Browsing by Author "Olorunshola, Isaac"
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Item Comparison of the Analytical Methods Employed in the Detection of Biofilm-Forming Bacterial Pathogens(Nig. J. Pure & Appl. Sci., 2019) Lameed, Olamilekan; Olorunshola, Isaac; Adesiji, YemisiBacterial biofilm is a matrix of microorganisms, usually pathogenic that are incorporated in a polysaccharide structure. Biofilms usually confer resistance on bacteria, making their presence in infections detrimental. This study aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of three analytical methods (Tissue Culture plate-TCP, Tube method-TM and Congo Red Agar-CRA) in the detection of biofilms from clinical isolates as well as the antibiogram profile using disc diffusion method. A total of 100 isolated and microbiologically identified bacteria of clinical origin belonging to Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonaceae, Campylobacteriacae, Moraxellaceae and Streptococcaceae were screened for biofilm formation using the aforementioned analytical methods. Bacteria pathogen showed varying degrees of biofilm formation, of the three methods compared, the TCP was the most sensitive and further classified as, 28 (28%) strong, 20 (20%) moderate and 52 (52%) weak biofilm producers; Tube method detected 16 (16%) strong, 46 (46%) moderate and 38 (38%) weak biofilm producers while Congo red agar detected 14 (14%) strong, 46 (46%) moderate and 40 (40%) weak biofilm producers. The biofilm producers, especially the Gram negative bacteria exhibited multi-drug resistance to antibiotics used against Ciprofloxacin (85%), Amoxicilin (80%), Ceftriaxone (70%), Tobramycin (60%), Amikacin (10%) and Imipenem (10%). Succinctly, the results from this study showed that TCP was found to be most efficient method for biofilm detection. This may be considered as a screening method to detect pathogens for biofilm production, this may assist in better clinical management.Item Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia – never out of Africa?(CAB International, 2017) Olorunshola, Isaac; Peters, Andy; Scacchia, Massimo; Nicholas, RobinDespite being eradicated from Europe and probably the rest of the world, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) continues to plague sub-Saharan Africa affecting at least 25 countries, in particular Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, Cameroon, Angola, Nigeria and Zambia. Evidence has shown that the causative agent, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, may have emerged from a closely related goat pathogen as recently as 300 years ago, which corresponds to the first description of CBPP in Europe. Numerous new vaccines have been produced over the last 20 years in an effort to improve on the protection afforded by the T1/44, a live vaccine in continuous use in Africa for over 60 years but none have so far succeeded; indeed, many have exacerbated the condition. In this review, we argue that the present tools for diagnosis and control are adequate for eradication and what is necessary are resources to improve vaccine coverage to levels of at least 80%, last seen in the 1970s when CBPP was restricted to very few countries of Africa. In addition, a study in Namibia supported the concept that strategic and targeted antimicrobial treatment can play a critical part in the control alongside regular and comprehensive vaccination.Item Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia – never out of Africa?(CAB Reviews, 2017) Olorunshola, IsaacDespite being eradicated from Europe and probably the rest of the world, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) continues to plague sub-Saharan Africa affecting at least 25 countries, in particular Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, Cameroon, Angola, Nigeria and Zambia. Evidence has shown that the causative agent, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, may have emerged from a closely related goat pathogen as recently as 300 years ago, which corresponds to the first description of CBPP in Europe. Numerous new vaccines have been produced over the last 20 years in an effort to improve on the protection afforded by the T1/44, a live vaccine in continuous use in Africa for over 60 years but none have so far succeeded; indeed, many have exacerbated the condition. In this review, we argue that the present tools for diagnosis and control are adequate for eradication and what is necessary are resources to improve vaccine coverage to levels of at least 80%, last seen in the 1970s when CBPP was restricted to very few countries of Africa. In addition, a study in Namibia supported the concept that strategic and targeted antimicrobial treatment can play a critical part in the control alongside regular and comprehensive vaccination.Item MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF UREAPLASMA SP. ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN SELECTED CENTERS NIGERIA(PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY, 2017) Olorunshola, Isaac; Coker, Akitoye; Adegboye, David; Anorlu, Rose; Banwat, Edmud; Egah, Daniel; Lombin, LamiBackground: Urea plasma species, the main human ureolytic pathogens, usually implicated in opportunistic infections. This study was aimed at comparing the sensitivity of the culture method and PCR in identifying Urea plasma species; and to evaluate the sensitivity of PCR in distinguishing Urea plasma urealyticum and Urea plasma parvum in clinical samples using a newly designed primer from our laboratory. Methods: Subjects included were both male and female patients attending STD reference centers (Lagos University Teaching Hospital and Jos University Teaching Hospital consisting of both male and female. A total of 119 patients (32 male, 87 female) who have been infertile for at least two years or those that present manifestations or reports of infertility, urethritis, spontaneous abortion, pelvic inflammatory diseases, preterm, low birth weight and neonatal pneumonia were included in this study. For the control, 117 asymptomatic male and female (w/o history or clinical symptoms of infertility) were recruited. Results: The PCR assay showed more sensitivity and specificity in the identification of Urea plasma species than culture. Of the 119 patients, 26 (21.85%) were positive for U. urealyticum, while 49 (41.18%) were positive for U. parvum and 19 (15.97%) for both organisms. Of the 117 control specimens, 15 (12.82%) were positive for U. urealyticum, while 20 (17.09%) for U. parvum and 3 (2.56%) for both organisms. Conclusion: PCR assay showed more sensitivity and specificity in the identification of Urea plasma species than culture Application of modern molecular techniques should be encouraged for the study of Urea plasma sp and other related fastidious organisms in Nigeria.Item Prevalence of EHEC O157: H7 in patients with diarrhoea in Lagos, Nigeria(APMIS-JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, 2000-07) Olorunshola, Isaac; Smith, Stella; Coker, AkitoyeThe prevalence of sorbitol‐nonfermenting Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) was assessed in 100 patients with diarrhoea by stool culture on sorbitol MacConkey agar. The cytotoxicity of the EHEC strains was analysed by Vero cell assay and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined. Detection rate of EHEC O157:H7 was 6%. Five of the six patients were males. Three of the isolates were from children and one was from a teenager. All strains induced cytotoxic effects in the Vero cell assay. All isolates were susceptible to most of the antimicrobials tested. The results showed that diarrhoea caused by EHEC O157:H7, a potentially life‐threatening pathogen, has remained common particularly among the child population of Lagos during the past 10 years (5). There must therefore be adequate meat and food inspection to improve the general hygiene of local fast food restaurants, so‐called ‘bukkas’, which are regarded as likely sources of infection.Item Prevalence of Human Genital Ureaplasma sp. in a Cohort of Subjects in Southern and Northern, Nigeria(Nig. J. Pure & Appl. Sci.. A (27): 3186-3191., 2018) Olorunshola, Isaac; Coker, Akitoye; Adegboye, David; Anorlu, Rose; Banwat, Edmund; Egah, Daniel; Lombin, LamiUreaplasma sp. can be found on the mucosal surfaces of the cervix or vagina of 40 to 80% of sexually matured women and implicated in several complications from urethritis to miscarriages. This study was thus aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of genital Ureaplasma sp. in Southern and Northern, Nigeria. Qualitative case controlled study was carried out in two different cities in Nigeria, while convenience sampling and a closed ended questionnaire where used to obtain data from 824 subjects. Triplicate urogenital swabs were taken from participants and transferred into transport and culture media. Specimens were inoculated onto A7 agar incubated at 37oC, for 5 days in 5% CO2. Cultures were examined microscopically daily for 5 days for the appearance of typical mycoplasma colonies. Results showed that Ureaplasma sp. was isolated from 22 of 70 males (31.4%) at the Northern Nigerian location, and from 19 of 70 males (27.1%) at the Southern Nigerian location. In females, 83 of 156 (53.2%) swabs were positive at JUTH, and 50 of 104 (48%) at LUTH. At the two locations, a total of 324 asymptomatic participants were sampled, and 28(8.6%) were positive. The prevalence rate of Ureaplasma sp. among the sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients was 24% while a value of 3.9% was recorded for the STD controls. Risk factors associated with genital Ureaplasma sp infection among the subjects include subjects with STI (p value=0.030), those with multiple number of sexual partners (p value=0.040), lack of the use of condoms (p value=0.014), age of sexual debut <18 years of age (p value=0.023) subjects with low socioeconomic status in occupation (p value=0.020), and level of education (p value=0.025). The association of genital mycoplasmas infections was strongest in participants <40 years of age (p