Browsing by Author "Shittu, Abiodun"
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Item Bacteriological Quality of Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) and Commercial Yoghurts Marketted in Ilorin(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2016-12) Shittu, Abiodun; David, Susan; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke; Olajide, RisqohEleven samples comprising of six branded yoghurts and five unbranded ‘nono’ purchased from seven different locations randomly selected in Ilorin city were evaluated for their bacteriological quality. The physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. Results for the total bacterial count for yoghurt ranged from 3.08 × 102 cfu/mL to 9.67×102cfu/mL while that of ‘nono’ ranged from 1.056×103cfu/mL to 3.152×103cfu/mL. Eleven bacteria species were identified in this study. A total of forty-five isolates were obtained with Staphylococcus aureus (17.8%) and Pasturella multocida (17.8%) having the highest frequency. Others were Aeromonas hydrophilia (15.6%) Klebsiella oxytoca, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinobacillus spp (8.9%), Xanthomonas maltophilia (6.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (4.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.2%). Marketed yoghurts and locally produced ‘Nono’ in Ilorin were found to be contaminated with mostly Gram negative bacteria belonging majorly to the Enterobacteriaceae family and a Gram positive organism (Staphylococcus aureus). The yoghurt and ‘nono’ samples were found to be of unacceptable microbiological quality. The presence of these pathogenic organisms in these commonly consumed dairy products could constitute public health hazards and possibly food poisoining especially if they are stored under inappropriate conditions for longer periods of time.Item Characterization, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-microbial Potentials of a Herbal Preparation(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 2019-03) Njinga, Stanislaus; Bakare-Odunola, Mojisola; Mustapha, K.B.; Yahaya, T; Shittu, Abiodun; Bello, H.R; Abdullahi, Sa'ad; Usman, Sukurat; Ayanniyi, Rashidat; Olufadi-Ahmed, HayishaHerbal product (HP) (from Ricinus communis and honey) is used locally for the management of inflammatory and inflammation related disorders including asthma. The current study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chemical profile, elemental components, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the HP used for treatment of asthma. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteus reagent and AlCl3 colorimetric method respectively. The chemo-profiling was done using TLC. Elemental analysis was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Albumin-induced paw oedema model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity while agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the HP at different concentrations. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 10.00 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 336.60 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. The chemo-profiling showed one spot at 254 nm but none at 366 nm. AAS indicated the presence of K, Ca, Fe, Na, Zn, Cu and Pb (Cu and Pb were within WHO acceptable limit). The 100 % concentration produced sudden but transient significant reduction in oedema size at 30 minutes. However, at 60 minutes the effect produced at 25 % was comparable to that of Ibuprofen at 20 mg/kg body weight. At 100% concentration HP all the organisms tested were sensitive except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The presence of flavonoids may justify the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities thus validating its use in local treatment of Asthma.Item CHARACTERIZATION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF A HERBAL PREPARATION(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019-03) Njinga, Stanislus Ngaitad; Bakare-Odunola, M.T; Mustapha, K.B; Yahaya, T; Shittu, Abiodun; Bello, Ronke Hadiyyah; Abdullahi, S.T.; Usman, S.O.; Ayanniyi, Rashidat Oluwafunke; Olufadi-Ahmed, HaishatHerbal product (HP) (from Ricinus communis and honey) is used locally for the management of inflammatory and inflammation related disorders including asthma. The current study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chemical profile, elemental components, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the HP used for treatment of asthma. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteus reagent and AlCl3 colorimetric method respectively. The chemo-profiling was done using TLC. Elemental analysis was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Albumin-induced paw oedema model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity while agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the HP at different concentrations. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 10.00 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 336.60 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. The chemo-profiling showed one spot at 254 nm but none at 366 nm. AAS indicated the presence of K, Ca, Fe, Na, Zn, Cu and Pb (Cu and Pb were within WHO acceptable limit). The 100 % concentration produced sudden but transient significant reduction in oedema size at 30 minutes. However, at 60 minutes the effect produced at 25 % was comparable to that of Ibuprofen at 20 mg/kg body weight. At 100% concentration HP all the organisms tested were sensitive except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The presence of flavonoids may justify the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities thus validating its use in local treatment of AsthmaItem Phytochemical, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacadiaceae)(Journal off Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2018-09) Njinga, Ngaitad; Sule, Mohammed; Shittu, Abiodun; David, Susan; Amali, Mohammed; Bolaji, Abdulkareem; Abdullahi, Saad; Atunwa, Soliu; Hassan, Halima; Eniayewu, OluwasegunThe stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion. Keywords: Lannea kerstingii; Anticonvulsant; Phytochemical; Antibacterial; PhytochemistryItem Potential antibacterial activity of the extracts of local chewing sticks ‘Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus’ against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary pathogens.(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-06) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, hikmatBackground: The development of new antibacterial that offer significant activities over existing drugs is serious challenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance.Item Potential antibacterial activity of the extracts of local chewing sticks ‘Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus’ against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary pathogens.(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-06) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, Hikmatchallenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Chewing sticks, Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Urinary Pathoges Phenolic compounds of plants; chief among them are the flavonoids which have potent antioxidant activities were found in these plant materials.Item Potential Antibacterial Activity of the extracts ofLocal Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus” against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary Pathogens(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-06) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, HikmatBackground: The development of new antibacterial that offer significant activities over existing drugs is serious challenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Chewing sticks, Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Urinary Pathoges Phenolic compounds of plants; chief among them are the flavonoids which have potent antioxidant activities were found in these plant materials.Item Potential Antibacterial Activity of the extracts ofLocal Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus” against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary Pathogens 1 2 2 3 2(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-03) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, HikmatBackground: The development of new antibacterial that offer significant activities over existing drugs is serious challenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Chewing sticks, Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Urinary Pathoges Phenolic compounds of plants; chief among them are the flavonoids which have potent antioxidant activities were found in these plant materials.