Browsing by Author "Williams, F.E."
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Item A Preliminary Survey on Consumption of Moringa Products for Nutraceutical Benefits in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2013) Williams, F.E.; Animashaun, J.O.; Ibrahim, H.; Toye, A.AThe public's need for health and dietary adequacy has been the driving force for their use of Nutraceutical supplements. Moringa oleifera is one of the herbal plants promoted based on its acclaimed of its Nutraceutical benefits. However, awareness and adoption are critical issues in the utilization of any product/service. This preliminary survey was conducted to examine the consumption of moringa products for nutraceutical benefits in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. One hundred adult respondents were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Binary Logistic Regression and non-parametric correlation analyses were employed to achieve the study's objectives. The results indicated that a fairly high proportion of the respondents (48%) had used Moringa products for its claimed Nutraceutical benefits. Lack of awareness was a major barrier to the use of Moringa product: 87% of the non-users indicated lack of awareness as a reason for non-use. Educating non-users on its claimed Nutraceutical benefits led to 85% prospective adoption. However, given knowledge, the major determinant of reticence to its adoption was safety concerns, which is statistically significant (p<0.01). Hence, it is recommended that an awareness of the claimed Nutraceutical benefits of Moringa products should be increased since it could increase adoption with a consequent increase in market share. However, it is paramount that pre-clinical and clinical trials on Moringa products for claimed Nutraceutical benefits should be conducted to assure its safety and efficacy in the immediate and long term.Item Availability of Antiretroviral and Non-Antiretroviral Medicines in the Management of HIV/AIDS Patients in Public Hospitals in a North-Central State of Nigeria.(The West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria, 2017) Williams, F.E.; Awoyemi, A.O.; Parakoyi D.B.; Jolayemi, E.T.; Akande T.M.Background: Availability of antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) and non-antiretroviral medicines (NARVs) in the management of HIV/AIDS patients is a key determinant of the HIV progression and prognosis. Objective: This study examined the availability of medicines in the management of HIV/AIDS patients in public hospitals, Kwara State. Methods: It involved triangulation of research methods comprising a review of 780 prescriptions issued to eligible HIV/AIDS patients, observational checks of dispensed medicines to these patients, observational checks of key medicines in the Pharmacies of HIV Treatment Centers using a checklist and in-depth interviews of prescribers and dispensers who provided healthcare to these patients. The pilot study was conducted at Civil Service Hospital, Ilorin. Quantitative data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.00 while in-depth interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and developed into ethnographic summary. Results: Over 10% of prescribed medicines were out-of-stock of which 4.8% were antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) and 95.2% were non-antiretroviral medicines (NARVs). Analgesics, antimalarials and antimicrobials other than co-trimoxazole accounted for 13.1%, 13.5% and 28.7% of the out-of-stock respectively. The mean percentage score of available key medicine in the Pharmacies was 55.6%. Also, the prescribers and dispensers reported insufficient availability of ARVs and NARVs. Conclusion: Availability of ARVs and NARVs in HIV/AIDS patients' management in public hospitals, Kwara State did not meet up with the set goal of the Nigerian National Drug Policy. Measures to ensure adequate availability of ARVs and NARVs are recommended.Item Development of Value Added Tea Bags and Capsules of Artemisia Annua Anamed (A3) Whole Plant for Malaria Treatment(Faculty of Agriculture, Univeristy of Ilorin, 2016) Abolaji, G.T.; Olooto, F.M.; Williams, F.E.Malaria is one of the most serious diseases of global public health importance. Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) has been adopted as the first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Nigeria. However, ACTs are expensive; hence the need for production of Artemisia plants as a local alternative. Artemisia Annua Anamed (A-3) cultivar seeds were obtained from REAP in Kenya and propagated in Ilorin, Nigeria; based on the guidelines of Anamed International, REAP and WHO for growing, harvesting, and processing to value added products. Propagation to budding/harvesting took 4 months and fresh leaves were processed to dark green dried leaves which was developed to value added products of tea bags and powdered capsules following the Noble Icon NAFDAC approved procedures and equipment; and Now Food University in USA procedures and equipment respectively. Each tea bag of A-3 contained 2.5g of pulverized dried leaves while each capsule contained 500mg of powdered dried leaves based on Anamed International dosage recommendations. Several studies supported the use of artemisia