Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance
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Date
2023
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
International Journal of One Health, Veterinary World
Abstract
Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes.
The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding
its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study’s keywords into the Google
search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is
directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and nonliving
parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella,
therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic
diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals.
The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella
distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component
of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled
with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential
sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected
by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in
the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and
distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the
different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed
decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between
ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism
and its disease.
Description
Keywords
ecology, environment, epidemiology, reservoir-hosts, Salmonella, transmission.
Citation
Oludairo, O. O., Kwaga, J. K. P., Kabir, J., Abdu, P. A., Gitanjali, A., Perrets, A., Cibin, V., Lettini, A. A. and Aiyedun, J. O. (2023) Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance. International Journal of One Health, 9(1): 1–9.