Browsing by Author "Abdullahi, S.T."
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Item CHARACTERIZATION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF A HERBAL PREPARATION(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019-03) Njinga, Stanislus Ngaitad; Bakare-Odunola, M.T; Mustapha, K.B; Yahaya, T; Shittu, Abiodun; Bello, Ronke Hadiyyah; Abdullahi, S.T.; Usman, S.O.; Ayanniyi, Rashidat Oluwafunke; Olufadi-Ahmed, HaishatHerbal product (HP) (from Ricinus communis and honey) is used locally for the management of inflammatory and inflammation related disorders including asthma. The current study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chemical profile, elemental components, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the HP used for treatment of asthma. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteus reagent and AlCl3 colorimetric method respectively. The chemo-profiling was done using TLC. Elemental analysis was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Albumin-induced paw oedema model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity while agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the HP at different concentrations. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 10.00 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 336.60 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. The chemo-profiling showed one spot at 254 nm but none at 366 nm. AAS indicated the presence of K, Ca, Fe, Na, Zn, Cu and Pb (Cu and Pb were within WHO acceptable limit). The 100 % concentration produced sudden but transient significant reduction in oedema size at 30 minutes. However, at 60 minutes the effect produced at 25 % was comparable to that of Ibuprofen at 20 mg/kg body weight. At 100% concentration HP all the organisms tested were sensitive except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The presence of flavonoids may justify the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities thus validating its use in local treatment of AsthmaItem Characterization, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potentials of a herbal preparation.(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria., 2019) Njinga, N.S.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Mustapha, K.B.; Yahaya, T.; Shittu, A.O.; Bello, H. R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Usman, S.O.; Ayanniyi, R.O.; Olufadi-Ahmed, H.Y.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.Item Characterization, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potentials of herbal preparation(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, A.B.U Zaria, 2019) Njinga N.S.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Mustapha, K.B.; Yahaya, T.; Shittu A.O.; Bello, H.R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Usman, S.O.; Ayanniyi, R.O.; Olufadi-Ahmed, H.Y.Herbal product (HP) (from Ricinus communis and honey) is used locally for the management of inflammatory and inflammation related disorders including asthma. The current study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chemical profile, elemental components, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the HP used for treatment of asthma. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteus reagent and AlCl3 colorimetric method respectively. The chemo-profiling was done using TLC. Elemental analysis was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Albumin-induced paw oedema model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity while agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the HP at different concentrations. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 10.00 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 336.60 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. The chemo-profiling showed one spot at 254 nm but none at 366 nm. AAS indicated the presence of K, Ca, Fe, Na, Zn, Cu and Pb (Cu and Pb were within WHO acceptable limit). The 100 % concentration produced sudden but transient significant reduction in oedema size at 30 minutes. However, at 60 minutes the effect produced at 25 % was comparable to that of Ibuprofen at 20 mg/kg body weight. At 100% concentration HP all the organisms tested were sensitive except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The presence of flavonoids may justify the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities thus validating its use in local treatment of AsthmaItem Chemical Equivalence of some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Shittu, A.O.The occurrence of fake and substandard medicines has become a global issue that draws the attention of all key players in the sector in all nations of the World. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of metronidazole tablets in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for therapeutic purpose. Five (5) brands of 200mg metronidazole tablet, marketed in Sagamu community Pharmacies were randomly selected and subjected to physicochemical studies which include uniformity of weight, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration rate, and chemical equivalence study using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to official procedures in British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). All brands except brand D and E passed the weight uniformity test. The friability test was passed by all the brands except brand E according to B.P specification which states that the loss in weight should be less than 1% also all brands except brand B showed satisfactory crushing strength. Also, the disintegration rate of the brands was satisfactory according to the B.P. specification as all the brands disintegrated within 30 minutes. The results of high performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of brands A,B,C,D, and E to be 97.44% w/w, 130.9% w/w, 111.56% w/w, 98.52% w/w, 96.02% w/w respectively. The British Phamacopoeia specification for percentage composition of metronidazole is in the range of 90-105%. Therefore brand A, D and E passed the test while brand B and C did not pass the test. The results showed that only brand A passed all the analytical procedures and therefore fit or safe for human consumption.Item Chemical Equivalence of Some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Shittu, A.O.Item Chemical equivalence of some brands of metronidazole tablets marketed in Sagamu community.