Browsing by Author "Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 31
  • Item
    Analysis of Indoor Air Microflora of Some Daycare Centres in Ilorin South Local Government Area, Nigeria
    (Al-Hikmah Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2017) Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Saliu, Kudirat Bolanle; Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Ali, Aminat A
    The microflora of air in ten daycare centres within Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria was investigated by settling plate technique. The plates were exposed for a period of 10 minutes at each sampling point. The counts of bacteria, total coliform and fungi ranged from 10 to 200, 10 to 170 and 6 to 110 cfu/10 minutes respectively. A total of 23 microorganisms comprising 12 bacteria and 11 fungi were isolated in this study. These bacteria were Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus arlettae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae., Corynebacterium amycolatum, Bacillus pumilus, Corynebacterium matruchotii and Listeria grayi while the fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus glaucus and Polyporus sp. The predominant bacterium and fungus in this study were Micrococcus sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus respectively. It can be concluded that the indoor air of the daycare centres used for this study had diverse species of Gram positive bacteria, high occurrence of non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Moulds dominate the fungal isolates and some of the bacterial species are commensals found on human body whereas the fungi are environmental in origin. A few pathogenic species were isolated among the bacteria and fungi.
  • Item
    Antibacterial Action of Silver Nanoparticles of Extract of Leaf of Thevetia nerifolia
    (Society for the Conservation of Phytofuels and Sciences, 2015) Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Abdullahi, M.A; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Gambari-Ambali, Rabiat. O; Adeyemi, Sherif D; Afonja, A.I; Adebisi, O.O
    Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a combination of aqueous extract of Thevetia nerifolia and 1mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution to obtain concentrations of 100mg/ml–400mg/ml. Characterization of the particles was done by UV–Vis spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Antibacterial activity was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Psedomonas aeruginosa using standard agar well diffusion method. Gentamicin and tetracycline were used as reference antibiotics. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was achieved by microbroth dilution technique. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was done by plate assay. The mode of action of the particles was evaluated by direct exposure of the cells of selected isolates to the nanoparticles. The presence of phytochemical constituents was examined using standard methods. The total yield of AgNPs of the plant extract was 0.6g. Characterization by UV-visible spectrometry revealed peak absorbance of 0.465 at 452.0nm, while FTIR showed the presence of two (2) functional groups. According to the antibacterial sensitivity assay, the four concentrations exhibited considerable effects against all test isolates. At 400mg/ml, the highest inhibitory activities were observed with S. aureus and E. coli with zones of inhibition measuring 22mm and 20mm respectively. The activity of synthesized particle compared favourably with reference antibiotics. The MIC was obtained at 40mg/ml while MBC was at a higher concentrations. The mode of action showed disruption of cellular components as a result of increased permeability of cell membrane. Following the results of the phytochemical analysis, a total of five (5) bioactive constituents were obtained. It is evident from this study that AgNPs synthesized could be a good candidate in the treatment of conditions caused by the test isolates.
  • Item
    Antibacterial Activities of Some Antidiarrheal Herbal Concoctions Locally Prepared in Ilorin, Nigeria, on Fecal Isolates
    (Centrepoint, 2015) Saliu, Kudirat; Anibijuwon, Ibikunle; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    Antibacterial activity of herbal concoctions commonly used to treat diarrhea in Ilorin, Nigeria was determined against fecal isolates. Aqueous extracts of different combinations of the herbs used were prepared by soaking for eighteen days. Samples were taken daily for four days and weekly thereafter and used to challenge bacteria isolated from human feces. The efficacy of the herbal extracts was compared with a standard antibiotic, streptomycin. Most of the isolates were inhibited by the 48 hours herbal extracts. Inhibition zone ranged from 11.4 to 20.0 mm and 4.6 to 19.8 mm for the adult men and women extracts; and 9.6 to 32.0 mm for the children extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 25 to 100%. Apart from Enterococcus feacalis and Staphylococcus aureus, susceptibility to the herbal extracts compared favorably with reference drug, streptomycin with percentage inhibition reaching 100, 120, 150 and 160 respectively for Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enteritica, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella sp. Aqueous extract of a combination of herbs used for treatment of diarrhea in Ilorin has antibacterial activity comparable with streptomycin and can therefore be recommended for use after determining its toxicity.
