the herbal extracts was compared with a standard antibiotic, streptomycin. Most of the isolates were inhibited by the 48 hours herbal extracts. Inhibition zone ranged from 11.4 to 20.0 mm and 4.6 to 19.8 mm for the adult men and women extracts; and 9.6 to 32.0 mm for the children extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 25 to 100%. Apart from Enterococcus feacalis and Staphylococcus aureus, susceptibility to the herbal extracts compared favorably with reference drug, streptomycin with percentage inhibition reaching 100, 120, 150 and 160 respectively for Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enteritica, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella sp. Aqueous extract of a combination of herbs used for treatment of diarrhea in Ilorin has antibacterial activity comparable with streptomycin and can therefore be recommended for use after determining its toxicity.Item Antibacterial Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Herbal Sticks on Oral Isolates.(Laboratory of Organic Materials (LOM), Faculty of Technology, University of Bejaia, Algeria, 2021) Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Olaoye, A.E; Zakariyah, Rahmat FolashadeThis study compared the antibacterial effects of some herbal sticks commonly used for oral hygiene in Ilorin, Nigeria, on oral isolates. Aqueous extracts of the sticks were used to challenge bacteria isolated from various parts of the oral cavity. Stem extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus (Baill) was effective against all the isolates except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with activity indices ranging from 0.59 to 1.35 compared to streptomycin. Micrococcus species was inhibited by all the extracts while the other isolates including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus luteus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus showed various patterns of susceptibility. Inhibition zone ranged from 10.0 mm for extract of Spilanthes calva (DC) to 33.0 mm for that of D. benthamianus. This study showed that herbal sticks have antibacterial effects on oral organisms and their extracts are recommended as components of products used in maintaining oral hygiene.Item Antibacterial Evaluation of Extracts of Seed Kernel and Leaf of Moringa Oleifera Against Bacteria from Raw Cow Milk(Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 2016) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Sani, Al-hassan; Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Ahmed, Risikat NikeMoringa oleiferahas been found very useful in a lot of health related problems owing to its medicinal components and values, these has led to research on its antibacterial activity against food borne pathogens. Aqueous and acetone extracts of Moringa oleifera seed kernel and leaf were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from raw cow milk. The antibacterial assay was carried out at concentrations of 250, 125, 62.5 and 31.25mg/ml using modified agar well diffusion method. Aqueous extract inhibited the growth of test isolates at varying degrees. Aqueous extract of seed kernel was highly inhibitory on Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of inhibition (23.33±1.20mm) at concentration of 250mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration showed that both extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at concentrations ranging from 125 to 21.25mg/ml. The antibacterial effect of standard antibiotics was performed and it was observed that Gentamycin inhibited growth of the three test isolates. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponin, tannin, phenols, glycosides and carbohydrates compound in the extracts. From the present study, Moringa oleifera seed kernel and leaf can be a promising source of phytochemical components and further studies is therefore recommendedItem Assessment of the potentials of Azotobacter spp. as bioinoculants on the growth of potted maize plants.(Published by Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, 2023) Sule, Ismail O.; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Ajijolakewu, Kamoldeen A; Zakariyah, Rahmat FolashadeThe use of chemical fertilizers in crop production has detrimental effects such as soil acidity and eutrophication. There is need for environmentally friendly approach in improving soil nutrients and agricultural productivity. This study aimed at the isolation of Azotobacter spp from the rhizosphere of crops and the use of these isolates as biofertilizer for the growth of potted maize plants under 5 treatments. These treatments were maize plant only (control), plant with once application of NPK fertilizer, plants with once, weekly and fortnights application of Azotobacter spp. as bio-inoculants. The counts of Azotobacter obtained from the rhizosphere of the crops ranged from 4.0 × 104 – 1.0 × 106 CFU/g. The three high ranking in-vitro biological nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilization isolates were identified A. chroococcum, A. vinelandii and A. beijerinckii. At the 7th weeks of growth, 83.3 and 100% of the plants that received different levels of bio-inoculants had the perimeter of their girths greater than and significantly different from the controls when cultivated in 8.1 and 12.0 litre pots respectively. At least 91.7% of the plants that received bio-inoculants had higher heights than the controls. It is concluded that the application of Azotobacter bio-inoculants enhanced the growth of maize plants compared to the controls.Item Efficacy of Some Chemical Preservatives in Prolonging the Shelf Life of Fermented Locust Beans ‘iru’(UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research, 2019) Saliu, Kudirat Bolanle; Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Zakariyah, Rahmat FolashadeIn Nigeria most foods are preserved by adding salt. The efficacy of this and some other chemical preservatives in improving the storage quality of fermented locust