(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development and Practice. published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin., 2018) Kasim, L.S.; Oyefule, M.O.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Njinga, N.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; & Shittu, A.O.The occurrence of fake and substandard medicines has become a global issue that draws the attention of all key players in the sector in all nations of the World. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of metronidazole tablets in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for therapeutic purpose. Five (5) brands of 200mg metronidazole tablet, marketed in Sagamu community Pharmacies were randomly selected and subjected to physicochemical studies which include uniformity of weight, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration rate, and chemical equivalence study using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to official procedures in British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). All brands except brand D and E passed the weight uniformity test. The friability test was passed by all the brands except brand E according to B.P specification which states that the loss in weight should be less than 1% also all brands except brand B showed satisfactory crushing strength. Also, the disintegration rate of the brands was satisfactory according to the B.P. specification as all the brands disintegrated within 30 minutes. The results of high performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of brands A,B,C,D, and E to be 97.44% w/w, 130.9% w/w, 111.56% w/w, 98.52% w/w, 96.02% w/w respectively. The British Phamacopoeia specification for percentage composition of metronidazole is in the range of 90-105%. Therefore brand A, D and E passed the test while brand B and C did not pass the test. The results showed that only brand A passed all the analytical procedures and therefore fit or safe for human consumption.Item Comparative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of the stem and seed of Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. (Curcurbitaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2016) Njinga, N.S.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Okonkwo, J.A.; Oladimeji, O.H.This research analyzed and compares the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the different fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol) of the seed and stem extracts of T. occidentalis. Phytochemical studies were done using standard methods and spectrophotometric techniques. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effects. The phytochemistry of the seed fractions showed the presence of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids while that of the stem extract showed the presence of reducing sugars, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids. Only the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the stem contain flavonoid and phenols while the other seed did not contain any flavonoid and phenols. The petroleum ether and chloroform fractions of the seed contain more alkaloid than the stem. The difference was statistically significant at p<0.05. Also, only the ethyl acetate and acetone fractions of the stem contains alkaloid while those of the seed did not. The antioxidant activity of the seed fractions (0.5 mg) was found to range from 40.5 to 76.75 % scavenging activity for all the fractions while only the chloroform and ethyl acetate of the stem showed scavenging activity of 69.27 and 76.75 % respectively. The phytochemicals have been reported to be responsible for the pharmacological effect of most medicinal plants. Compounds from the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the stem may be potent leads for potential antioxidant.Item Comparative study on the antimicrobial activity of partitioned fractions of the stem-bark of Ceiba pentandra (bombacaceae)(Nitte University, 2015) Njinga, N.S.; Sule, M.I.; Pateh, U.U.; Hassan, H.S.; Ache, R.N.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Danja, B.A.Due to the emergence of more and more drug resistance bacteria and the reported antibacterial activity of Ceiba pentandra, the antimicrobial activity of the partitioned ethyl-acetate and n-butanol fractions of the stem-bark of this plant were carried out on the following clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pyrogenes; corynebacterium ulcereans; Escherichia coli; Salmonella typhi; Shigella dysenterea; Enterococcus aerogenes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; klebsiella pneumonia and the fungi Trichophytom rubrum, Microsporum sp., Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger . Agar diffusion and broth delusion methods were used in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction showedwide spectrumantibacteria activity (with zones of inhibition between 27mmand 37mm)while the n-butanol extract showed activity only against the gram negative bacteria (zones of inhibition between 20mmand 21mm). The MIC ranged from0.65 to 2.5mg/ml and 2.5 to 5mg/ml andMBC ranged from2.5mg/ml and 5 – 10mg/ml for the ethylacetate and n-butanol respectively. Both fractions showed no activity against the fungi used in this study. The preliminary phytochemistry of the ethyl acetate showed the presence of only flavonoid and thismay explain the activity against all the bacteria. The n-butanol showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycoside and the absence of flavonoid and alkaloids. This study justifies the use of this plant in herbalmedicine.Item Determination of cadmium content of water in Ahmadu Bello University Main Campus, Zaria, Nigeria.