Browsing by Author "Aiyelero, O.M."

Now showing 1 - 8 of 8
  • Item
    Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Lannea acida (A.Rich) in Laboratory Animals.
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin., 2022) Aiyelero, O.M.; Olumoh-Abdul, H.A; Ojuade, F.I.; Yaro, A.H.; Muhammad, Z.
    Lannea acida is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of a wide range of ailments including haemorrhoid. In the present study, the phytochemical constituents present in the methanol stem bark extract of Lannea acida were determined using standard protocol. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract were evaluated. Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced tests in mice were used to evaluate the analgesic activity, while Egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity. Median lethal dose of the extract was estimated using Lorke’s method. For each of the tests, thirty animals were divided into five groups of six mice each. Groups I – V received normal saline (10 ml/kg), Lannea acida extract (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg i.p.), and piroxicam (20 mg/kg) for acetic acid induced writhes/egg albumin-induced paw edema and pentazocine (20 mg/kg) for hot plate induced pain tests respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The intraperitoneal LD50 value in mice was estimated to be 282.8mg/kg. The extract significantly (P<0.05) inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and also produced more than 70% inhibition at all tested doses after 1 hour against thermal-induced pain in mice. The extract at all tested doses afforded 64% inhibition of paw edema at the end of the 4th hour. The result obtained lends the credence to the ethnomedical use of the plant in the management of haemorrhoids.
  • Item
    Anti-amnesic effect of ethanol stem bark extract and fractions of Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) in mice.
    (University of Dschang, Cameroon, 2020) Akinpelu, L.A.; Adebayo, M.A.; Aiyelero, O.M.; Alamojin, R.T.; Mbara, C.J.; Ogunwade, I.A.
    Background: Amnesia is associated with normal aging and neuropsychiatric disorders with no known medical cure. Medicinal plants used in traditional medicines to combat neuropsychiatric disorders may be a veritable vehicle towards providing the appropriate drug candidate(s). Methods: Hence, this study assessed the anti-amnesic potential of Milicia excelsa stem bark upon its widespread use in traditional medicine for treating mental illnesses. The anti-amnesic potentials of ethanol stem bark extract and fractions were investigated using mouse models of scopolamine-, and diazepam-induced amnesia on Y-maze. Results: The result obtained showed that the crude ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions at all the doses used (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p<0.05) reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. The n-hexane at 300 mg/kg and aqueous fraction at 75 and 150 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) ameliorated the amnesia induced by scopolamine in scopolamine-induced amnesia. Conclusion: This study, therefore, concludes that the extract and its fractions may possess anti-amnesic effect. However, further studies may be carried out to isolate and characterize the anti-amnesic bioactive principle(s) in ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions that showed consistent anti-amnesic potentials in the scopolamine-, and diazepam-induced amnesic models used. The in-vivo antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase assays of these active fractions should also be carried out to corroborate the observed anti-amnesic effect.
  • Item
    Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Aqueous Leaf Extract and n-Butanol Fraction of Croton zambesicus Muell Arg.
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin., 2022) Ayanniyi, R.O.; Ojuade, F.I.; Olumoh-Abdul, H.A.; Aiyelero, O.M.; Fabunmi, O.A.
    Croton zambesicus Muell Arg. (Euphorbiaceace) is a plant indigenous to West Africa and has been found to be useful in management of chronic diseases including; hypertension diabetes mellitus and gastric ulcer. These diseases are deeply rooted in inflammation, the WHO has advocated for evaluation of herbal medicines with ameliorative potentials to promote the use of effective ones and discourage the use of toxic ethno medicines. Hence, the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract and n-butanol fraction of Croton zambesicus were evaluated. The total phenolics and flavonoids, vitamin A, C and E content were determined using spectrophotometric analysis. Inflammation was achieved using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in rats. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 0.392 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 0.149 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. The vitamin A, C and E concentration were found to be 0.13, 5.9 and 0.02 mg in 100 g of dried plant material, respectively. Administration of carrageenan significantly (p˂0.05) increased the hind paw sizes of the animals and the administration of both extracts significantly (p˂0.05) reduced hind paw edema in a non-dose dependent manner. At 180 minutes after the induction of inflammation, aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) and n-butanol fraction (5 mg/kg) of Croton zambesicus showed 70.53% and 57.89% inhibition of the hind paw edema. The result is comparable to the effect of diclofenac at 180 minutes with 73.68% inhibition. Results from this study shows the aqueous leaf extract of Croton zambesicus and n-butanol fraction has anti inflammatory activity. This may be attributed to the presence of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds present in the leaf extract.