value=0.059).Item A survey of rural farming practice in two provinces in Kenya(Livestock Research for Rural Development., 2012) Peters, Andy; Domingue, G.; Olorunshola, Isaac; Thevasagayam, S.J.; Musumba, B.; Wekundah, J. M.A total of 558 farmers were interviewed in the counties of Kakamega and Machakos in Kenya during 2007–08 regarding their attitudes and practices relating to livestock diseases and their recognition and management. Most respondents regarded East Coast fever (ECF), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and Newcastle Disease (ND) as the most important diseases of cattle, small ruminants and chickens, respectively. There was a high degree of awareness and past use of vaccines and treatments for a number of cattle diseases and these activities were most likely to be carried out by a veterinarian. There was less use of vaccines in small ruminants and chickens but disease treatments were commonly used. Poultry vaccines were purchased from veterinarians and from agrovet shops. Less than half the respondents believed vaccines to be effective but few reported suspected ineffective vaccinations to a veterinary officer. Most respondents (Kakamega only) were willing to pay up to 5Ksh, 10Ksh and 20Ksh for chicken, small ruminant and cattle vaccines, respectively. Respondents preferred the administration of poultry vaccines to be via drinking water and most preferred vaccination on an individual farm basis rather than group vaccination activities. Almost all the respondents expressed the need for training in poultry vaccination. Respondents expressed a preference for vaccine pack sizes of less than 50 doses and for the availability of thermo-tolerant vaccines.Item A survey of rural farming practice in two provinces of Kenya. 1. Demographics, agricultural production and marketing(Livestock Research for Rural Development., 2012) Peters, Andy; Domingue, G.; Olorunshola, Isaac; Thevasagayam, S.J.; Thevasagayam, S J; Musumba*, B.; Wekundah, J. M.A total of 558 farmers were interviewed in the districts of Kakamega and Machakos in Kenya during 2007–08 regarding their family circumstances and agricultural activities. Approximately 60% were in the age range 20 to 49 while almost 40% were more than 49 years old and 60% of respondents were females. They had spent a variable length of time in farming from <10 to more than 40 years. The average size of farm holding was between 0.4 and 2.0 hectares and almost all respondents were involved in mixed farming (crops and livestock). Livestock species discussed included poultry, cattle and small ruminants and were kept in a range of combinations. Most poultry keepers had between 1 and 20 chickens. Crops included maize, beans and cowpeas and a range of others including horticultural activities. Most farms had to provide supplementary feed to livestock which included hay, napier grass and maize stalks for ruminants and flour residue, maize and commercial feeds for poultry. Respondents used eggs and poultry meat for domestic consumption and surpluses were sold either from the house or at market, sometimes involving an intermediate trader. Additional income from produce sales was used to purchase domestic items including food and fuel.Item Susceptibility Pattern of Gram Negative Bacilli Isolated from Patients at Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin to Imipenem(Nig. J. Pure & Appl. Sci., 2017) Opalekunde, Ahmed; Olorunshola, Isaac; Adesiji, YemisiOver the past decade, carbapenems-resistant have been recognized in health-care settings as a cause of difficult-to-treat infections associated with increased morbidity, mortality and increasing healthcare costs. This study investigated the susceptibility of clinical isolates to Imipenem at Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the E-test method. Two hundred and sixty Gram negative bacilli from different clinical sample were obtained for this study. Antibiotic disc susceptibility testing of Imipenem was carried out using disc diffusion method and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines. Imipenem susceptibility categorization was carried out using E-test method following the manufacturer’s instructions and CLSI guidelines. The isolates recorded from this study include, Escherichiacoli24 (9.2%), Klebsiella oxytoca 113 (43.5%), Proteus mirabilis 6 (2.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 43 (16.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 52 (20.0%), Salmonella typhi. E. coli, and Proteus mirabilis were all found in the same proportion of 22 (8.5%), and they had the highest susceptibility rate to Imipenem (100%) while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had 80% and 72.1% respectively. Whereas the least susceptibility rate of 59.3% was recorded for Klebsiella oxytoca. In conclusion all the isolates were highly susceptible to Imipenem, and this revealed that Imipenem has potent broad-spectrum activity against most common bacterial pathogens, Imipenem can be used in the treatment of infection caused by Gram negative isolates.