Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors
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Date
2023
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Zagazig Veterinary Journal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
Abstract
Over 2,500 Salmonella serovars cause typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which has
economic and public health importance worldwide. The routes, modes, and vectors
of Salmonella transmission in humans and animals, including the factors that affect them are
important in the understanding of the epidemiology, prevention, and control of the disease. This
study aims to identify the routes, modes, and vectors of transmission of Salmonella, including
the factors that enhance the spread, maintenance, and persistence of the organism in humans and
animals. This was achieved by using a Google search engine to obtain peer-reviewed articles on
the keywords of this study. The major route of transmission of Salmonella in humans is faecaloral,
while the transovarial route has also been reported in poultry. Ingestion of contaminated
food or water, contaminated materials from pets/wildlife, infected persons, and transmission to
the young through the placenta are described as modes of transmission of Salmonella in
humans. Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium), Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis)
and Salmonella Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) attach efficiently to vectors like fruits and
vegetables with the aid of AgfD-regulated-adhesin, biofilms, and flagella. The organism can also
invade plant tissues before transmission to humans and animals. Phytophagous hemipteran and
cynanthropia/coprophagic insects serve as vectors of transmission by forcibly excreting
ingested Salmonella and through their intermittent habitat and diet changes, respectively. Lice
serve as vectors by ingesting viable strains of the organism, after they reach a maximum titre of
0.5–5.0 ×107 within 6–8 hours; Salmonella is thereafter shed and transmitted through their
faeces. Factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella include pathogen, host and
environment-related factors like increased antimicrobial resistance, intermittent shedding of the
organism and rainfall, respectively. The knowledge of the routes, modes, vectors, and factors that
affect the transmission of Salmonella will contribute to the body of knowledge on the
epidemiology, prevention, and control of salmonellosis.
Description
Keywords
Salmonella serovars, Routes, Vectors, Mode of transmission.
Citation
Oludairo, O. O., Kwaga, J. K. P., Kabir, J., Abdu, P., Gitanjali, A., Perrets, A., Cibin, V., Lettini, A., Aiyedun, J. O., Daodu, O. B., Olorunshola, I. D. and Akpabio, U. (2023). Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 51(1), 76-91.