Browsing by Author "Ambali, I. O."
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Item Carbo-Nitriding of AISI 1018 Steel Plate with Animal Horn(Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, 2016) Ahmed, Ismaila Idowu; Mohammed, Aminat T.; Adebisi, Jeleel Adekunle; Yahaya, Taiwo; Ambali, I. O.The research on the carbonitriding of AISI 1018 steel with animal horn was carried out with the aim of converting waste to wealth through re-use approach of waste management. Cattle horn was processed into two different morphologies namely: powder and flakes. Carbonitriding heat treatment was carried at 850oC and 450oC for carburizing and nitriding dominated processes respectively. Vickers hardness measurement was carried out on samples heat treated with horn powder and flakes. Optical metallography was carried out on carbonitrided sample for microstructural examination following the heat treatment. The results of the investigation showed that hardness gradient occurred with higher hardness value at the near surface and decreasing towards the core. Sample heat treated with horn flakes showed higher hardness than those that was heat treated with horn flakes. Microstructural examinations of carbonitrided samples revealed the presence of martensite and retained austenite. From the result of study, it was concluded that the high hardness values observed was attributed to the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen atoms to the interstices of the host atom. Again the solute atoms helps to stabilise austenite microstructures which later transformed to martensite observed in the optical micrographs.Item CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF MAHOGANY (KHAYA IVORENSIS) DUST-EGG SHELL-EPOXY COMPOSITES(Faculty of Engineering, Hunedoara University of Politechnica, Timisoara, Romania, 2021) Ajao, K. S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Adegboola, J. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Obanise, T. E.The conversion of bio-agricultural wastes into composite material for engineering applications is a strategy to add more value in waste utilization and help in the composites with epoxy resin and 10 wt.% NaOH treated Khaya ivorensis dust and egg shell particles were prepared by open molding technique. Tensile strength, flexural strength and hardness tests were carried out to evaluate the composite mechanical properties. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strengths increase with addition of reinforcement materials. The composite sample with 3 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles displayed highest tensile strength of 34.87 MPa, while the composite sample with 10 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles have highest flexural strength. Hardness value of the composite increases with addition of reinforcement materials and maximum at 5 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles. In addition, water absorption characteristics of the composite increases with increasing percentage of wood dust. Optimum composition of wood dust and egg shell can be used to produce polymer matrix composites with good mechanical properties.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF BARUTEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE (NIGERIA) FIRECLAYS AS SUITABLE REFRACTORY MATERIALS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,, 2018-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Mohammed, G. A.Studies have shown that adequate attention needs to be paid on processing of solid minerals that are potentially available in Nigeria to address its economic problem. Clays from five major towns in Baruten Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria were examined using ASTM guidelines to determine their suitability for refractory applications. The clay samples were classified as Alumino-Silicate refractories due to high values of Al2O3 and SiO2. The results showed apparent porosity (19.4-25.6%), bulk density (1.83-1.90 g/cm3), cold crushing strength (38.7-56.1 N/mm2), linear shrinkage (4.4 – 9.3%), clay contents (52.71-67.83%), moisture content (17.0-23.6%), permeability (68-82 cmsec-1), plasticity (16.7-30.4%), refractoriness (>1300oC) and Thermal Shock Resistance (23-25 cycles) for the clay samples, which were measurable with the established standards for fireclays, refractory clays/brick lining or alumina-silicates and kaolin. Hence, the natural clays could suitably replace imported clays in some refractory applications. Appropriate use of information from this study would improve Nigeria’s industrialization and economic diversification.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF BARUTEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE (NIGERIA) FIRECLAYS AS SUITABLE REFRACTORY MATERIALS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, 2018-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Mohammed, G. A.Item Characterization of Belle Natural Moulding Sand for Foundry Applications(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2019-01) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O.; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Hassan, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applicationsItem Characterization of Belle Natural Moulding Sand for Foundry Applications(USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O.; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physicomechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applications.Item Corrosion inhibition efficacy of hybrid organic extracts from prosopisafricana and