beans was the focus of this study. Samples of fermented locust beans were separately treated with table salt (10% w/w), brine (10 and 20% solution), vinegar (4 and 6%) and lactic acid (10 and 20%). After treatment, all the samples were stored at ambient temperature and periodically analysed for sensory and microbiological properties. Samples treated with dry salt became slippery, changed in color and developed bad odor within 1, 4 and 14 days respectively. Except for the softening observed, no significant (p < 0.5) change occurred with the color and odor of the other samples during storage. A total of 29 bacterial and 6 fungal isolates were obtained. The dominant bacteria were members of the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Citrobacter, Microbacterium, Enterobacter, Leuconostoc, Arthrobacter, and Corynebacterium while Saccharomyces cerevisae, Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., dominated the fungal population. Other fungi were Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria alternata, and Candida albicans. The microbial load and diversity reduced significantly (p < 0.5) after treatment and during storage. Among the bacterial isolates, Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. lentus, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. saprophyticus Citrobacter freundii, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Corynebacterium poinsetiae, Micrococcus denitrificans and Microbacterium sp. were inhibited by lactic acid, vinegar and brine with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 11.0 to 24.0mm; 15.0 to 20.5mm and 12.5 to 22.5 mm respectively. This study has shown that lactic acid, vinegar and brine have some preservative effects on fermented locust beans and can therefore be used to prolong its shelf life.Item Efficacy of some chemical preservatives in prolonging the shelf life of fermented locust beans ‘iru.(Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina., 2019) Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Sule, Ismail O.; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Zakariyah, Rahmat FolashadeIn Nigeria most foods are preserved by adding salt. The efficacy of this and some other chemical preservatives in improving the storage quality of fermented locust beans was the focus of this study. Samples of fermented locust beans were separately treated with table salt (10% w/w), brine (10 and 20% solution), vinegar (4 and 6%) and lactic acid (10 and 20%). After treatment, all the samples were stored at ambient temperature and periodically analysed for sensory and microbiological properties. Samples treated with dry salt became slippery, changed in color and developed bad odor within 1, 4 and 14 days respectively. Except for the softening observed, no significant (p < 0.5) change occurred with the color and odor of the other samples during storage. A total of 29 bacterial and 6 fungal isolates were obtained. The dominant bacteria were members of the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Citrobacter, Microbacterium, Enterobacter, Leuconostoc, Arthrobacter, and Corynebacterium while Saccharomyces cerevisae, Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., dominated the fungal population. Other fungi were Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria alternata, and Candida albicans. The microbial load and diversity reduced significantly (p < 0.5) after treatment and during storage. Among the bacterial isolates, Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. lentus, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. saprophyticus Citrobacter freundii, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Corynebacterium poinsetiae, Micrococcus denitrificans and Microbacterium sp. were inhibited by lactic acid, vinegar and brine with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 11.0 to 24.0mm; 15.0 to 20.5mm and 12.5 to 22.5 mm respectively. This study has shown that lactic acid, vinegar and brine have some preservative effects on fermented locust beans and can therefore be used to prolong its shelf life.Item Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacies of Hand wash Disinfectants on Pathogenic Bacterial Hand Swab Isolates of Health workers in Ilorin, Nigeria(Department of Biological Sciences Federal University of Technology, Minna., 2016) Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Sule, Ismaila O; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Jimoh, Faosat A; Olugbade, O.FHands are the most implicated in the transmission and spread of pathogens that causes disease. Hand hygiene has been said to be the most important way to avoid these infections. Hand washing with the use of hand wash is one of the ways to tackle the barriers to efficient hand hygiene. This study assessed the efficacy of seven popular brands of Hand washes (HW): DET, SAV, CHE, VIS, NIV, DOV and CAR (all abreviations in full for the first time) against some clinically important bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis recovered from hands of health care workers. The antibacterial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration of the hand washes was determined using the agar diffusion and broth dilution method, respectively. Each brand showed different activities against the isolates. VIS had the highest inhibitory effect against all organisms it was tested on, while SAV was the least effective. S. aureus was the most susceptible test organism, with the highest susceptibility to CAR (32.5 mm). P. mirabilis was most resistant, with the highest resistance to DET (9.0 mm). Antibacterial activity of the hand wash decreased with increased dilution. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was obtained for all the hand washes when not diluted. It is, therefore, recommended that the dilution of hand wash which is a commonly done in most households, hospitals, offices and eateries should be discontinued as these products are not active when diluted.Item Extraction and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Eucalyptus globulus(Ilorin Journal of Science, 2016) Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Gambari-Ambali, Rabiat O; Jimoh, Fausat AbimbolaThe essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus obtained by hydrodistillation (Fever tree) was investigated for activity against two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The oil was extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Separation, identification and determination of percentage composition of compounds present in the oil were carried out by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was investigated by agar diffusion technique using various concentrations of the essential oil: 100% v/v, 75% v/v, 50% v/v, 25% v/v, 15% v/v. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using turbidimetric assay by taking the absorbance with the aid of a spectrophotometer. Minimum bactericidal concentration was by plate assay. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry revealed the presence of seven compounds, all amounting to 90.4% with globulol having the highest percentage composition of 30.1%. The evaluation of sensitivity of the oil revealed the highest activity at 100% v/v against both isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration was obtained at 25% v/v when assayed against K. pneumoniae with no activity at all against S. aureus at the same concentration. Oil showed no bactericidal activity at all concentrations, suggesting only bacteristatic activity of the oil. Investigation from this work revealed that the essential oil of E. globulus exhibit activity against the tested isolates and can thus be employed in the treatment of infections caused by them.Item Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles From Extract of Leaves of Croton Zambesicus(Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 2016) Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Sani, Al-hassan; Oluwo, N.O; Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Zakariyah, Rahmat FolashadeSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized using a combination of aqueous extract of Croton zambesicus and silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution to obtain various concentrations of 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 300mg/ml and 400mg/ml at 10mM. Characterization of the synthesized silver nanoparticle was done by UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity against four bacterial isolates was determined by standard method of agar-well diffusion assay. The activity of two standard antibiotics was compared with the AgNPs of C. zambesicus using the disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was achieved using microbroth dilution technique. Test tubes that showed low turbidity in the MIC assays were reinoculated on sterile agar plates and this was taken as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MBC). The presence of phytochemical constituent was examined using standard methods. The total yield of the AgNPs of the plant extract was 10.94g. The characterization by UV-visible revealed that at a wavelength of 429.0nm the particle has peak absorbance of 2.003, while the FTIR showed the presence of five (5) functional groupsE. coli demonstrated reduction in activity as concentration increased with zone diameter of 24mm at 100mg/ml and 10mm at 400mg/ml. The analysis of MIC and MBC revealed inhibitory and bactericidal effects at the same concentration of 30mg/ml. The mode of action of the AgNPs at 100mg/ml showed a total cell lysis of all test isolates. Following the results of the phytochemical analysis, the presence of six phytochemicals were observed. It is evident from this study that AgNPs synthesized from extract of leaf of C. zambesicus is a very effective antibacterial agent that can compare favourably with conventional antibiotics, hence considering it as an alternative in the elimination of the tested isolates and infections caused by themItem MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF STREET VENDED FRIED SOYABEAN CHEESE SOLD WITHIN ILORIN METROPOLIS, NIGERIA.(Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2016-03) Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Jimoh, Fausat Abimbola; Olugbade, O.FThe microbiological and physicochemical quality of street vended fried soyabean cheese products from five different locations was assessed. Standard pour plate technique was used to examine the microbial load of the soyabean cheese. The pH ranged from 6.48 + 0.241 – 6.58 + 0.192, Moisture content ranged from 13.94% + 0.152 – 14.22% + 0.179. The viable bacterial counts ranged from 7.0 to 61 x 105 cfu/g, while the fungal load ranged from 1 to 40 x 103 cfu/g. Eight bacteria species were isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Similarly, four fungal species were isolated and identified as Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The results suggest that the soyabean cheese samples were contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and could cause health hazard to the consumers. There is the need to improve personal hygiene and environmental sanitation during and after production of the soyabean cheese.Item MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF ‘’KUNU” SOLD WITHIN ILORIN METROPOLIS, NIGERIA(Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics, 2016-12) Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Saliu, Kudirat Bolanle; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Adegbenro, I.OItem Microbiological quality assessment of ‘’kunu” sold within Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria(Published by Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Bayero University, Kano., 2016) Sule, Ismail O.; Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Adegbenro I.O.Many individuals prefer locally processed foods to modern day contemporary processed foods. “Kunu” is a