Department Of Veterinary Microbiology

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    PHENOTYPIC AND GENOMIC CHARACTERISATION OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER SPECIES FROM CATTLE AND POULTRY IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
    (University Of Ilorin, 2024) AHMED, AKEEM OLAYIWOLA
    Campylobacter is a significant cause of gastroenteritis globally, with poultry and cattle as the primary sources of human infections. In Sub-Saharan Africa, campylobacteriosis is becoming a major cause of diarrhoea, especially those caused by antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains. However, in this region, there is limited understanding of the sources of human infections. Hence, this study aimed at characterising the thermophilic Campylobacter (TC) circulating among cattle and poultry in Kwara State (KWST). The objectives were to: (i) isolate and identify TC from cattle and poultry; (ii) determine the species of TC circulating among cattle and poultry; (iii) determine the phenotypic (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) and genotypic antimicrobial profiles of the isolates; (iv) evaluate the genetic diversity (clonal-complexes, CCs and sequence types, STs) of the TC; and (v) determine the virulence genes among the isolates. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey. Six local government areas (LGAs) were purposefully selected from KWST for the study. Six farms each of cattle and poultry were randomly selected from 62 cattle and 85 poultry farms registered in the LGAs. Nine hundred (300 cattle and 600 poultry) samples were randomly collected during the dry (N=450) and rainy (N=450) seasons. The samples were cultured using standard bacteriological procedures. The isolates were speciated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and subsequently tested for AMR using microbroth dilution method. A subset of the isolates were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq method. The data obtained were analyzed using OpenEpi v3.03 and Chi-square test was used with level of significance at α=0.05 The findings of the study were that: the isolation rate of TC from cattle and poultry in KWST was 10.7 % and the rate was significantly higher in poultry (13.3 %) than cattle (5.3 %) and in rainy (16.2 %) than dry season (5.1 %) (p=0.02); Campylobacter coli (cattle=50.0 %, poultry=62.5 %) was the major species detected and putative Campylobacter coli/Campylobacter jejuni-hybrid (PCc/Cj-H) was reported (cattle=6.3 %, poultry=5.0 %); the TC displayed varying resistance phenotypes with high MIC to ciprofloxacin (97.9 %), tetracycline (89.5 %), kanamycin (76.0 %) and ertapenem (54.2 %), a drug not used in veterinary practices. 87.8 % of them exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Most resistance genes/mutations (gyrA, tetO, aadE, aph(2”)-If blaOXA-193, 23S_A2075G) detected among the sequenced isolates were in concordance with AMR phenotypes except for 12 isolates with “silent genes” to kanamycin resistance; the TC revealed seven previously described and four novel STs. All the C. coli belong to CC-828 while 80 % of Campylobacter jejuni belong to CC-353; and virulence genes ranging from 72 to 76 were detected among the sequenced isolates. The study concluded that TC from cattle and poultry in KWST showed MDR resistance phenotypes and harboured multiple virulence, and resistance determinants. The study documented PCc/Cj-H for the first time in Africa. The study, therefore recommended that data generated to be used in developing strategies for control of campylobacteriosis in animals and humans. iv. Department of Veterinary Pathology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Pathology v. Department of Veterinary Parasitology & Entomology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Parasitology vi. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Pharmacology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Toxicology vii. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry M.Sc.; M.Phil./Ph.D.; Ph.D. Veterinary Physiology M.Sc.; M.Phil./Ph.D.; Ph.D. Veterinary Biochemistry viii. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine ix. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Small Animal Surgery M.Sc.; Ph.D. Large Animal Surgery M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Anaesthesiology M.Sc.; Ph.D. Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging x. Department of Theriogenology and Production M.Sc. Animal Health in Production M.Sc.; Ph.D. Theriogenology