  • Item
    Evaluation of Direct Medical Cost for HIV/AIDS Management in Iran.
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin., 2022) Giwa, H.B.; Giwa, A.; Davari, M.; Jamiu, M.O.; Seyed, A.S.A.; Mohraz, M.; Aiyelero, O.M.
    Background: Although Iran has a low prevalence of HIV/AIDS, government budgets and developmental assistance in the management of the disease have reduced over the years. Accurate knowledge of direct medical costs is key to developing and prioritizing healthcare policies and interventions, as well as allocating healthcare resources within budget constraints, to achieve policy efficiency. Objective: To evaluate direct medical costs for the management of HIV/AIDS Patients in Iran. Method: A one-year retrospective review of 2000 case notes of HIV/AIDS patients of Imam Khomeini Hospital Tehran (Iranian Research Centre for HIV/AIDS) out of which 322 were selected as the sample size for both Pre-ART and ART patients between January and December 2019. Subsequently, systematic sampling was done, with sampling interval offive . Prevalence rate method is used to determine direct medical costs. Results: Annual cost for management of 322 Pre-ART and 322 ART patients was found to be $191,718 with components of $ 141,492.58 (74%), $48,582.77(25%) and $1,612.92(1%) representing the cost of medications, diagnostic tests and personnel respectively. The main cost driver was found to be medications. The annual cost per prevalent case for HIV/AIDS for Iran was found to be $599.25, with $129.25 representing cost for pre - ART care and $470 for ART care. Conclusion Annual cost per prevalent case of HIV/AIDS was 55% of annual expenditure per capita. This is quite enormous considering other diseases of high burden. The annual National cost for Iran is $ 4.9 Million.
  • Item
    Evaluation of Diuretic activity of Methanol Leaf Extract of Clerodendrum volubile
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka., 2022) Aiyelero, O.M.; Ojuade, F.I.; Abdul-Olumoh, H.A; Ibegbunan, C.O.; Ayanniyi, R.O.
    Clerodendrum volubile is used for the local management of fluid retention or edema. This present study aimed to evaluate the diuretic activity of the methanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum volubile, (MCV) family - Labiatae on experimental animals at 200-800 mg/kg body weight respectively. The animals were observed for different indicators of diuresis such as volume, electrolyte concentration, and pH of urine for 5 hours using standard methods. Methanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum volubile (MCV) induced diuresis and produced a non-significant increase (p<0.05) in urine output when compared to the negative control group. The 200 mg/kg dose of MCV produced the highest volume. In addition, the extract produced non-significant increase in the saliuretic and natriuretic activity when compared with furosemide 10 mg/kg. MCV may still be considered to have favorable natriuretic effects since the computed values were above 2.0 which is the benchmark for natriuretic effects. From this study, it can be inferred that MCV may have diuretic activity thus justifying its ethnomedicinal use in the management of fluid over load.
  • Item
    EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS (LOGANIACEAE) IN MICE
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka., 2023) Aiyelero, O.M.; Salahudeen, M.A.; Salawu, K.M.; Ojuade, F.I.; Njinga, N.S; Ayanniyi, R.O.
    Anthocleista djalonensis (Loganiaceae) is used traditionally for the treatment of convulsions, hypertension, stomach pains, hemorrhoids, syphilis, diabetes, and other conditions. The objective of this work was to access the phytochemicals (using standard methods) and anticonvulsant potential (using adult Swiss albino mice) of the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis (EEAD). The acute toxicity profile of EEAD was investigated following standard guidelines established by the OECD 423. The study examined the anticonvulsant activity of EEAD at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg in pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizure tests. The phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out and revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids. When given orally to mice, the extract's median lethal dose (LD50) was more than 2000 mg/kg. Despite the fact that there was no significant difference between the control and 200 mg/kg doses, the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis showed a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent increase in the start of clonic and tonic seizures.. The 800 mg/kg dose of the extract produced an almost similar effect as standard drug (diazepam) in stopping the occurrence of clonic and tonic seizure. Also, the higher the dose of EEAD, the higher its protection of the mice against mortality in both strychnine and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure models as 800 mg/kg dose produced complete protection against mortality similar to diazepam. These findings suggest that EEAD possess anticonvulsant activity which justifies the traditional utility of the plant in the management of convulsion.
