Browsing by Author "Giwa, A"
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Item Antibiotics Sensitivity Profile Of Proteus Species Associated With Specific Infections at University Of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin(Published by College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2017) Giwa, A; Akanbi II, A.A; Nyamngee, A; Njan, A.A; Olubiyi, S.K; Rejuaro, F.M; Iman, S.A; Adedoja, A.AProteus is a proiitiiieni member ol llie I'amily Enterobacteriaeeae responsible for a variety ot' infections in human, such infections include urinary tract infection and many other opportunistic infections in human. The threat of antimicrobial resistance among important isolates is of great concern. This study was conducted to deteniiine the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Proteus spp associated with its specific infections at the University of llorin Teaching Hospital llorin. A retrospective review of cultures results of urine, wound swabs, ear and throat swabs were analysed. A total of 1,500 clinical samples were examined for identification of bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility. The greatest number of Proteus spp isolates were from wound swabs, 57.1%. followed by mid-stream urine 20.4%. Males were found to be more vulnerable than females in acquiring Proteus infections, 53.1% and 46.9% respectively. Results of the antimicrobial sensitivity testing showed that Imipenem and Piperacillin antibiotics were the most effective against Proteus spp with each having 100%, follow'ed by Ceftazidime 79.2%, and Ofloxacin 76.5%. The least effective antibiotic against Proteus was Augmentin 58.1% sensitivity. It is therefore recommended that Imipenem and Piperacillin should be used in the treatment of Proteus infections, and where both are not affordable. Ceftazidime and Ofloxacin could be used in the study area for the treatment of infections caused by Proteus. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility is recommended.Item Anticonvulsant Properties Of The Methanol Stem Bark Extract Of Acacia Albida Del.(Published by Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2010) Giwa, A; Danjuma, N.M; Saulawa, H.T; Zezi, A.U; Yaro, A.H; Magaji, M.G.Acacia albida (Mimosoideae) is used in traditional medicine for the management of epilepsy. The methanol stem bark extract of Acacia albida was studied for its anticonvulsant effects in mice and chicks. The test systems selected were the maximal electroshock test (MEST) in chicks, Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and Strychnine (STN) induced seizure tests in mice. The effect of the extract on diazepam induced sleep in mice and preliminary phytochemical screening were also conducted. The extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) significantly (p< 0.001) shortened onset of sleep compared to normal saline (control) from 4.8±0.2 to 2.2±0.3, 2.0±0.0 and 2.0±0.3, respectively. The methanol stem bark extract of Acacia albida also increased total sleeping time from 58.2±14.0 to 201.0±23.9, 111.4±16.1 and 89.6±22.5 at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. The increase was significant (p< 0.001) at 50 mg/kg. Acacia albida stem bark extract at 200 mg/kg protected 50% of the mice against STN induced seizure with 63.3% survival rate. There was no protection against STN induced seizure at 50 and 100 mg/kg of the extract but a 16.3% and 33.3% protection against mortality was observed respectively. The extract was also able to delay, though insignificantly the onset of seizure at all the doses tested. In the PTZ induced seizure test, the extract did not protect the mice against seizure nor mortality but there was a significant (p< 0.05) delay in onset of seizure at 100 and 200 mg/kg. Similarly the extract of Acacia albida did not protect chicks against MEST. However there was a non significant dose dependent shortening of recovery time at the doses tested. Preliminary phytochemical studies of the stem bark extract of Acacia albida revealed the presence of tannins, saponin triterpenes and steroids. The intraperitoneal LD50 in mice was estimated to be 1131.4 mg/kg. Our results suggest that the methanol stem bark extract of Acacia albida may contain psychoactive principles that are relevant to the management of epilepsy (petit mal).Item Antifungal activity of Dibutyl Tindisalicylates and Clotrimazole against selected Pathogenic Fungi(The National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), 2000) Giwa, A; Ehinmidu, J.O.; Olurinola, P.F.; Bonire, J.JIn-vitro comparative study of antifungal activities of Dibutyltindisalicylates (DBTDS) and Clotrimazole (CLOT)-dermatophytic drugs of choice' against clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichoptiytoi violaceum. Trichophyton verricosum, Microsporum canis^ Cladosporiuni worneckii PeniciHium citrinuin, Aspergillus nigarand Aspergillus flavus has been carried out. in-vitro estimation of minimum inhibilory concentration (M.I.C) and minimum fungicidal concentration (M.F.C.) was by agar dilution method. The fungistatic activities of DBTDS against, the five tested dermatophytes was 200 to 500ug /ml while that of CLOT ranges from 400 to SOOug/ml against the same test organisms. The minimum fungicicial concentration of DBTDS and CLOT against the test fungi followed the same pattern. Comparative antifungal activity of DBTDS and CLOT against the three phytopathogenic fungi also showed that the MiC of DBTDS ranges from 200.0ug/ml to 300.0ug/ml while that of CLOT was .500.0ug/ml. using a concentration of 1.2mM, the two test compounds posses rapid fungicidal activity against the test fungi spore.s.