popular cereal based non-alcoholic beverage in Nigeria and it is widely consumed especially in the Northern parts of the country. Hence, this research focused on assessing the quality of these locally produced “kunu” drinks. Freshly prepared samples of ‘’Kunu’’ were purchased from local vendors and hawkers within Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria and analyzed for their microbiological and physicochemical quality. The pH of the samples ranged from 2.66 to 4.06. The total bacterial count ranged from 1.5×104 to 7.4×104cfu/ml; the total coliform count ranged from 1.0x102 to 8.0x103cfu/ml; the faecal coliform count ranged from 0 to 3.0x103cfu/ml; and the total fungal count ranged from 3.2x104 to 2.7x105cfu/ml. The presence of high microbial load was an indication of poor hygiene and/or poor quality cereals and water used in the preparation. The bacteria isolated were: Listeria sp., Corynebacterium cystitidis, Aeromonas sp., Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium sp., Corynebactarium pseudotuberculosis, Listeria innocua, Kurthia sp., and Corynebacterium ulcerans while the fungi were: Mucor sp., Geotrichum candidum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Debaryomyces hansenii, and Aspergillus sp. It is concluded from this study that “kunu” contains an array of microorganisms and stringent hygiene should be ensured at all time during and after its production. It is recommended that good quality grain should be used in the production of “kunu”, the production utensils should be devoid of microorganisms, sterile plastic bottles should be used for its packaging, the “kunu” should be pasteurized, and it should be stored under refrigerated condition and consumed within 24 hours of production.Item PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF SEEDS OF Monodora myristica ON SELECTED MICROORGANISMS(2020) Jimoh, Rahmat Folashade; Ajao, A.T; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Abdulrahman, Halimat OThe increase in the prevalence of effects of many synthetic antimicrobial agents and incidence of multiple drug resistant microorganisms has spurred scientists on the research for plant-based antimicrobial of therapeutic potentials. The Monodora myristica has been used in Nigeria traditionally as condiments and has been harnessed as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of skin infection and dysentery. Aqueous, n-hexane and ethanolic extracts of the seeds was screened for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms implicated in causing vagina infections. This finding showed that the efficacy of the extracts was concentration dependent. Aqueous, ethanolic and N-hexane extract showed varying degree of inhibition with different magnitude against the test isolates. Ethanolic extract showed highest activities against Candida albican, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 21.5mm, 19.5 mm each respectively. The same patterns of of inhibition was also observed in N-hexane extract. The antimicrobial effect of the two extracts were statistically not significant. The extracts had minimum concentration that ranged between 150mg/ml and 200mg/ml. The ethanolic extract showed more inhibitory effects compare to the aqueous and n- hexane extracts. The ethanolic extract found to contain highest quantity of phytochemicals while aqueous extract has lowest amount of the phytochemicals. It is therefore can be affirmed that Monodora myristica seed extracts could be exploited as therapeutic agents to drug resistant microorganisms.Item Production of fermented soymilk and its preservation using leaf essential oil of Hoslunda opposita.(Institute of Biology, Sri Lanka., 2021) Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Etim, Sifonobong Esther; Yusuf, Hikmat Abimbola; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Sule, Ismail O.; Agbabiaka, Toyin OlayemiFermented Soymilk (FSM), a protein rich beverage is highly prone to microbial contamination. Its preservation is therefore, key to its availability and safety. Soymilk was prepared by aqueous extraction of soybeans and allowed to ferment spontaneously. Samples of FSM were treated with essential oils from the leaves of Hoslundia opposita (LEOHO) at 5% and 10% (v/v) and stored at ambient temperature. The organoleptic, pH, microbiological and biochemical qualities of the samples were evaluated periodically during storage. The protein content was significantly (p<0.05) improved from 8.18±0.06% to 12.62±0.12% by fermentation. Compared to the untreated, samples treated with LEOHO had higher sensory ratings. The pH of the samples decreased from 6.9 to 5.7 during fermentation; and further to 4.9 during storage. Overall, the bacterial load was significantly (p<0.05) reduced (by up to 80.04%) during storage; while the fungal load was reduced to zero immediately after fermentation. The bacterial isolates were Bacillus wiedmannii FSL W8-016, Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665, Lactobacillus algidus M6A, Lactobacillus sakei NBRC 15893, Lactobacillus apodemi ASB1, Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the fungi were Candida parapsilosis IQMustafa31, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticilloides. All the bacterial isolates were sensitive to LEOHO with the zone of inhibition ranging from 10.00±1.00mm to 46.33±1.53mm. This study shows that LEOHO was effective in preserving the sensory and nutritional value as well as reducing the microbial population of FSM. LEOHO is therefore recommended as a preservative to increase the shelf life of FSM. Research Article OpenItem A review of the ethnomedicinal, antimicrobial, and phytochemical properties of Musa paradisiaca (plantain)(2021) Ajijolakewu, Kamoldeen Abiodun; Ayoola, Saheed Abiodun; Agbabiaka, Tariq Oluwakunmi; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Oyedele, Julius Olusegun; Sani, Al-hassanBackground: More people—in both developing and developed countries—now use, and are favourably disposed