  • Item
    ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM AGAINST BACTERIA FROM PAEDIATRIC DIARRHOEAL STOOL SAMPLES IN THE TROPICS
    (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana, 2016) Odebisi – Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Sanya, Olawumi
    The upsurge in the prevalence of side effects of many synthetic antimicrobial agents and inci dence of multidrug resistant bacteria has spurred scientists on the research for plant based an timicrobial of therapeutic potentials. Ocimum gratissimum presents such potential of high me dicinal value. This plant is used in Nigeria traditionally as condiments and for the treatment of various ailments such as pyorrhea, dysentery and bronchitis. Aqueous and ethanolic leaf ex tracts of O. gratissimum was screened for antibacterial activity against bacteria recovered from paediatric diarrhoea stool samples. Both extracts were found to exhibit selective inhibition against the isolates. The diameter zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts were between 2.50±0.50mm – 26.00±1.00mm. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts had minimum inhibitory concentrations that ranged between 15 and 25mg/ml, the extracts were bacteriostatic. Ethanolic extract showed more inhibitory effects compared to the aqueous extracts. The phytochemical analysis of both extracts revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tan nins and glycosides, volatile oils, proteins and amino acids and terpernoids. In view of the effi cacy of these extracts in inhibiting the growth of diarrhoea- causing organisms in paediatric stool samples, the utilization of the extracts in the formulation of new antibacterial drugs for the treatment of gastroenteritis caused by these organisms is strongly recommended especially when the availability and low cost of this medicinal plant are put into strong consideration.
  • Item
    Antibacterial Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Herbal Sticks on Oral Isolates.
    (Laboratory of Organic Materials (LOM), Faculty of Technology, University of Bejaia, Algeria, 2021) Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Olaoye, A.E; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    This study compared the antibacterial effects of some herbal sticks commonly used for oral hygiene in Ilorin, Nigeria, on oral isolates. Aqueous extracts of the sticks were used to challenge bacteria isolated from various parts of the oral cavity. Stem extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus (Baill) was effective against all the isolates except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with activity indices ranging from 0.59 to 1.35 compared to streptomycin. Micrococcus species was inhibited by all the extracts while the other isolates including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus luteus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus showed various patterns of susceptibility. Inhibition zone ranged from 10.0 mm for extract of Spilanthes calva (DC) to 33.0 mm for that of D. benthamianus. This study showed that herbal sticks have antibacterial effects on oral organisms and their extracts are recommended as components of products used in maintaining oral hygiene.
  • Item
    Antibacterial Evaluation of Extracts of Seed Kernel and Leaf of Moringa Oleifera Against Bacteria from Raw Cow Milk
    (Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 2016) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Sani, Al-hassan; Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Ahmed, Risikat Nike
    Moringa oleiferahas been found very useful in a lot of health related problems owing to its medicinal components and values, these has led to research on its antibacterial activity against food borne pathogens. Aqueous and acetone extracts of Moringa oleifera seed kernel and leaf were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from raw cow milk. The antibacterial assay was carried out at concentrations of 250, 125, 62.5 and 31.25mg/ml using modified agar well diffusion method. Aqueous extract inhibited the growth of test isolates at varying degrees. Aqueous extract of seed kernel was highly inhibitory on Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of inhibition (23.33±1.20mm) at concentration of 250mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration showed that both extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at concentrations ranging from 125 to 21.25mg/ml. The antibacterial effect of standard antibiotics was performed and it was observed that Gentamycin inhibited growth of the three test isolates. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponin, tannin, phenols, glycosides and carbohydrates compound in the extracts. From the present study, Moringa oleifera seed kernel and leaf can be a promising source of phytochemical components and further studies is therefore recommended
  • Item
    Antimicrobial potential of Sida acuta leaf extracts on some resistant bacterial isolates
    (Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria, 2025) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    The quest for a solution to antimicrobial resistance issues has recently led to a series of research activities, focusing on plant options which are believed to be accessible and cheaper. Sida acuta leaf extracts were assayed in this study. The powdered leaf samples were subjected to extraction using ethanol, n-hexane, and water as solvents. Aphytochemical analysis of the crude extract was performed. In addition, the potency of each extract was tested against six (6) clinical resistant strains of bacteria and their respective minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The data obtained from this study were analysed using SPSS version 23. Data are represented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), while the difference between means was evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P≤ 0.05. The ethanol extract showed the greatest antibacterial activity against the tested isolates, whereas the n-hexane extract had the lowest. The extracts also had different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against the isolates, with some having bactericidal effects and others having bacteriostatic effects. The results of this study indicate that S. acuta leaf could be an excellent candidate in the search for plant alternatives that will serve as an effective and accessible antibacterial compound.
