Browsing by Author "Cibin, V."

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    Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance
    (International Journal of One Health, Veterinary World, 2023) Oludairo, O. O.; Kwaga, J. K. P.; Kabir, J.; Abdu, P. A.; Gitanjali, A.; Perrets, A.; Cibin, V.; Lettini, A. A.; Aiyedun, J. O.
    Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study’s keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and nonliving parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.
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    A Review of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guidelines for the Detection of Salmonella from Faeces.
    (Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Egyptian Society for Animal Management, 2022) Oludairo, O. O.; Kwaga, J. K. P.; Kabir, J.; Abdu, P. A.; Gitanjali, A.; Perrets, A.; Cibin, V.; Lettini, A. A.; Aiyedun, J. O.
    Adherence to the guidelines of The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the isolation of Salmonella from faeces is important to laboratory personnel, researchers and epidemiologists to ensure effective diagnosis, maximal recovery and high sensitivity/specificity of laboratory tests. The aim of this study is to review the ISO guidelines for the detection of Salmonella from faeces using standards published by ISO and other internationally recognized bodies. The ISO 6579 of 2002 described the process for the detection of Salmonella in faeces. About 25g of faecal samples is collected, mixed together and specimen taken from different parts to ensure maximum recovery of the organism. Processes for the identification of the organism were prescribed by the standard. In the amendment made to ISO 6579 (Annex D) it was recommended that Modified Semisolid Rappaport Vasiliadis (MSRV) be used as selective enrichment medium. Further amendment made to this standard was in 2007 where clause 4 described non-selective pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, use of 2 selective solid media and biochemical tests as the 4 stages of the isolation of Salmonella in faeces. The amendment of ISO 6579 in 2017 combined the guidelines for the isolation of Salmonella species, S. Typhi/Paratyphi from milk/milk-products and faeces. It proposed the use of selenite cysteine broth in addition to Rappaport Vasiliadis (RVS) and Muller-Kauffmann Tetrathionate-Novobiocin (MkTTn) and BSA in addition to Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar for the isolation of S. typhi and paratyphi. It recommended the performance of methyl-red, Simmon-citrate, H2S, motility and urease biochemical tests, deleted Vogues Proskaer test while indole and β-Galactosidase (ONPG) tests were made optional. This standard has evolved over the years to ensure efficient recovery of Salmonella from faeces based on real-time result and feedback received by the organization from laboratories all over the world.
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    A Review on Salmonella Characteristics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature with Special Reference to Non-Typhoidal and Typhoidal Salmonellosis
    (Zagazig Veterinary Journal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt, 2022) Oludairo, O. O.; Kwaga, J. K. P.; Kabir, J.; Abdu, P. A.; Gitanjali, A.; Perrets, A.; Cibin, V.; Lettini, A. A.; Aiyedun, J. O.
    The genus Salmonella belongs to family Enterobacteriaceae. They possess interesting phenotypic/genotypic characteristics, history and peculiar nomenclature compared to other bacteria within and outside the family. The organism causes typhoidal salmonellosis (TS) and non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS), which exhibit different syndromes in man and animals and is of public health importance worldwide. This study reviewed the characteristics, taxonomy, nomenclature and nature of Salmonella in addition to the overview of NTS and TS. Baseline data/information published in peer reviewed journals, textbooks and bulletins/articles of international regulatory bodies were used for the study. The collective data of the present study revealed that Salmonella is a 2-3 X 0.4-0.6 μm sized, a Gram-negative rod, non-spore producing, oxidase, indole, urease, lactose and sucrose negative, facultative anaerobic and a motile organism. The two Salmonella species, that exist, only differ in their 16S rDNA sequences although both species are related closely to Shigella and E. coli at 16S rDNA and 32S rDNA sequences. Salmonella species and genus names are italicized; while more recently, the first letter of the serotype’s name is capitalized, but the word is not written in italics. Salmonella is the cause of NTS and TS in man and animals presenting enteritis, septicaemia, abortion and meningitis. Salmonellosis outbreaks had been reported from food, food products of animal origin and animal contact settings with cross infection between humans and animals. The disease in different parts of the world is among the public health challenges that are most common with reported increased incidence of many serotypes. The organism’s role as a major aetiology of foodborne disease and septicaemia resulting in morbidity and mortality worldwide had been highlighted. Continuous research on Salmonella and salmonellosis should be carried out to contribute to the body of knowledge on the organism, disease and ultimately improvement of preventive/therapeutic strategies of the disease.
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    Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors
    (Zagazig Veterinary Journal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt., 2023) Oludairo, O. O.; Kwaga, J. K. P.; Kabir, J.; Abdu, P.; Gitanjali, A.; Perrets, A.; Cibin, V.; Lettini, A.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akpabio, U.
    Over 2,500 Salmonella serovars cause typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which has economic and public health importance worldwide. The routes, modes, and vectors of Salmonella transmission in humans and animals, including the factors that affect them are important in the understanding of the epidemiology, prevention, and control of the disease. This study aims to identify the routes, modes, and vectors of transmission of Salmonella, including the factors that enhance the spread, maintenance, and persistence of the organism in humans and animals. This was achieved by using a Google search engine to obtain peer-reviewed articles on the keywords of this study. The major route of transmission of Salmonella in humans is faecaloral, while the transovarial route has also been reported in poultry. Ingestion of contaminated food or water, contaminated materials from pets/wildlife, infected persons, and transmission to the young through the placenta are described as modes of transmission of Salmonella in humans. Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium), Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) attach efficiently to vectors like fruits and vegetables with the aid of AgfD-regulated-adhesin, biofilms, and flagella. The organism can also invade plant tissues before transmission to humans and animals. Phytophagous hemipteran and cynanthropia/coprophagic insects serve as vectors of transmission by forcibly excreting ingested Salmonella and through their intermittent habitat and diet changes, respectively. Lice serve as vectors by ingesting viable strains of the organism, after they reach a maximum titre of 0.5–5.0 ×107 within 6–8 hours; Salmonella is thereafter shed and transmitted through their faeces. Factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella include pathogen, host and environment-related factors like increased antimicrobial resistance, intermittent shedding of the organism and rainfall, respectively. The knowledge of the routes, modes, vectors, and factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella will contribute to the body of knowledge on the epidemiology, prevention, and control of salmonellosis.