to, traditional medicine. Musa paradisiaca (plantain) is used extensively in traditional medicine across continents. In this review, we investigated the scientifc justifcation of this extensive usage. Main body: Generally, several studies validate usage in infectious diseases, but limited antiviral and in vivo reports exist. The mechanistic elicitation of antimicrobial activity has similarly not been ascertained. Contrarily, data abound from rigorous studies on physiological conditions. Activity across categories is tied to the potent phytosterols duo of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol; and the triterpenes viz. cycloeucalenone, 24-methylene-cycloartanol, and 31-norcy clolaudenone; present in plantain. Toxicity studies, while fnite, suggest general safety and tolerance. Conclusions: Findings in the studies reviewed projects plantain as a veritable source for drug bioprospecting that will be of beneft to scientifc research and pharmaceutical industriesItem Safety evaluation of some ready to use herbal concoction sold within Ilorin Metropoli(Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, 2020) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat B.; Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Abdulrauf, L.B.; Jimoh, F.A.; Adebiyi, O.A.Safety and quality of indigenous herbal concoctions in Nigeria is of public health concern as the consumption is on the increase. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate microbial and heavy metals contaminants in selected ready –to- use herbal concoctions within Ilorin metropolis. The heterotrophic microbial counts using pour plate method were assessed and the contaminations of selected heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The viable plate count for bacteria and fungi ranged between 2.0 ×104 - 10.5 ×105 CFU/ml and 2.0 ×104- 8.3×105 respectively. Bacteria and fungi isolated include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellia pneumoniae, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Staphylococcus epidermis, S. cerevisae, Gliocladium sp., Penicillum sp., A. alternata, Aspergillus niger, C. albicans, R. stolonifer, Geotrichum sp and A. flavus respectively. Pb and Cu level concentrations were found to be in the range of 0.1-0.3mg/L and 0.01- 074 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Pb and Cu were generally high and above the safe limits set by WHO/FAO while Cd was not detected in any of the samples. Generally, the consumers of these herbal products are unwittingly exposed to heavy metal poisoning and microbial contaminants. It is suggested that regulatory bodies should intensify efforts to minimize human exposure risk.Item SAFETY EVALUATION OF SOME READY-TO-USE HERBAL CONCOCTIONS SOLD WITHIN ILORIN METROPOLIS(Nassarawa State University, Keffi, 2020-03) Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Abdulrauf, Lukman Bola; Jimoh, Faosat Abimbola; Adebiyi, Opeyemi Adeola; Zakariyah, Rahmat FolashadeSafety and quality of indigenous herbal concoctions in Nigeria is of public health concern as the consumption is on the increase. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate microbial and heavy metals contaminants in selected ready –to- use herbal concoctions within Ilorin metropolis. The heterotrophic microbial counts using pour plate method were assessed and the contaminations of selected heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The viable plate count for bacteria and fungi ranged between 2.0 ×104 - 10.5 ×105 CFU/ml and 2.0 ×104- 8.3×105 respectively. Bacteria and fungi isolated include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellia pneumoniae, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Staphylococcus epidermis, S. cerevisae, Gliocladium sp., Penicillum sp., A. alternata, Aspergillus niger, C. albicans, R. stolonifer, Geotrichum sp and A. flavus respectively. Pb and Cu level concentrations were found to be in the range of 0.1-0.3mg/L and 0.01- 074 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Pb and Cu were generally high and above the safe limits set by WHO/FAO while Cd was not detected in any of the samples. Generally, the consumers of these herbal products are unwittingly exposed to heavy metal poisoning and microbial contaminants. It is suggested that regulatory bodies should intensify efforts to minimize human exposure risk.Item SCREENING OF Prosopis africana FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST SELECTED ORAL PATHOGENS(Nigeria Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2017) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Sani, Al-hassan; Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Jimoh, Fausat Abimbola; Badmus, Simbiat AtinukeProsopis africana, a chewing stick popularly used in the South Western part of Nigeria was examined for antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 35218, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Escherichia coli ST2747 and Streptococcus mutans using agar well diffusion method. Extraction was done using ethanol and distilled water. The plant was screened for its phytochemical components. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was done to detect the secondary metabolites. All the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 3.33±0.29 - 13.83±1.61mm except Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 35218 which was resistant to aqueous extract of the dried sample. Statistical analysis of data showed that there was no significant difference in the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plant samples at 95% confidence intervals. The phytochemical screening result showed that phenols, alkaloids, sterols, triterpenes and saponins are components of the chewing stick. Also, fatty acids such oleic, palmitic and stearic acids were chemical constituents detected in the plant extracts by GC-MS. The results obtained in this study indicate that P. africana will be useful in the treatment of oral infections.