  • Item
    Assessment of the potentials of Azotobacter spp. as bioinoculants on the growth of potted maize plants.
    (Published by Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, 2023) Sule, Ismail O.; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Ajijolakewu, Kamoldeen A; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    The use of chemical fertilizers in crop production has detrimental effects such as soil acidity and eutrophication. There is need for environmentally friendly approach in improving soil nutrients and agricultural productivity. This study aimed at the isolation of Azotobacter spp from the rhizosphere of crops and the use of these isolates as biofertilizer for the growth of potted maize plants under 5 treatments. These treatments were maize plant only (control), plant with once application of NPK fertilizer, plants with once, weekly and fortnights application of Azotobacter spp. as bio-inoculants. The counts of Azotobacter obtained from the rhizosphere of the crops ranged from 4.0 × 104 – 1.0 × 106 CFU/g. The three high ranking in-vitro biological nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilization isolates were identified A. chroococcum, A. vinelandii and A. beijerinckii. At the 7th weeks of growth, 83.3 and 100% of the plants that received different levels of bio-inoculants had the perimeter of their girths greater than and significantly different from the controls when cultivated in 8.1 and 12.0 litre pots respectively. At least 91.7% of the plants that received bio-inoculants had higher heights than the controls. It is concluded that the application of Azotobacter bio-inoculants enhanced the growth of maize plants compared to the controls.
  • Item
    Effect of Ethanol Extract of Clove on the Nutritive and Storage Attributes of West African Soft Cheese
    (Centrepoint Journal (Science Edition), 2025) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    The microbial spoilage of cheese results in multi-billion naira loss and global food insecurity. The need to preserve West African soft cheese using clove ethanolic extract and determine its preservative potency is the theme of this study. Five treatments studied were varied levels of inclusion of Clove Ethanolic Extract (CEE 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2ml) variously into 200 ml milk in a Completely Randomized Design. Sodom apple was the coagulant used, but was fortified with different inclusion levels of CEE into 200ml of coagulating milk. Parameters evaluated include bacterial count, nutritional composition and sensory analysis. It was observed that increasing the inclusion level of clove extract improved (p<0.5) the protein, fat and sensory properties, while reducing bacterial growth. The study recommended that clove ethanolic extract is a potent additive and its addition at 1 % of coagulating milk will enhance the nutritional, sensory and storage attributes of West African soft cheese
  • Item
    Efficacy of Some Chemical Preservatives in Prolonging the Shelf Life of Fermented Locust Beans ‘iru’
    (UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research, 2019) Saliu, Kudirat Bolanle; Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    In Nigeria most foods are preserved by adding salt. The efficacy of this and some other chemical preservatives in improving the storage quality of fermented locust beans was the focus of this study. Samples of fermented locust beans were separately treated with table salt (10% w/w), brine (10 and 20% solution), vinegar (4 and 6%) and lactic acid (10 and 20%). After treatment, all the samples were stored at ambient temperature and periodically analysed for sensory and microbiological properties. Samples treated with dry salt became slippery, changed in color and developed bad odor within 1, 4 and 14 days respectively. Except for the softening observed, no significant (p < 0.5) change occurred with the color and odor of the other samples during storage. A total of 29 bacterial and 6 fungal isolates were obtained. The dominant bacteria were members of the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Citrobacter, Microbacterium, Enterobacter, Leuconostoc, Arthrobacter, and Corynebacterium while Saccharomyces cerevisae, Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., dominated the fungal population. Other fungi were Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria alternata, and Candida albicans. The microbial load and diversity reduced significantly (p < 0.5) after treatment and during storage. Among the bacterial isolates, Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. lentus, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. saprophyticus Citrobacter freundii, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Corynebacterium poinsetiae, Micrococcus denitrificans and Microbacterium sp. were inhibited by lactic acid, vinegar and brine with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 11.0 to 24.0mm; 15.0 to 20.5mm and 12.5 to 22.5 mm respectively. This study has shown that lactic acid, vinegar and brine have some preservative effects on fermented locust beans and can therefore be used to prolong its shelf life.
