Browsing by Author "David, Susan"
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Item Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Uropathogens Isolated from Pregnant Women in Selected Hospitals in Ilorin(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research., 2019-06) Olufadi- Ahmed, Haishat; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Kola- Mustapha, Adeola; Diyaolu, AyobamiBackground: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections among pregnant women and if untreated could lead to serious complications. Objective: This work was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens and their antibiotics susceptibility profile among pregnant women attending two ante-natal clinics in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 111 pregnant women between the ages of 18-50 attending ante-natal clinic at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital and Civil Service Hospital, Ilorin participated in the study. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured on Cysteine-Lactose-Electrolyte Deficient agar. Presence of significant bacteriuria (> 105 cfu/mL) was determined using the plate count method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Results: Of the 111 urine samples collected, 27.9% of them were found positive on culture. Among the isolated organisms, Klebsiella oxytoca (25.7%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (22.9%), were the most prevalent. Isolated bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic with the highest resistance seen with amoxicillin (94.3%), streptomycin (77.1%) and nitrofurantoin (54. 3%). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (51.4%), ceftriaxone (51.4%), ceftazidime (34.3%), cotrimoxazole (51.4%), imipenem (2.9%), ciprofloxacin (14.3%) and gentamicin (25.7%) have the lowest rate of bacteria resistance. Of the isolates, 82.9% showed Multi-Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ≥ 0.3. Conclusion: High prevalence of bacteriuria in both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women was observed in the study areas. The alarming rate of multi-antibiotic resistance strain is therefore an indicator of a serious clinical problem in the community.Item Bacteriological Quality of Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) and Commercial Yoghurts Marketted in Ilorin(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2016-12) Shittu, Abiodun; David, Susan; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke; Olajide, RisqohEleven samples comprising of six branded yoghurts and five unbranded ‘nono’ purchased from seven different locations randomly selected in Ilorin city were evaluated for their bacteriological quality. The physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. Results for the total bacterial count for yoghurt ranged from 3.08 × 102 cfu/mL to 9.67×102cfu/mL while that of ‘nono’ ranged from 1.056×103cfu/mL to 3.152×103cfu/mL. Eleven bacteria species were identified in this study. A total of forty-five isolates were obtained with Staphylococcus aureus (17.8%) and Pasturella multocida (17.8%) having the highest frequency. Others were Aeromonas hydrophilia (15.6%) Klebsiella oxytoca, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinobacillus spp (8.9%), Xanthomonas maltophilia (6.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (4.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.2%). Marketed yoghurts and locally produced ‘Nono’ in Ilorin were found to be contaminated with mostly Gram negative bacteria belonging majorly to the Enterobacteriaceae family and a Gram positive organism (Staphylococcus aureus). The yoghurt and ‘nono’ samples were found to be of unacceptable microbiological quality. The presence of these pathogenic organisms in these commonly consumed dairy products could constitute public health hazards and possibly food poisoining especially if they are stored under inappropriate conditions for longer periods of time.Item Biofilm Detection and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates from In-patients with Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Hospital(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2018-12) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke; David, Susan; Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat; Salami, Omatseye; Itodo, Ene; Kola- Mustapha, AdeolaA survey for the detection of biofilms amongst uropathogens was conducted in a Medical ward of a Tertiary hospital in Ilorin, Kwara State. This was done to determine the prevalence of biofilm producing uropathogens among patients with CA-UTI (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection) using MTP (microtitre plate) method. Effect of media variations in the production of biofilms and the antibiogram pattern of the isolates were also determined. Out of the 50 urine samples collected and analyzed, 27 (54.0 %) yielded growth and 28 isolates were identified. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (42.9 %), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (35.7 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the least (21.4 %). A total of 59. 3 % of the isolates were resistant to various antibiotics used and 39.3 % of the isolates were found to be multiple antibiotic resistant. Of the 28 uropathogens isolated, 21 (75.0 %) were biofilm formers comprising of 17.9 % high biofilm formers and 57.1 % of moderate biofilm formers while 25.0 % did not form biofilm in BHIsuc. High biofilm formation was observed in Staphylococcus aureus. There was variation in biofilm formation with different media as more isolates (75. 0 %) produced biofilm in BHIsuc than in TSBglu (67.9 %). Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have potential of biofilm production which could lead to relapse of disease condition and eventually treatment failure in CA-UTI.Item Multi-drug resistant pattern of Escherichia coli isolates from diarrheic children in Zaria, Nigeria.(Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2017-09) David, Susan; Ehinmidu, Joseph; Olayinka, Busayo; Olayinka, Adebola; David, SamuelE. coli, which is one of the main causes of both nosocomial and community acquired infections, particularly diarrhoea in children and has been variously reported to develop or acquire resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Seventy (70) isolates of Escherichia coli from stool of diarrhoeic children below the age of five (5) attending two hospitals and a primary healthcare centre in Zaria were screened for their susceptibility to a panel of nine commonly used antibiotics. Sixteen isolates (22.9%) were found to be resistant to all the antibiotics. Majority of the isolates were resistant to the inhibitory effects of the penicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin), tetracycline, sulphonamide/ diaminopyridines and some cephalosporins, but susceptible to the fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) and gentamicin. A high proportion of the isolates were multi-drug resistant, with seventeen phenotypic patterns. This raises serious issues as regards effective management of infection that could be caused by these organisms. The multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) for the MAR isolates was found to be high, between 0.3 to 1.0 suggesting that the isolates originated from an environment where antibiotics were often used and the continued usefulness of these antibiotics in the treatment of E. coli infections in children need to be reviewed.Item Phytochemical, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacadiaceae)(Journal off Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2018-09) Njinga, Ngaitad; Sule, Mohammed; Shittu, Abiodun; David, Susan; Amali, Mohammed; Bolaji, Abdulkareem; Abdullahi, Saad; Atunwa, Soliu; Hassan, Halima; Eniayewu, OluwasegunThe stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion. Keywords: Lannea kerstingii; Anticonvulsant; Phytochemical; Antibacterial; PhytochemistryItem Plasmid Profile of Multidrug Resistant Isolates from Water and Fish(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2018-12) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Ibrahim, Yakubu; Oyi, A.R; David, Susan; Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat; Bello, RonkePlasmids are extrachromosomal genetic material that can replicate independently and usually harbour antibiotic resistance genes. This study evaluated the presence and sizes of plasmid from multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) isolates from water and fish using acridine orange as a plasmid curing agent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acridine orange to the 22 MAR ranged between 0.625 – 5.0 mg/mL. Majority (86.4 %) of the MAR isolates lost their resistant and became susceptible to more antibiotics indicating that their resistance was plasmid encoded. As much as 68.4 % of the isolates had one or more plasmid bands with sizes varying from 1.0 -3.0 kbp. The presence of plasmids - carrying MAR isolates in fish and river may heighten the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to the environment which will pose a serious threat to the human health.Item Plasmid Profiles of Multi-Drug Resistant E.coli Isolates from Stools of Diarrhoeic Children Below Five Years in Zaria, Nigeria.(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2018-05) David, Susan; Ehinmidu, Joseph; Olayinka, Busayo; Olayinka, Adebola; David, SamuelE. coli is one of the main causes of both nosocomial and community acquired infections in humans and is therefore an organism of clinical importance in the lives of children. Antibiotic resistance poses a serious public health problem. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried on seventy (70) isolates of Escherichia coli from stool samples of diarrhoeic children below five (5) years of age with suspected gastrointestinal infections attending two hospitals and a primary health care centre in Zaria by Kirby Bauer agar diffusion method. Curing experiments of the transconjugants and resistant Escherichia coli isolates was carried out using acridine orange dye to determine if the resistant determinants were plasmid mediated. Isolates were subjected to plasmid DNA isolation following the protocol of Gene Jet TM plasmid miniprep kit.1% agarose gel was used to resolve the plasmid fragment after loading and electrophoresis carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of target genes from isolated plasmid DNA was carried out. Gene specific primers were used in PCR to amplify specific fragments from genes coding for resistance to quinolones and bla CTX-M ESBL as described by the manufacturer (Iquaba Biotec). Plasmid DNA analysis on thirty-five resistant isolates showed 11 plasmid band sizes with molecular weights ranging from 2800 bp to > 5000 bp. Three isolates were found to harbour the IncK epidemiologic plasmid encoding gene for the bla CTX-M of the ESBLs and nineteen resistant isolates were also found to harbour the gyrB gene. The plasmid profiles observed in this study indicates a notable correlation between antibiotic resistance and plasmid presence. Plasmid borne resistant genes among the Escherichia coli isolates were more from the stools of children obtained from the General Hospital, Kofan-Gaya, Zaria-city, Nigeria.Item Potential antibacterial activity of the extracts of local chewing sticks ‘Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus’ against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary pathogens.(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-06) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, hikmatBackground: The development of new antibacterial that offer significant activities over existing drugs is serious challenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance.Item Potential antibacterial activity of the extracts of local chewing sticks ‘Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus’ against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary pathogens.(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-06) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, Hikmatchallenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Chewing sticks, Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Urinary Pathoges Phenolic compounds of plants; chief among them are the flavonoids which have potent antioxidant activities were found in these plant materials.Item Potential Antibacterial Activity of the extracts ofLocal Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus” against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary Pathogens(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-06) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, HikmatBackground: The development of new antibacterial that offer significant activities over existing drugs is serious challenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Chewing sticks, Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Urinary Pathoges Phenolic compounds of plants; chief among them are the flavonoids which have potent antioxidant activities were found in these plant materials.Item Potential Antibacterial Activity of the extracts ofLocal Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus” against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary Pathogens 1 2 2 3 2(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-03) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, HikmatBackground: The development of new antibacterial that offer significant activities over existing drugs is serious challenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Chewing sticks, Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Urinary Pathoges Phenolic compounds of plants; chief among them are the flavonoids which have potent antioxidant activities were found in these plant materials.