  • Item
    Mood disorders and their management in a Nigerian Tertiary Health Institution.
    (Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria., 2010) Aiyelero, O.M.; Kwanashie, H.O.; Sheikh, T.L.; Hussaini, I.M.
    ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the management of mood disorders at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) with a view to suggesting improvements. The method employed was retrospective and utilized patients hospital records for a period of one year, using structured data forms. All patients diagnosed of mood disorders (n- 145) were included in study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11. The results showed that patients were managed with pharmacotherapy alone in 35.2% of cases, or with a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Drugs employed mainly were antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine (73.8%%) and trifluoperazine (52.4%); antidepressants like tricyclics- amitripty line (63.4%); sedative-hypnoties which were mainly diazepam (49.7%) and nitrazepam (45.5%). Other drugs included anticonvulsants as mood stabilizers e.g. carbamazepine (35.2%); and benzhexol (83.4%). Most patients (74.5%) experienced side effects to the drugs, such as weakness, headaches and excessive sleep which were managed by reduction in dosage /frequency of administration, discontinuation of the implicated drugs and use of adjunct to treat side effects. Electroconvulsive therapy was the principal form of non-pharmacological management employed, others being counseling, psychotherapy, traditional medicine and religion. Pharmacoeconomic analysis showed the average cost of drugs per patient per annum to be NI5,772.27 and NI8,136.04 for psychiatry and total drugs (i.e. both psychiatry and non-psychiatry drugs) respectively; which was considered high given the unemployment status of most patients (60.7%). Mood disorders at ABUTH were still being managed by the traditional drugs, mainly typical antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants rather than the newer more effective, but expensive drugs like lamotrigine and venlafaxine. It is suggested that concerted efforts to subsidize treatment (including use of newer drugs), be made e.g. via increased enrolment into the National Health Insurance Scheme.
  • Item
    Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of the fruit and seed extract of Phoenix dactylifera linn and evaluation of its toxicological profile in albino rats
    (The West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacist., 2023) Abdul-Olumoh, H.A.; Ayanniyi, R.O.; Njinga, N.S; Ojuade, F.I.; Aiyelero, O.M.; Kuranga, R.A.
    Background: Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) is a common plant with various known benefits. The plant's health benefits have been associated with its high antioxidant profile. Objectives: To conduct phytochemical, antioxidant, metal and vitamin analysis, and evaluate the hematological and biochemical effects of the fruit and seed extracts of Phoenix dactylifera. Methods: Evaluation of Phoenix dactylifera for phytochemicals was conducted using standard methods. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and various in vitro antioxidant activities (DPPH FRAP) was carried out using colorimetric methods. Results: Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and tannins in both extract. The antioxidant activity was also found to be 83.86 to 88.43% for seeds and 63.49 to 85.06% for fruit. The fruit and seed extracts contained Vit A (0.52/0.46 IU/100g), C (16.26/0.79 mg/100g), and (45.63/49.87 mg/100g). Metal analysis indicated the presence of Mg, Zn, Ca, Cu, I and K with the seeds having higher concentration of the metals than the fruits. Serum biochemical analysis indicated no deleterious effects on vital organs, no significant changes observed in the levels of ALT, AST, albumin, bilirubin and total protein. The histopathological findings in the kidney and of rats treated with the extract were found to be normal Hematological parameters showed no significant difference from control but MPV and MCV concentration were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in animals treated with 100 mg/kg of the methanol seed extract. The body weights increased in a dose-dependent manner in rats treated with fruits extract. Conversely, a decrease in body weight was observed in those treated with seed extract. Conclusion: The seed and fruit extract of Phoenix dactylifera did not produce any toxic effect in the rats.