-f or example 1.2mM of CLOT [407.0ug/ml] and DBTDS [600.00ug/ml] effected about 2.5 and 2 0 log cycle reduction of 10® cFu/ml of T. violaceum spores within five minutes contact time. Furthermore rate of kill of test fungi spores at different fungicidal concentrations of these two test compounds appear to suggest that the fungi toxic activity of DBTDS compared favourably with CLOT commonly used in the management of the superficial fungal infection in manItem Assessment of Pattern of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Use among Residents of A North-Central Nigerian City(Published by College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2017) Giwa, A; Jamiu, M.O; Abu-Saeed, KNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs medication. (NSAIDs) are commonly used in the treatment of pains. Self-medication is a common practice all over Introduction the world. Unwanted effects from use of this class of medication could pose health challenges .This study evaluated the prevalence and pattern of inappropriate use of NSAIDs among Ilorin residents and identified factors that influence the pattern of use.Item Awareness and Willingness to pay for community based health insurance scheme in North-Western Nigeria.(Islamic Azad University, 2018) Giwa, A; Kabir, M; Umar, I; Suleiman, H.H; Lwal, B.KThere is a need for the communities to develop their health fnancing system, especially those that were not covered by the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). This will give the people an opportunity to fnance their medical care which in turn would alleviate fnancial burden at the point of treatment. Therefore, this study is aimed to determine the level of awareness of Community-Based Health Insurance Scheme (CBHIS) among communities and to measure the degree of willingness to pay for the scheme in Katsina, North-Western Nigeria. Semi-structured interviewer-assisted questionnaires were used to collect information from the respondents. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0. The results indicate that majority of the respondents attained the tertiary level of education (68.3%) and 81.1% were employed. About 74.2% were earning more than the Nigerian minimum wage N18, 000 (≈$59). About 52.2% of the respondents were aware of the CBHIS. And 81% were willing to pay a premium while 62.2% will pay between N 1, 000 – 5, 000 (≈$3.3-$16.4). There was a strong signifcant relationship between monthly income and knowledge of CBHIS (p = < 0.0001). However, gender and educational level were not signifcantly associated with the knowledge of CBHIS. Awareness about CBHIS was not suffciently adequate but a signifcant number of the respondents were willing to pay for CBHIS after learning about the scheme. Factors such as level of education and income levels were found to have a positive effect on willingness to pay.Item Barriers to Medication Counseling in Community Pharmacies in Lagos, South-West Nigeria.(Published by The Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, 2014) Giwa, A; Ajiboye, WT; Tayo, FItem Chlorpyrifos –Induced Clinical, Hematological and Bio-chemical Changes in Swiss-Albino Mice-Mitigating effect by Co-administration of Vitamin C and E(Published by Zhengzhou University, 2010) Giwa, A; Ambali, SF; Akanbi, DO; Shittu, M; Oladipo, OO; Ayo, JOBackground. Induction of Oxidative stress is one of the molecular mechanisms in chlorpyrifos toxicity.Objective. To evaluate the effect of prolonged CPF exposure on clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters in mice and the possible ameliorative effect of coadministration of vitamins C and E. Methods. 40 mice divided into 4 groups of 10 animals in each group served as subjects for this study. Groups I and II were administered corn oil (2 ml/kg) and combination of vitamins C (100 mg/kg) and E (75 mg/kg), respectively. Group III were exposed to CPF only (21.6 mg/kg ~ 1/5th of the previously determined LD50 of 108 mg/kg), while group IV were pretreated with combination of vitamins C (100 mg/kg) and E (75 mg/kg) and then administered CPF (21.6 mg/kg) 30 min later. The regimens were administered orally once daily for a period of 10 weeks. The mice were examined for signs of toxicity and weekly body weight changes. Blood and serum samples obtained from sacrificed animals at the end of the study were evaluated for some hematological and biochemical parameters, respectively. Results.Vitamins pretreatment ameliorated cholinergic toxic signs and changes in body weight, PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC count induced by CPF. CPF-evoked alteration in Na+, K+, Cl-, TP, urea, creatinine, ALP and MDA levels were ameliorated by pretreatment with the vitamins. ALT and AST activities lowered by CPF was further reduced by vitamins pretreatment. Conclusion. Vitamins C and E protected mice from subchronic CPF-induced alteration in clinical,hematological and serum biochemical parameters.Item Clinical Bacterial Isolates from Hospital Environment as agent of Surgical Wound Nosocomial Infection.