(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria., 2013) Abdullahi, S.T.; Yakasai, I.A.; Garba, M.; Musa, A.; Yakubu, S.I.Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic element that is released into the environment from diffuse sources. Contamination of drinking water may occur as a result of the presence of Cd as an impurity in the zinc of galvanized pipes or Cd-containing solders in fittings, water heaters, water coolers and taps or from contaminated raw water sources. In this study, eleven different water samples coded A – L from Ahmadu Bello University main campus Zaria were randomly collected, digested with concentrated nitric acid and analyzed for Cd using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result indicated that the mean concentration of Cd ranged from 0.0864 mg/L to 0.1690 mg/L. The mean concentration of Cd in all the eleven samples were significantly higher than the World Health Organization guideline of 0.0030 mg/L (P<0.05). the Pair-wise correlation studies revealed weak positive relationship (+0.276) between the pH of the drinking water samples and the concentration of Cd. Thus, the batch of water samples analyzed may be hazardous to the health of the University community.Item Determination of lead in potable water of Ahmadu Bello University Main Campus, Zaria, Nigeria.(Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics. Published by Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano., 2014) Abdullahi, S.T.; Yakasai, I.A.; Garba, M.; Musa, A.; Yakubu, S.I.Lead is one of the most ubiquitous toxic metals of concern in urban water supply systems. It is widely distributed and mobilized in the environment. Human exposure to and uptake of this non-essential element has consequently increased. In this study, five drinking water samples from eleven different locations (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L) and five packaged water samples from Ahmadu Bello University Main Campus, Zaria were randomly collected, digested with concentrated nitric acid using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists nitric acid digestion method and analyzed for lead using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the mean concentration of lead ranged from 0.0490 ± 0.0133 mg/L to 0.1141 ± 0.0189 mg/L with areas coded D and K having significantly higher concentrations (P<0.05). the mean concentration of lead in all the eleven locations and packaged water were significantly higher than the World Health Organization guidelines of 0.01 mg/L (P<0.05). Consequently, the potable water of Ahmadu Bello Main campus Zaria may pose a threat to the health of the University community.Item Effects of UV, Red and Sun Light on the Stability of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity in the Rhizomes of Zingiber Officinale(Zingiberacea)(Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 2020) Njinga, N.S.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Abdulmajeed, F.F.; Bello, H.R.; Adediran, J.O.; Muhammad, Z.T.; Egharevba, G.O.; Shittu, A.O.; Attah, F.A.U.Item Isolation and Antimicrobial Activity of β-Sitosterol-3-OGlucoside from Lannea Kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiacea)(Nitte University, 2016) Njinga, N.S.; Sule, M.I.; Pateh, U.U.; Hassan, H.S.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Ache, R.N.The emergence of more and more drug resistance bacteria has led to the study of the antimicrobial activity of the compound isolated from Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiacea) since the active principles of many drugs found in plants are secondary metabolites.Acompoundwas isolated using dry vacuumliquid chromatography and elutingwith CHCl -EtOAc andmonitored using TLC. 3 1 13 The glycoside was characterized using H NMR and C NMR spectra recorded in DMSO-d6 at 400 MHz and 125 MHz, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the compoundwas determined using agar diffusionmethod. Theminimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/minimum fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) was determined using broth dilution method. The compound isolatedwas found to be β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside. The β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (200μg/ml)was active against S. aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, B. subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 24mm to 34mmand inactive against P. aeroginosa and Proteus vulgaris. Itwas also active against the fungi C. albicans and C. tropicalis but inactive against C. krusei. The MIC ranged from25 to 50 μg/ml while the MBC/MFC ranged from50 to 200 μg/ml. These results show the wide spectrumantimicrobial activity of β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside.Item Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of lannea kerstingii engl & k. Krause (anacadiaceae)(Nitte University, 2014) Njinga, N.S.; Sule, M.I.; Hassan, H.S.; Ahmad, M.M.