citrulluslanatus on mild steel in acidic medium(Faculty of Engineering, “Dunarea De Jos” University of Galati Romania, 2023-03-15) SHUAIB-BABATA, Yusuf Lanre; Ayinde, I. V.; Busari, Y. O.; Ameen, M. O.; Yahya, R. A; Ambali, I. O.; Aremu, N. I.; Abdulraman, S. O; Ajao, K. S; Garuba, A. A.Each of Prosopis Africana pod extract (PAPE) and Citrulluslanatus (WMPE) performed quite well as green inhibitors in the electrochemical corrosion in acidic solution at ambient temperature in previous research. However, the hybridization of these compounds was varied with the concentration ratio in this study to optimize the efficiency of the green inhibitor in a hydrochloric acid medium using mild steel. The extraction process of the inhibitor samples was carried out with the Soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as the solvent. Furthermore, the potential inhibition efficiency was monitored using various corrosion measurement techniques at room temperature. The inhibitive response of the extracts could be attributed to the adsorption of the extracts’ components on mild steel surface by physisorption mechanism according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The results revealed that inhibition efficiency (IE%) depends on the concentration of the extracts. The peak IE% values were obtained with a hybrid ratio of 3:1 (PAPE: WMPE) for gravimetric technique. The Tafel polarization and gasometrical measurement technique is 96.7%, 98.5% and 83.1% respectively at the concentration of 1.0 g/L, which are above the peak IE% for PAPE (93.7%, 80.96% and 77.8%) and WMPE (92.7%, 80.5% and 75.6%)Item DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CERAMIC TILES USING WASTES AND SOLID MINERALS(College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, (Western Asia), 2019) Elakhame, Z. U.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Ambali, I. O.This paper focuses on the need for domesticating the production of building materials like tiles to address the problem of Nigeria over dependence on imported goods, despite adequate availability of mineral resources like clay, quartz and feldspar in the country. Clay, quartz and feldspar, and milled glass were respectively obtained from Ogijo in Ogun State, Okpila in Edo State and Oshodi, Lagos State of Nigeria were characterized using ASTM C71 as a guide. Samples of the ceramic tile were produced from varying mixtures of clay, quartz, feldspar and milled glass. The chemical and physio-mechanical properties of the samples were also determined. The results showed that the clay sample belong to Alumino-silicate group with 59.20% silica and 21.25% alumina. The samples’ properties met the required standards; hence, the materials were found suitable for production of ceramic tiles of acceptable standards. Though, the porosity of the sample tiles increased as the percentage weight of the clay material in the mixture decreased the proportion of quartz, feldspar and milled glass increased. The sample containing 70% Clay and 30% Feldspar had better formulation properties than others.Item Development of Abrasive Sandpaper Grains from Agro-Waste Material for Polishing of Wood Surface(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria, 2019-01) Ibrahim, H. K.; Abdulhamid, A. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Popoola, O. T.; Kareem, A. G.; Adeyi, A. M.; Busari, O. Y.; Ambali, I. O.In Nigeria, natural and some synthetisynthetic abrasive grains used in manufacturing of sandpaper such as silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and aluminum silicate mineral are scarce and expensive. The aim of this paper focused on development of sandpaper grains from agricultural waste material (Coconut shell) and resin (binder) for smoothening of wood surface. Sieving analysis was conducted in particle sizes of P40 (420 μm) and P60 (250 μm) sandpaper grit size (according to Federation of European Producers of Abrasive standard). The Physical and Mechanical properties were determined and compared with properties of conventional products (P60 and P40 Garnet Paper). Surface finish assessments were carried out with visual inspection on selected wood. The result from elemental composition analysis showed that the produced sample grains contain some hard ceramic materials needed for effective polishing or surface finishing. The physical and mechanical properties of the grains samples were found to have close properties with the standard conventional sand paper. Hardness and compressive strength of Coconut shell (CNS) grains/resin composites samples increased with increase in polyester resin concentration. Samples made from 250 μm sieve size showed better mechanical properties than the corresponding samples from 420 μm sieve size. The wear rate of CNS/resin composites was also found to increase with increase in load (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g) and temperature (50 and 150 oC. Also, result from visual examination shows that the CNS specimens contribute to high material removal but not smoother due to grain sizes considered for this studyItem Development of Abrasive Sandpaper Grains from Agro-Waste Material for Polishing of Wood Surface(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria, 2019-02) Ibrahim, H. K.; Abdulhamid, A. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Popoola, O. T; Kareem, A. G.; Adeyi, A. M.; Busari, O. Y.; Ambali, I. O.In Nigeria, natural and some synthetic abrasive grains used in manufacturing of sandpaper such as silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and aluminum silicate mineral are scarce and expensive. The aim of this paper focused on development of sandpaper grains from agricultural waste material (Coconut shell) and resin (binder) for smoothening of wood surface. Sieving analysis was conducted in particle sizes of P40 (420 μm) and P60 (250 μm) sandpaper grit size (according to Federation of European Producers of Abrasive standard). The Physical and Mechanical properties were determined and compared with properties of conventional products (P60 and P40 Garnet Paper). Surface finish assessments were carried out with visual inspection on selected wood. The result from elemental composition analysis showed that the produced sample grains contain some hard ceramic materials needed for effective polishing or surface finishing. The physical and mechanical properties of the grains samples were found to have close properties with the standard conventional sand paper. Hardness and compressive strength of Coconut shell (CNS) grains/resin composites samples increased with increase in polyester resin concentration. Samples made from 250 μm sieve size showed better mechanical properties than the corresponding samples from 420 μm sieve size. The wear rate of CNS/resin composites was also found to increase with increase in load (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g) and temperature (50 and 150 oC. Also, result from visual examination shows that the CNS specimens contribute to high material removal but not smoother due to grain sizes considered for this study.Item Development of Abrasive Sandpaper Grains from Agro-Waste Material for Polishing of Wood Surface.(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State Nigeria, 2019-06-13) 6. Ibrahim, H. K.,; Abdulhamid, A.S.,; Abdulkareem, S.,; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.,; Popoola, O. T.,; Kareem, A.G.,; Adeyi, A. M.,; Busari, Y. O.,; Ambali, I. O.In Nigeria, natural and some synthetic abrasive grains used in manufacturing of sandpaper such as silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and aluminum silicate mineral are scarce and expensive. The aim of this paper focused on development of sandpaper grains from agricultural waste material (Coconut shell) and resin (binder) for smoothening of wood surface. Sieving analysis was conducted in particle sizes of P40 (420 μm) and P60 (250 μm) sandpaper grit size (according to Federation of European Producers of Abrasive standard). The Physical and Mechanical properties were determined and compared with properties of conventional products (P60 and P40 Garnet Paper). Surface finish assessments were carried out with visual inspection on selected wood. The result from elemental composition analysis showed that the produced sample grains contain some hard ceramic materials needed for effective polishing or surface finishing. The physical and mechanical properties of the grains samples were found to have close properties with the standard conventional sand paper. Hardness and compressive strength of Coconut shell (CNS) grains/resin composites samples increased with increase in polyester resin concentration. Samples made from 250 μm sieve size showed better mechanical properties than the corresponding samples from 420 μm sieve size. The wear rate of CNS/resin composites was also found to increase with increase in load (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g) and temperature (50 and 150 oC. Also, result from visual examination shows that the CNS specimens contribute to high material removal but not smoother due to grain sizes considered for this study.Item EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADO-EKITI NATURAL MOULDING SANDS FOR FOUNDRY APPLICATIONS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria., 2017-12) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Abegunde, A. J.; Ambali, I. O.Poor casting quality is associated with the use of locally available moulding sands without recourse to their suitability through adequate knowledge of their properties. The properties of some Ado-Ekiti moulding sands were therefore examined with the aim of establishing their suitability or otherwise for foundry applications. Some natural sand samples were obtained from Ureje, Omisanjana, Odo Ayo and Ogbese within Ado-Ekiti metropolis. Their chemical compositions were determined and analyzed using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer technique and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The sands’ physico-mechanical properties were also examined in line with American Foundry Society (AFS) guidelines. The results of the chemical analysis indicated that the sands contained silica and aluminium oxide as their major constituents with values of 63.83 – 79.23% and 12.20 – 23.76% respectively. The Ureje, Omisanjana, Odo Ayo and Ogbese sands respectively possessed American Foundry-Men’s Society Grain Fineness Number (AFS-GFN): 63.27, 61.08, 66.98 and 61.12; clay content: 12, 13, 10 and 6%; moisture content: 12.04, 12.25, 12.23 and 11.92%; permeability 86.2, 87.5, 86.3 and 88.2%; flowability: 67.87, 68.50, 67.40 and 67.25%; green compression strength: 120.9, 63.6, 70.9 and 82.0 kN/m2; dry compression strength: 203.0, 101.8, 191.0 and 76.4 kN/m2. Each of the samples has refractoriness above 1200oC. The sands (except that of Ogbese sand) can be used naturally as core if the core length is short due to rapid decrease in the sands’ hot strength from 1100oC. These properties were found to fall within the required values for casting of most ferrous and non-ferrous metals, except that of Ogbese sand. Comparison of the results obtained from the studied sands’ properties with that of AFS mould sand properties for various types of castings revealed that the studied sands have the potential for use in sand casting process for metals like grey steel, light steels, brass, bronze and aluminum. Meanwhile, the properties of Ogbese natural sand can be improved with application of additive like bentonite to enhance its suitability for sand casting applicationItem Evaluation of the Foundry Properties of Oyun River (Ilorin) Moulding Sand.