(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2010) Giwa, A; Attah, R.F; Ibrahim, Y.K.E; Olurinola, P.F; Akanbi II, A.A; Sanni, A.AThe relationship between bacteria isolated from the hospital environment and those from wounds of operated patients was investigated to determine the causal agents of surgical site nosocomial infections. The study was carried out on bacterial species isolated from the theatre, surgical ward and patients’ surgical wounds in a tertiary health institution in Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated from the air, floor and patients’ surgical wounds in the theatre and surgical ward by using MacConkey agar, Chocolate agar Nutrient agar and Peptone water broth as isolating media. Plasmid sizes and bands of selected twenty (20) of the isolates were determined by electrophoresis analysis to determine their relatedness. The bacterial species isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Serratia marscenses. The result of electrophoresis showed that some of the isolates from the hospital environment and surgical sites have the same number of bands and molecular weight. It was concluded that isolates from the hospital environment with the same numbers of bands and molecular sizes with those isolated from patients wounds in the same hospital environment are of the same strain, and must have come from the same source, and therefore are likely to be responsible for the surgical wound infections observed in the patients studied.Item Comparative Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Streptomycin and Ethambutol in the Treatment of Tuberculosis in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria(African Society for Clinical Microbiology, 2009) Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Olayinka, B.O; Giwa, H.B.FHealthcare organizations, governments and individuals have been forced by prevailing circumstances of economic crisis to be increasingly oriented towards cost containment due to escalating nature of health expenditure. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the comparative cost effectiveness of various antituberculous therapeutic options and to make recommendation for the adoption of costeffectiveness evaluations in National Health Policy formulation and decision-making. Method Retrospective cost effectiveness analysis was carried out for prescribed/dispended antibiotic to outpatients with tuberculosis among other infectious diseases in outpatients case notes between 2005 and 2007 in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria Nigeria. Results The result shows that ethambutol tablet cost N8.40/unit of effectiveness while streptomycin injection cost N81.50/unit of effectiveness in the treatment of tuberculosis. Ethambutol tablet therefore appears to be more cost effective than streptomycin injection. Subjecting the cost and effectiveness to sensitivity analysis did not change this conclusion. Statistical analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness (outcome) of ethambutol (95%) and streptomycin injection (76.73%) (X2 =13.75; p<0.5). Therefore there is association between effectiveness and therapeutic option chosen with ethambutol tablet being a more cost effective option. The result of this study is significant because ethambutol is usually traded off for less cost-effective streptomycin in many cases even when there is no contraindication to the use of ethambutol. CONCLUSION Ethambutol tablet is more cost effective than streptomycin injection at their usual therapeutic doses in combination with isoniazed, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in the treatment of tuberculos1 at the intensive phase.Item Comparative Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Benzathine Penicillin and Procaine Penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2008) Giwa, H.B.F; Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.FComparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of benzathine and procaine penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, northern Nigeria was carried out retrospectively for prescribed/dispensed antibacterial drugs to outpatients with early syphilis among other infectious diseases, by examining outpatients case notes between 2005 and 2007. Results show that benzathine penicillin cost N 4.31/unit of effectiveness while procaine penicillin injection cost N 18.19/unit of effectiveness in the treatment of early syphilis. Benzathine penicillin injection therefore appears to be more cost effective than procaine penicllin injection. Subjecting the cost and effectiveness to sensitivity analysis did not change this conclusion. Statistical analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness (outcome) of benzathine penicillin and procaine penicillin injection, (56.2%) (χ2 = 48.58, P<0.5), Therefore there is association between effectiveness and therapeutic option chosen with benzathine penicillin being a more cost effective option. The result of this study is significant because benzathine penicillin is usually traded off for less cost-effective procaine penicillin in many cases even when there is no contraindication to the use of benzathine penicillin. Benzathine penicillin injection is more cost effective than procaine penicillin