  • Item
    Efficacy of Some Chemical Preservatives in Prolonging the Shelf Life of Fermented Locust Beans ‘iru’
    (UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research, 2019) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    In Nigeria most foods are preserved by adding salt. The efficacy of this and some other chemical preservatives in improving the storage quality of fermented locust beans was the focus of this study. Samples of fermented locust beans were separately treated with table salt (10% w/w), brine (10 and 20% solution), vinegar (4 and 6%) and lactic acid (10 and 20%). After treatment, all the samples were stored at ambient temperature and periodically analysed for sensory and microbiological properties. Samples treated with dry salt became slippery, changed in color and developed bad odor within 1, 4 and 14 days respectively. Except for the softening observed, no significant (p < 0.5) change occurred with the color and odor of the other samples during storage. A total of 29 bacterial and 6 fungal isolates were obtained. The dominant bacteria were members of the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Citrobacter, Microbacterium, Enterobacter, Leuconostoc, Arthrobacter, and Corynebacterium while Saccharomyces cerevisae, Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., dominated the fungal population. Other fungi were Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria alternata, and Candida albicans. The microbial load and diversity reduced significantly (p < 0.5) after treatment and during storage. Among the bacterial isolates, Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. lentus, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. saprophyticus Citrobacter freundii, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Corynebacterium poinsetiae, Micrococcus denitrificans and Microbacterium sp. were inhibited by lactic acid, vinegar and brine with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 11.0 to 24.0mm; 15.0 to 20.5mm and 12.5 to 22.5 mm respectively. This study has shown that lactic acid, vinegar and brine have some preservative effects on fermented locust beans and can therefore be used to prolong its shelf life.
  • Item
    Efficacy of some chemical preservatives in prolonging the shelf life of fermented locust beans ‘iru.
    (Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina., 2019) Saliu, Bolanle Kudirat; Sule, Ismail O.; Agbabiaka, Toyin Olayemi; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    In Nigeria most foods are preserved by adding salt. The efficacy of this and some other chemical preservatives in improving the storage quality of fermented locust beans was the focus of this study. Samples of fermented locust beans were separately treated with table salt (10% w/w), brine (10 and 20% solution), vinegar (4 and 6%) and lactic acid (10 and 20%). After treatment, all the samples were stored at ambient temperature and periodically analysed for sensory and microbiological properties. Samples treated with dry salt became slippery, changed in color and developed bad odor within 1, 4 and 14 days respectively. Except for the softening observed, no significant (p < 0.5) change occurred with the color and odor of the other samples during storage. A total of 29 bacterial and 6 fungal isolates were obtained. The dominant bacteria were members of the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Citrobacter, Microbacterium, Enterobacter, Leuconostoc, Arthrobacter, and Corynebacterium while Saccharomyces cerevisae, Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., dominated the fungal population. Other fungi were Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria alternata, and Candida albicans. The microbial load and diversity reduced significantly (p < 0.5) after treatment and during storage. Among the bacterial isolates, Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. lentus, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. saprophyticus Citrobacter freundii, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Corynebacterium poinsetiae, Micrococcus denitrificans and Microbacterium sp. were inhibited by lactic acid, vinegar and brine with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 11.0 to 24.0mm; 15.0 to 20.5mm and 12.5 to 22.5 mm respectively. This study has shown that lactic acid, vinegar and brine have some preservative effects on fermented locust beans and can therefore be used to prolong its shelf life.
  • Item
    Enhanced Antibacterial Potential of Fractionated Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Endophytic Nigrospora oryzae UILRZ1 in Ocimum gratissimum
    (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, 2025) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    The recurring global health challenges due to antimicrobial resistance require an impulsive response to search for alternative drugs with strong activities against multidrug-resistant pathogens. This study evaluated and screened endophytic fungi of strong antibacterial potential from Moringa oleifera and Ocimum gratissimum. Primer pairs of ribosomal DNA's internally transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS4) were used to determine their evolutionary relationships. A principal component analysis (PCA) biplot was used to identify the most effective endophyte at a 95 % confidence level (P˂0.05). Improved culture conditions for the production of bioactive metabolites was done using the Taguchi design of experiment. Considering PCA biplot analysis, Nigrospora oryzae UILRZ1 from Ocimum gratissimum was most effective against selected pathogens. Production of metabolites was optimum at pH 5, 0.3 % (w v-1) protein, 6-day inoculation time, and 4-plug inoculum, while variable of highest contribution was percentage of protein used. The column and thin layer chromatography were used to fractionate the extracts after optimization of production conditions while GCMS analysis was adopted to identify the chemical compounds. The crude extract's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for chosen test microorganisms was 256 µg mL-1 prior optimization; while fractions of partially purified optimized extract of Nigrospora oryzae UILRZ1 showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 64 µg mL-1. Efficient synthesis of bioactive metabolites was significant in the enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus.