(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State Nigeria., 2019-06-13) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.,; Ibrahim, H. K.,; Ajao, K. S.,; Ambali, I. O.; Bello, M. O.Inadequate information on available natural moulding sands in Nigeria resulted to the use of the sand for casting without recourse to their suitability. This practice resulted to poor casting quality and underdevelopment of Nigerian foundry industry. In this study, the properties of Oyun natural moulding sand were evaluated to determine its suitability for sand casting. The chemical and physico -mechanical properties of the sand samples were examined using America Foundrymen’s Society (AFS) guidelines. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the sand contained SiO₂and, Al₂O₃from 84.49 to 84.58% and 7.17 to 7.22% respectively, with smaller proportions of other elements such as NaO₂and K₂O, CaO, Fe₂O₃, MgO and TiO₂. The physico-mechanical properties of the sand were clay content (14.96 -15.79 %), moisture content (8.15 –8.48%), grain fineness number (83.40 –89.24), green compressive strength (77.31 –79.73 KN/m²), dry compressive strength (200.24 –214.65 KN/m²) and refractoriness (above 1300°C). These results were within the AFS standard recommendation values for non-ferrous metal casting. Hence, Oyun moulding sand was found suitable as mould sand for various types of casting of metals like grey steel, aluminum, bronze, brass and light steels. Effective utilization of this sand for foundry applications will help to improve the economy of Nigeria and subsequently aid in reducing social problems as result of unemploymentItem Inhibitive Potential of Prosopis Africana on Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel in 1M Hydrochloric Acid Medium(Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Ibrahim, K. H; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Yahya, R. A.; Aremu, N. I.; Pelumi, A. A,Recently, there is quest for the use of inexpensive, non-toxic, non-biodegradable, readily available and environmentally acceptable corrosion inhibitor. Studies have shown that these properties could be achieved through the use of plants as inhibitor. Inhibiting effect of Prosopis Africana (Iron Tree) seed extracts were assessed on a sample of low carbon steel in 1M HCl with varying proportion of the seed extract using gravimetric, Tafel polarization and gasometrical measurement techniques. The results show that weight loss/corrosion rate decreases with increase in the extracts’ concentrations. Good inhibiting efficiency of Prosopis Africana extracts with optimum inhibiting efficiency of 97.7% at 1.0 g/l after 120 hours exposure in gravimetric measurement was attained. TAFEL polarization results revealed that the Prosopis Africana extract shows that the corrosion current density decreases with the increase in the concentration of the extract. The extract is found suitable as green inhibitor for corrosion of low carbon steel in the studied medium.Item Introduction to materials & metallurgical engineering discipline(Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2019) Aremu, N. I.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Ambali, I. O.Item Performance and Corrosion Inhibitive Mechanism of Prosopis Africana Pod Extracts on Mild Steel in Acidic Medium(Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 2022) Ayinde, I. V.; Ameen, M. O.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Abdulraman, S. O.; Ajao, K. S.This study investigates the influence of Prosopis Africana pod extract (PAPE) on corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl. The Prosopis African Seed Extract (PASE) was previously characterized as a green corrosion inhibitor without considering its pod, which often constitutes environmental pollution. The PAPE solution was administered in varying concentrations of 0.0 g/ml to 10.0 g/ml as a green inhibitor of mild steel in 1M Hydrochloric (HCl) medium at room temperature using gravimetric, gasometric and electrochemical (Tafel Polarization) techniques. The volume of hydrogen evolution determined with gasometric process decreases as the concentration of the extract increases. The gravimetric technique recorded the highest inhibition efficiency (IE%) of 97.14% with a 1.0g/l concentration of PAPE. The electrochemical measurements of the corrosion current density (ICorr) decreased as the concentration of PAPE increased, with a maximum IE% of 80.59% (PAPE) at 1.0g/l recorded. Generally, IE% increases with the concentration of the extract. The decrease in the corrosion rate is caused by the intensified obstructive mechanism in the coupon surfaces instigated by the pod extract's adsorption. Hence, the extract from Prosopis Africana Pod is equally suitable as a green inhibitor for corrosion.Item Potential of Cow Horn for Carbonitriding Treatment of Steel(Springer, 2018-01-29) Ahmed, Ismaila Idowu; Mohammed, Aminat T.; Abdulkareem, Sulaiman; Yahaya, Taiwo; Ambali, I. O.; Bamidele, L. B.; Adebisi, Jeleel AdekunleThe potential of carbonitriding treatment of steel with cow horn was investigated