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Danja, B.A.; Bawa, BThe phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the petroleum ether and crude methanol extracts, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves of Lannea kerstingii were investigated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroids and triterpenes in the petroleum ether extract, steroid, triterpene, flavonoids and tannins in both crude methanol extract and chloroform fraction while the ethyl acetate fraction contained only flavonoids and tannins. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 17.00 to 21.03, 20.10 to 25.24, 25.32 to 34.02 and 22.28 to 27.20 mm for petroleum ether extract, methanol extract, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was between 5 and 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml for the petroleum ether and methanol extract respectively, and between 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, 5mg/ml for the acetate fractions. The minimum bactericidal concentration for all the extracts was 40mg/ml respectively except for chloroform fraction which ranged from 20 to 40mg/ml. The minimum fungicidal concentration for all the extracts was found to be 40mg/ml respectively. This result indicates the broad spectrum antimicrobial potential of L. Kerstingii and justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine.Item Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of lannea kerstingii engl & k .Krause (anacadiaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Njinga, N.S.; Sule, M.I.; Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Amali, M.O.; Bolaji, A.R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Atunwa, S.A.; Hassan, H.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, antibacterial, acute toxicity and anti-convulsant activity. Standard method was used to determine the phytochemistry while the antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. The ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of the stem bark was found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. The LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem-bark of L. kerstingii afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. Thus, justifying the use of this plant in treating convulsion.Item Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl & k. Krause (anacadiaceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources.(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Njinga, Ngaitad; Sule, M.I.; Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Amali, M.O.; Bolaji, A.R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Atunwa, S.A.; Hassan, H.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.Item Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol and Aqueous Stem Extracts of Pseudocedrela kotschyi(Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 2022) Shittu, A.O.; Njinga, N.S.; Aliyu, A.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Bello, K.M.; Olokede, V.J.Introduction: Secondary plant metabolites found in medicinal plants have been known to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms including orodental, respiratory and urinary pathogens. Aim: The aim of this research was to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol stem extracts of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Pk), a plant of use in folklore medicine, against dental and other community acquired infections caused by pathogens, so as to validate some of its therapeutic claims. Methodology: The plant metabolites were extracted (cold maceration method) using distilled water and 70 % ethanol for aqueous and ethanol extract respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts to determine various secondary metabolites. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent and colorimetric aluminium chloride method respectively. The antimicrobial activity was investigated using agar well diffusion method. The antioxidant activity was assayed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl¬hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: Both the aqueous and ethanol extract were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, phenols and tannins. The flavonoid and phenolic contents in both aqueous and ethanol stem extracts of Pk was found to be 0.099 ± 0.01 and 0.399±0.0 mg/mL quercetin equivalent and 0.48±0.00 and 1.38±0.01mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. The zones of inhibition were found to be from 3-20mm and 4-18mm for the ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The standards cultures were highly susceptible to the two extracts while the clinical isolates were mostly resistant. The DPPH and percentage ABTS•+ scavenging activity was found to be highest at 0.0312 and 0.0625 mg/mL, 0.5 and 0.25 mg/mL for the aqueous and ethanol extract respectively. The percentage FRAP activity was highest at 0.50 mg/mL for both extracts. Conclusion: This research confirms the presence of phytochemicals responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against orodental, respiratory and urinary pathogens. It was found that ethanol extract of Pk inhibited 80% of the pure isolates of bacterial strains under investigation while the aqueous extract inhibited less than 70% of the same organisms.Item Phytochemical, elemental, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic studies of a mixed herbal product used for the management of diabetics(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Bakare-Odunola, M.T.; Njinga, N.S.; Ayaniyi, R.O.; Bello, M.K.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Abdulmajeed, F.F.; Bello, H.R.Medicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg−1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 105and 9.0 x 104 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes.Item Potency evaluation of expired morphine sulphate injections.(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria., 2021) Abdullahi, S.T.; Yusuf, A.; Njinga, N.