injection at their usual therapeutic dose in the treatment of early syphilis.Item Comparative Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Benzathine Penicillin and Procaine Penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2008) Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.F; Giwa, H.B.FComparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of benzathine and procaine penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, northern Nigeria was carried out retrospectively for prescribed/dispensed antibacterial drugs to outpatients with early syphilis among other infectious diseases, by examining outpatients case notes between 2005 and 2007. Results show that benzathine penicillin cost N 4.31/unit of effectiveness while procaine penicillin injection cost N 18.19/unit of effectiveness in the treatment of early syphilis. Benzathine penicillin injection therefore appears to be more cost effective than procaine penicllin injection. Subjecting the cost and effectiveness to sensitivity analysis did not change this conclusion. Statistical analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness (outcome) of benzathine penicillin and procaine penicillin injection, (56.2%) (χ2 = 48.58, P<0.5), Therefore there is association between effectiveness and therapeutic option chosen with benzathine penicillin being a more cost effective option. The result of this study is significant because benzathine penicillin is usually traded off for less cost-effective procaine penicillin in many cases even when there is no contraindication to the use of benzathine penicillin. Benzathine penicillin injection is more cost effective than procaine penicillin injection at their usual therapeutic dose in the treatment of early syphilis.Item Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Combined Anti-Retroviral Therapy in a Tertiary Health Institution(Published by West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacy, 2018) Giwa, H.B.; Giwa, A; Jamiu, M.OBackground: The increasing health care spending from government, donors and private stand-point has a lot of challenge in health care related decision making. Hence, there is need to examine closely the cost and benefits of drug interventions especially in chronic illnesses like HIV/AIDS. Objective: To conduct cost-effectiveness analysis of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in a tertiary health institution Methods: A retrospective review of systematically sampled 360 case notes was conducted. World Health Organization Defined Daily Dose method of evaluating drug use and probability method for potential effectiveness of cART options from literature analysis was employed in determining cost-effectiveness of each option identified from cART drug utilization studies. Results: Zidovudine (AZT )+Lamivudine (3TC) +Nevirapine (NVP)which cost N89 2 ($ 0.3 per unit effectiveness) was more frequently prescribed (86%, =100.82; P=0.00; df=1). This combination was more cost effective than the less frequently prescribed first line option of Tenofovir (TDF) +Lamivudine (3TC) +Efavirenz (EFV)at a cost per unit effectiveness of NGN 134 ($0.45).Similarly, 2 AZT+3TC+Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r)which was more frequently prescribed (71.4%, =33.62; P=0.00; df=1)]with cost per unit effectiveness of NGN379 ($1.26)was more cost effective than TDF+3TC+LPV/r [NGN403($ 1.34) per unit of effectiveness] in the management of HIV/AIDS patients as second line regimen. Conclusions: AZT+3TC+NVPwas more cost-effective than TDF+3TC+EFV in the management of HIV/AIDS patients as firstline regimen. However, AZT+3TC+LPV/r appeared to, but was not necessarily more cost effective than TDF+3TC+LPV/r in the management of HIV/AIDS patients as second line regimen.Item Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Combined Anti-Retroviral Therapy in a Tertiary Health Institution(Published by West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacy, 2018) Giwa, A; Giwa, HB; Jamiu, M.OBackground: The increasing health care spending from government, donors and private stand-point has a lot of challenge in health care related decision making. Hence, there is need to examine closely the cost and benefits of drug interventions especially in chronic illnesses like HIV/AIDS. Objective: To conduct cost-effectiveness analysis of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in a tertiary health institution Methods: A retrospective review of systematically sampled 360 case notes was conducted. World Health Organization Defined Daily Dose method of evaluating drug use and probability method for potential effectiveness of cART options from literature analysis was employed in determining cost-effectiveness of each option identified from cART drug utilization studies. Results: Zidovudine (AZT )+Lamivudine (3TC) +Nevirapine (NVP)which cost N89 2 ($ 0.3 per unit effectiveness) was more frequently prescribed (86%, =100.82; P=0.00; df=1). This combination was more cost effective than the less frequently prescribed first line option of Tenofovir (TDF) +Lamivudine (3TC) +Efavirenz (EFV)at a cost per unit effectiveness of NGN 134 ($0.45).Similarly, 2 AZT+3TC+Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r)which was more frequently prescribed (71.4%, =33.62; P=0.00; df=1)]with cost per unit effectiveness of NGN379 ($1.26)was more cost effective than TDF+3TC+LPV/r [NGN403($ 1.34) per unit of effectiveness] in the management of HIV/AIDS patients as second line regimen. Conclusions: AZT+3TC+NVPwas more cost-effective than TDF+3TC+EFV in the management of HIV/AIDS patients as firstline regimen. However, AZT+3TC+LPV/r appeared to, but was not necessarily more cost effective than TDF+3TC+LPV/r in the management of HIV/AIDS patients as second line regimen.Item Cost of Illness Analysis of Human Immuno Deficiency Virus/ACQUIRED Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in a Developing Economy.