  • Item
    Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacies of Hand wash Disinfectants on Pathogenic Bacterial Hand Swab Isolates of Health workers in Ilorin, Nigeria
    (Department of Biological Sciences Federal University of Technology, Minna., 2016) Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Sule, Ismaila O; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Jimoh, Faosat A; Olugbade, O.F
    Hands are the most implicated in the transmission and spread of pathogens that causes disease. Hand hygiene has been said to be the most important way to avoid these infections. Hand washing with the use of hand wash is one of the ways to tackle the barriers to efficient hand hygiene. This study assessed the efficacy of seven popular brands of Hand washes (HW): DET, SAV, CHE, VIS, NIV, DOV and CAR (all abreviations in full for the first time) against some clinically important bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis recovered from hands of health care workers. The antibacterial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration of the hand washes was determined using the agar diffusion and broth dilution method, respectively. Each brand showed different activities against the isolates. VIS had the highest inhibitory effect against all organisms it was tested on, while SAV was the least effective. S. aureus was the most susceptible test organism, with the highest susceptibility to CAR (32.5 mm). P. mirabilis was most resistant, with the highest resistance to DET (9.0 mm). Antibacterial activity of the hand wash decreased with increased dilution. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was obtained for all the hand washes when not diluted. It is, therefore, recommended that the dilution of hand wash which is a commonly done in most households, hospitals, offices and eateries should be discontinued as these products are not active when diluted.
  • Item
    Extraction and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Eucalyptus globulus
    (Ilorin Journal of Science, 2016) Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Gambari-Ambali, Rabiat O; Jimoh, Fausat Abimbola
    The essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus obtained by hydrodistillation (Fever tree) was investigated for activity against two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The oil was extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Separation, identification and determination of percentage composition of compounds present in the oil were carried out by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was investigated by agar diffusion technique using various concentrations of the essential oil: 100% v/v, 75% v/v, 50% v/v, 25% v/v, 15% v/v. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using turbidimetric assay by taking the absorbance with the aid of a spectrophotometer. Minimum bactericidal concentration was by plate assay. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry revealed the presence of seven compounds, all amounting to 90.4% with globulol having the highest percentage composition of 30.1%. The evaluation of sensitivity of the oil revealed the highest activity at 100% v/v against both isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration was obtained at 25% v/v when assayed against K. pneumoniae with no activity at all against S. aureus at the same concentration. Oil showed no bactericidal activity at all concentrations, suggesting only bacteristatic activity of the oil. Investigation from this work revealed that the essential oil of E. globulus exhibit activity against the tested isolates and can thus be employed in the treatment of infections caused by them.
  • Item
    Genome sequencing of endophytic bacterial species associated with Datura stramonium and Sida acuta
    (Zagazig University, 2025) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Ajijolakewu, Kamoldeen Abiodun; Ayoola, Saheed Abiodun; Ajadi, Ayobami Elias; Kazeem, Muinat Olanike; Oyedele, Julius Olusegun
    Background: Endophytes are ubiquitous microbes that colonize plants’ tissues without causing any harm to the host plants, but rather, they confer several adaptable characteristics on them. They could be of bacterial, fungal, algal, archaeal and actinomycetes origins. Endophytes also produce useful bioactive metabolites some of which are potent antimicrobials. In this study, bacterial endophytes were isolated from the leaves of Datura stramonium and Sida acuta, both of which are important medicinal plants. Methods: Freshly cut leaves were collected, rinsed and sequentially sterilized. The sterilized leaves were then cut into smaller pieces and incubated onto extract-seeded nutrient agar medium augmented with antifungal drug. Pure distinct bacterial colonies were morphologically and biochemically characterized. Molecular characterization of the strains was done using the 16S rRNA while phylogenetic evolutionary analysis was carried out using the maximum likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model with MEGA 11 software. Results: A total of 7 bacterial endophytes were isolated and identified, 3 from D. stramonium and 4 from S. acuta. 16S rDNA genome sequencing of the strains revealed that isolates from D. stramonium were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Atlantibacter hermannii and Enterobacter roggenkampii while those isolated from S. acuta were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas monteilii, Enterobacter pseudoroggenkampii and Aeromonas veronii. Conclusion: The outcome of this research has indicated that numerous strains of endophytic bacteria inhabit leaves of plants. It is therefore essential to exploit these endophytic bacteria for their potentials to produce bioactive metabolites and other valuable antimicrobial products.