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Bamidele, O.D.; Amali, M.O.; Ayanniyi, R.O.; Bakare-Odunola, M.T.Expired drugs have not necessarily lost their potency and efficacy as expiration dates are only assurances that the labeled potency will last at least until that time. Clinical situations may arise in which expired medicines might be considered owing to lack of viable alternatives or financial concerns. Moreover, limited studies have reported potency of pharmaceuticals beyond their labeled expiration dates. This study determined the potencies of expired morphine sulphate (10 mg and 15 mg) injections using British Pharmaceutical Codex specific absorptivity [E (1%, 1 cm)] values of 41 [at wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) of 285 nm] in water and 70 [at λmax of 298 nm] in 0.1N NaOH and compared with that of unexpired morphine hydrochloride (10 mg) injection. With the exception of expired morphine 15 mg injection, both the unexpired and expired 10 mg injections exceeded the United State Pharmaceutical Codex maximum acceptance limit of 110.0% (acceptance criteria of 90.0% – 110.0%). Although the percent contents of expired morphine 15 mg injections were significantly different from those of unexpired morphine 10 mg injections [mean percent content difference (95% confidence interval): 13.98% (11.05, 16.92) using water and 13.02% (8.95, 17.08) using 0.1N NaOH], expired morphine 10 mg injections were not significantly different from the unexpired morphine 10 mg injections [2.68% (-0.56, 5.92) using water and 7.33% (-3.40, 18.06) using 0.1N NaOH as assay solvents]. This study corroborates a previous report and indicates that expired morphine injections, if properly stored, can be extended past their expiration dates. While it is always best to use unexpired medication, expired morphine injections could be considered when it becomes the sole available option.Item Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry(University of Ilorin Press, 2022) Bakare-Odunola, T.M.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Njinga, N.S.; Mustapha, K.B.This Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry book deals with all areas of Pharmaceutical Chemistry in a well simplified manner. Some important features of the book include theoretical background of each experimental procedure and steps to be taken in the preparation of reagents. The book is divided into seven parts namely: General Introduction, Volumetric Analysis, Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Instrumental methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control. Part I focuses on basic experimental techniques. It acquaints the students with laboratory precautions, identification and care of laboratory glassware. Part II looks at weighing and calibration of volumetric apparatus, melting point determination and purification of organic solid samples by recrystallization and simple synthesis leading to preparation of some salts as well as determination alkalinity and total solids in water. Part III focuses on pharmaceutical qualitative inorganic chemistry with preliminary tests and systematic analysis of basic cations and acidic anions as well as their applications in medical practice. Part IV presents pharmaceutical analytical chemistry using chemical methods of analysis. Part V is on pharmaceutical organic chemistry. Part VI is on instrumental methods of analysis. Part VII which is the last part deals with pharmaceutical quality control which involves identification and assay of some selected drug formulations based on official methods. The book is written in a simple and concise form to enable the students have a better understanding. It also allows choice of experiment depending on availability of reagents. The book is recommended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Pharmacy, Chemistry and Biochemistry programmes.Item Quality Assessment of different Brands of Diclofenac Tablets Marketed in Ilorin metropolis: a Pharmaceutical and Health Perspective(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, 2020) Abdullahi, S.T.; Olanipekun, O.C.; Njinga, N.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.; Bamidele, O.D.; Bakare-Odunnola, M.T.; Shittu, A.O.; Soyinka, J.O.Background: The quality of a medicinal product is an important factor for its safety and efficacy. Poor-quality medicines are a major impediment to improvements in public health. This study assessed the pharmaceutical quality of different brands of diclofenac (DCF) tablets in Ilorin metropolis. Methods: Four randomly selected brands of diclofenac potassium tablets (coded: DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D) were obtained from pharmaceutical outlets, and quality parameters were evaluated according to Pharmacopeial methods. The potency of tablets was determined spectrophotometrically based on the measurement of maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 276 nm in doubly distilled water. Results: Method validation according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines showed acceptable sensitivity (limit of detection of 0.3886 pg/mL and limit of quantification of 1.1775 pg/mL), precision (% relative standard deviation range of 0.72 — 1.54), accuracy (% recovery range of 98.9— 101.3). Average contents of active diclofenac were 45, 98, 103 and 105% for DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D respectively. DCF-A brand was not only substandard but falsified based on British Pharmacopoeia potency specification range of 95 — 105%. Conclusion: A substandard and falsified brand of diclofenac tablets was detected. Drug regulatory authority must ensure periodic post-registration surveillance of licensed pharmaceutical products marketed in the country to secure the health and safety of the populace.