(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacy, 2018) Giwa, A; Giwa, H.B.F; Jamiu, M.OBackground: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy is for lifetime of the patients from time of diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. This translates into a substantial cost in drug therapy to the patients, government and donor agencies. Objective: To conduct cost of illness analysis of HIV/AIDS in a Developing Economy in 2016. Methods: A one-year retrospective review of 2560 prescriptions of 396 HIV/AIDS patients' case notes from January to December, 2016 obtained by systematic random sampling from 4800 case-notes of subjects that participated in this study was conducted. Sampling Interval =10 A data collection form was designed and used to collect data generated from the selected case notes. Cost of Illness was determined by prevalence rate method, using direct costs only. Results: The annual cost of illness for the 396 HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy was ?40,674,760 (US$127,108.3) with drug, diagnostic/monitoring tests, transport, care/support and personnel cost components of ?25,479,760; US$79,624.3 (62.64%), ?7,200,000; US$22,500 (17.71%), ?1,440,000; US$4,500(3.54%), ?2,880,000; US$9,000 (7.08%) and ?3,675,000; US$11484 (9.03%) respectively. The annual average cost of illness of HIV/AIDS was ?102,714.04 (US$320.98) Conclusion: The annual average cost of illness of HIV/AIDS represent 97% of annual per capita income. This is enormous. The Annual National cost of illness for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, a developing economy may be about N590 billion annuallyItem Cost-Minimization Analysis of Antimicrobial Therapy in A Tertiary Healthcare institution in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2008) Giwa, H.B.F; Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.FCost Minimization Analysis of antimicrobial therapy in a tertiary health care institution in a developing economy country was carried out. The most applicable tool for generic equivalent drugs was used in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary healthcare Institution in Nigeria, between 2005 and 2007. Relevant information such as diagnosis, cost of drugs (in Naira – N), dosage, duration of therapy among others were obtained retrospectively from patient case-notes for which antibacterial are the mainstay of therapy and dispensed prescriptions. The mean cost per defined daily dosage (DDD) of generic and branded for each antibacterial was computed. These were compared using Student’s t-test. The outcome measure was potential eradication of bacterial in question by the respective antibacterial drug. The analyses showed that the use of expensive branded drugs were very rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalent is available. The differences in the mean cost/DDD were very significant for all the antimicrobial agents at p<0.05. For example the mean cost/DDD of ciprofloxacin was N267 for branded product and N80.00 for generic (t = 421.2 at p<0.05).Sensitivity analysis also Confirm this decision. Prescriptions of expensive branded drugs were rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalents are available. The mean cost per Defined Daily Dose of Branded and Generic equivalent were significantly different for all antibiotics applicable for cost minimization analysis, with Generic Products much cheaper than Branded equivalentItem Cost-Minimization Analysis of Antimicrobial Therapy in A Tertiary Healthcare institution in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2008) Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.F; Giwa, H.B.FCost Minimization Analysis of antimicrobial therapy in a tertiary health care institution in a developing economy country was carried out. The most applicable tool for generic equivalent drugs was used in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary healthcare Institution in Nigeria, between 2005 and 2007. Relevant information such as diagnosis, cost of drugs (in Naira – N), dosage, duration of therapy among others were obtained retrospectively from patient case-notes for which antibacterial are the mainstay of therapy and dispensed prescriptions. The mean cost per defined daily dosage (DDD) of generic and branded for each antibacterial was computed. These were compared using Student’s t-test. The outcome measure was potential eradication of bacterial in question by the respective antibacterial drug. The analyses showed that the use of expensive branded drugs were very rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalent is available. The differences in the mean cost/DDD were very significant for all the antimicrobial agents at p<0.05. For