in line with abattoir waste to wealth approach of waste management. The objectives of the study included processing of cow horn into different morphologies namely: powder and flakes for carbonitriding heat treatment, and, chemical analyses of cow horn with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques to determine the chemical composition and phases of cow horn respectively. The heat treatment was carried out at 850 and 450 °C for carburizing and nitriding dominated processes respectively. Vickers hardness measurement was carried out to determine the hardness profile on carbonitrided samples. Optical metallography was carried out for microstructural examination and to investigate phase contrast between the case and core of carbonitrided sample. The result of hardness test observed is consistent with the case hardening profile with higher hardness value at near surface decreasing towards core. Sample heat treated with horn flakes showed higher hardness than those with horn powder. Microstructural phase contrast showed delineation of the hardened case and soft inner core. The high hardness of case was attributed to diffusion of carbon and nitrogen atoms from the cow horn to iron interstices. This supposition was corroborated by detection of carbon and nitrogen with EDS and XRD tests. It was therefore concluded that cow horn could be processed as candidate materials for carbonitriding of steel.Item Potential of Cow Horn for Carbonitriding Treatment of Steel(Springer, 2018) Ahmed, I. I.; Mohammed, A. T.; Abdulkareem, S.; Yahaya, .; Ambali, I. O.; Bayode, B. L.; Adebisi, J. A.The potential of carbonitriding treatment of steel with cow horn was investigated in line with abattoir waste to wealth approach of waste management. The objectives of the study included processing of cow horn into different morphologies namely: powder and flakes for carbonitriding heat treatment, and, chemical analyses of cow horn with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques to determine the chemical composition and phases of cow horn respectively. The heat treatment was carried out at 850 and 450 °C for carburizing and nitriding dominated processes respectively. Vickers hardness measurement was carried out to determine the hardness profile on carbonitrided samples. Optical metallography was carried out for microstructural examination and to investigate phase contrast between the case and core of carbonitrided sample. The result of hardness test observed is consistent with the case hardening profile with higher hardness value at near surface decreasing towards core. Sample heat treated with horn flakes showed higher hardness than those with horn powder. Microstructural phase contrast showed delineation of the hardened case and soft inner core. The high hardness of case was attributed to diffusion of carbon and nitrogen atoms from the cow horn to iron interstices. This supposition was corroborated by detection of carbon and nitrogen with EDS and XRD tests. It was therefore concluded that cow horn could be processed as candidate materials for carbonitriding of steel.Item Production and Characterization of Asbestos Free Brake Pads From Kenaf Fiber Composite(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria., 2020) Elakhame, Z. U.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Jimoh, S. O.; Bankole, L. K.; Ambali, I. O.Brake pads are the most important t components of an automobile braking system majorly for deceleration of vehicles by transforming the kinetic energy of the vehicle to heat energy. The performance of a brake pad depends on the frictional material that is used in its formulation. Carcinogenic nature of asbestos fibers in brake pad which is dangerous to human health makes its use no longer acceptable, and this has led to development of new asbestos-free friction materials for brake pads. This study focused on the production of brake pads using kenaf fiber composite that are eco-friendly following the powder metallurgy methods. The properties of the produced brake pads, such as comprehensive strength, wear rate, water absorption and flame resistance were tested to ascertain its suitability. The results from the tests confirm that the produced brake pads compared favorably with commercial brake padItem Production of Abrasive Sandpaper Using Periwinkle Shell and Crab Shell(Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 2020) Ambali, I. O.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Abdulqadir, L. B.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Aremu, I. N.; Ibrahim, T. O.In this study, the properties of periwinkle shell and crab shell grains, such as hardness, compressive strength and wear resistancewere examinedfor their suitability as abrasive materials. The binding effect of polyester resin at high concentrationwas also considered. Through the processof crushing, grinding and subsequently sieving using ASTM E11 set of sieves, the shells were processedinto grit standards grain sizes of P40 and P60. Furthermore, by mixing and mould compression using a hydraulic press polymer matrix composite with particles varying from 96 wt.% to 92 wt.% and resin 3 wt.% to 7 wt.% with 1 wt.% each of cobalt naphthalene and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardenerrespectively were developedfrom the grits. It was found that, with an increase in polyester resin content, thehardness and compressive strength increased, while the wear rate decreased. The composition with 92 wt.% periwinkle shell grains to 7 wt.% polyester resin was found to be with the most improved abrasive properties.