  • Item
    Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles From Extract of Leaves of Croton Zambesicus
    (Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 2016) Ahmed, Risikat Nike; Sani, Al-hassan; Oluwo, N.O; Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized using a combination of aqueous extract of Croton zambesicus and silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution to obtain various concentrations of 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 300mg/ml and 400mg/ml at 10mM. Characterization of the synthesized silver nanoparticle was done by UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity against four bacterial isolates was determined by standard method of agar-well diffusion assay. The activity of two standard antibiotics was compared with the AgNPs of C. zambesicus using the disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was achieved using microbroth dilution technique. Test tubes that showed low turbidity in the MIC assays were reinoculated on sterile agar plates and this was taken as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MBC). The presence of phytochemical constituent was examined using standard methods. The total yield of the AgNPs of the plant extract was 10.94g. The characterization by UV-visible revealed that at a wavelength of 429.0nm the particle has peak absorbance of 2.003, while the FTIR showed the presence of five (5) functional groupsE. coli demonstrated reduction in activity as concentration increased with zone diameter of 24mm at 100mg/ml and 10mm at 400mg/ml. The analysis of MIC and MBC revealed inhibitory and bactericidal effects at the same concentration of 30mg/ml. The mode of action of the AgNPs at 100mg/ml showed a total cell lysis of all test isolates. Following the results of the phytochemical analysis, the presence of six phytochemicals were observed. It is evident from this study that AgNPs synthesized from extract of leaf of C. zambesicus is a very effective antibacterial agent that can compare favourably with conventional antibiotics, hence considering it as an alternative in the elimination of the tested isolates and infections caused by them
  • Item
    In silico Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Endophytic Fungus Nigrospora oryzae UILRZ1 as Potential Inhibitors of Targets in Resistant Bacteria
    (Elsevier, 2026) Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade
    The widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in hospital-acquired infections. The increasing preva lence of these infections has renewed interest in exploring bioactive compounds from sources such as endophytic fungi. Thus, this study aimed to use in silico methods to evaluate the antibacterial activity of γ-tocopherol, α-amyrin, and 3β-acetoxy-5-bisnorcholenic acid obtained from the endophytic Nigrospora oryzae UILRZ1 as po tential inhibitors of clinically relevant resistant bacteria. In this study, we used three-dimensional structures of protein targets, including tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, DNA gyrase, SHV-1 beta-lactamase, penicillin-binding pro teins, topoisomerase, and dihydrofolate reductase. The UniProt database was used to retrieve the targets, and Glide’s Protein Wizard was used to prepare them. γ-tocopherol, 3β-acetoxy-5-bisnorcholenic acid, and α-amyrin were obtained from the PubChem database as ligands. SiteMap was chosen for binding site prediction, and Schrodinger ¨ ’s Glide software was employed for molecular docking. Lipinski’s Rule of Five was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the ligands. The results showed that the ligand–protein interactions were stable and specific. γ-tocopherol (–5.43 kcal/mol) exhibited the strongest affinity, making it a promising candidate for developing novel antibiotics effective against resistant pathogens. The findings highlight that the identified bioactive compounds can be obtained from Nigrospora oryzae and exhibit promising anti bacterial activity, which warrants further exploration in future studies. The results also have implications for the discovery of novel derivatives from endophytic fungi for addressing antibiotic resistance. 1.
  • Item
    MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF STREET VENDED FRIED SOYABEAN CHEESE SOLD WITHIN ILORIN METROPOLIS, NIGERIA.
    (Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2016-03) Odebisi-Omokanye, Mutiat Busayo; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Jimoh, Fausat Abimbola; Olugbade, O.F
    The microbiological and physicochemical quality of street vended fried soyabean cheese products from five different locations was assessed. Standard pour plate technique was used to examine the microbial load of the soyabean cheese. The pH ranged from 6.48 + 0.241 – 6.58 + 0.192, Moisture content ranged from 13.94% + 0.152 – 14.22% + 0.179. The viable bacterial counts ranged from 7.0 to 61 x 105 cfu/g, while the fungal load ranged from 1 to 40 x 103 cfu/g. Eight bacteria species were isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Similarly, four fungal species were isolated and identified as Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The results suggest that the soyabean cheese samples were contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and could cause health hazard to the consumers. There is the need to improve personal hygiene and environmental sanitation during and after production of the soyabean cheese.
  • Item
    MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF ‘’KUNU” SOLD WITHIN ILORIN METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
    (Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics, 2016-12) Sule, Ismaila Olawale; Saliu, Kudirat Bolanle; Zakariyah, Rahmat Folashade; Adegbenro, I.O