example the mean cost/DDD of ciprofloxacin was N267 for branded product and N80.00 for generic (t = 421.2 at p<0.05).Sensitivity analysis also Confirm this decision. Prescriptions of expensive branded drugs were rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalents are available. The mean cost per Defined Daily Dose of Branded and Generic equivalent were significantly different for all antibiotics applicable for cost minimization analysis, with Generic Products much cheaper than Branded equivalent. ______________________________________________________________________________Item Evaluation of Hospital Disinfection as a means of controlling Endemic Nosocomial Pathogens in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria(Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2010) Giwa, A; Atata, R.F; Ibrahim, YKE; Olurinola, P.F; AKANBI II, A.A; SANNI, A. AEvaluation of hospital environment disinfection as a means of controlling endemic nosocomial pathogens in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria was evaluated. Disinfectant used in the Hospital was collected from the Infection Control unit and prepared in different concentrations. The isolated bacterial species from the hospital environment were exposed to graded concentrations of the disinfectants and the most effective concentration on each isolate was noted. This procedure was carried out in two successive years (2006 and 2007). Killing rate of the isolates that were resistant to the disinfectants was also carried out and likely effective exposure time was determined. The following bacterial species were isolated: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Serratia spp., Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus spp. Minimum Effective Dilution (MED) of the disinfectant on all isolates ranged from 1:300 to1:1000. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most resistant isolate with MED of 1:400 and 1:300 respectively. Result of killing rate on the two most resistant isolates showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa required 80 and 120 minutes of exposure respectively to the disinfectant to bring about almost total killing of these resistant isolates. The results show that improper disinfections, degradation of disinfectant and lack of routine standardization of disinfectants are responsible for failure of chemical disinfection as a means of controlling nosocomial infections in the hospital.Item Evaluation of Mother’s Knowledge and Attitudes of Oral Rehydration Therapy in Childhood Diarhoea(Association of Pharmacy Professionals, 2018) Giwa, A; Jamiu, M.o; Okoro, N.RThe aim of present study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of mothers in childhood management of diarrhoea with Oral Rehydration Therapy in Offa, Offa Local Government Area. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among mothers of child bearing age in Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State. Three hundred and fifty mothers participated in the study using systematic sampling technique. Data collection was by the use of Interviewer administered questionnaire. The data was analysed using SPSS version 20. The most occurring age group was 26-30 years. Seventy eight per cent (78%) of mothers had good knowledge of diarrhoea disease and 55.5% were able to identify the causes of diarrhoea while about 85% had good knowledge of symptoms of diarrhoea. About 51% of the respondents used water closet in waste disposal and up to 11% used open defecation method. Respondents’ method of sewage disposal influenced whether or not their children have experienced diarrhoea (p=0.003). Mothers’ level of education was affected by the knowledge of management of diarrhoea (p=0.02). There was good knowledge of diarrhoea among mothers but majority had poor knowledge of ORS uses and preparation. Efforts should be made at the community level to improve appropriate use of ORS.Item Identification of Pharmaceutical Care Standards in Zaria-Kaduna Metropolis, Northern Nigeria(Published by Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2010) Giwa, A; Zezi, AU; Danjuma, NM; Maiha, BB; Omoniwa, SBItem Impact of Non Pharmacological Intervention on Blood Pressure in Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Facility in North Eastern Nigeria(Published by Faculty Of Pharmacy, University Of Maiduguri, 2017) Giwa, A; Dungus, F M; Magaji, M. G; Ashemi, F. H; Bababe, A. B.; Kachallah, MPrevalence of hypertension is high in Nigeria and there is generally low level of awareness. The mainstay of management is pharmacotherapy, interventions such as lifestyle and diet are often overlooked. The study is aimed at establishing die effectiveness of lifestyle and diet intervention on blood pressure control in patients. A multiphasic interventional study was adopted, which is a questionnaire based study with sections on knowledge, attitude and practices of lifestyle and diet. A pretested interviewer’s questionnaire was administered before and after the intervention. The intervention included counseling on the benefits of lifestyle and dietary modifications. Chi-square test revealed that there were associations between the blood pressure categories and time of intervention. There was statistically significant difference in blood pressure in stage 2 category. (p