annua tea and capsules for the treatment of malaria pointing out that flavonoids existing in the leaves and stem considerably enhance the interest of its tea preparation and powdered leave capsules that are usable for rectal administration. It is recommended that there is the need to train the rural community people who are already using herbal medicine; and unable to reach or afford costly pharmaceutical ACT in the growing and development of the dried A-3 leaves as herb tea for malaria prevention and treatment. There is also the need for further studies to determine the active contents in the developed herb tea and the powdered capsules in order to be able to use them for treating malaria.Item Global threat of counterfeit medicines(The General Studies Division, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2017) Williams, F.E.; Olurinola, P.F.Item Knowledge and Attitude towards TB-HIV co-infection among students of a tertiary institution in North-Central Nigeria(The Library and Publications committee, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2015) Williams, F.E.; Adesoye, A.A.; Jolayemi, E.T.; Parakoyi, D.B.; Awoyemi, A.O.; Dominic, O.L.; Kayode, O.O.Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (TB-HIV) co-infection poses a public health challenge to sustainable national development due to the burden of the disease. Lack of knowledge and poor attitude towards the disease especially in congregate setting, such as tertiary institutions contribute to its spread. The study examined the knowledge and attitude towards TB-HIV co-infection among students of Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin. It was a cross-sectional and non-interventional study using structured questionnaire tested for reliability (r = 0.99). Four hundred and five eligible students were interviewed using the questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 17.00 was used for data entry and analysis. The findings revealed a mean score of 53.4% for knowledge about TB-HIV co-infection. The knowledge about the reciprocal interaction between TB and HIV was 40.2% while knowledge for laboratory diagnosis being difficult was 28.2%. Furthermore, the mean score for attitude was 45%. Only 30.0% of the respondents felt that prospective marital relationship should not be broken if laboratory tests are positive for TB-HIV co-infection. Significant differences were found between the level of education of the students and their knowledge of the difficulty of laboratory diagnosis of TB-HIV co-infection (p<0.05); and between the level of education and their attitudes towards breaking prospective marital relationship if the partner is diagnosed with TB-HIV co-infection (P<0.05). This study recommended that health education on diseases of public health importance should be included in the curriculum for tertiary education.Item Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis (TB) among Students of Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin: Implication for Health Transformation for Sustainable African Development in Health, Science and Humanity Transformation for Sustainable African Development.(Kwara State University, Maleate, Nigeria, 2013) Williams, F.E.; Adesoye, A.A.; Jolayemi, E.T.; Parakoyi, D.B.; Awoyemi, A.O.; Dominic, O.L.; Kayode, O.O.; Nyamngee, A.Tuberculosis, a re-emerging disease, poses a challenge to health transformation for sustainable African development. More than one third of the world’s population is currently infected with the tubercle bacilli. In congregate settings such as tertiary institution campus, delay in diagnosis increases the potential for transmission. Knowledge of a community about TB can improve the attitude towards the disease with consequent better health seeking behaviour. This study examined the knowledge and attitude towards tuberculosis among students of Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional and non-interventional study using structured questionnaire tested for reliability giving a value of 0.99. Four hundred and five (405) eligible students were interviewed using the structured questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 17.00 was used for data entry and analysis. The findings revealed the mean score of 58.7% for knowledge. Many of the respondents knew that smoking (71.1%) and overcrowding (60.2%) were risk factors that contribute to TB transmission. Moreover, the mean score for attitude was 54%. Above half of the respondents (60.5%) felt that lack of information and education about TB promote the spread of the disease. Nonetheless, 46.7% and 46.9% felt that prospective marital relationship and marital relationship respectively should not be broken if laboratory tests are positive for TB. The students should be provided with routine health education about the disease in order to improve the knowledge and attitude towards the disease. This will lead to positive health transformation for sustainable African development.Item Medicines Prescription Pattern in the Management of HIV/AIDS Patients in Public Hospitals, Kwara State, Nigeria.(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2016) Williams, F.E.; Awoyemi, A.O.; Parakoyi, D.B.; Jolayemi, E.T.; Akande, T.M.Appropriate medicine prescription is crucial for optimum medicine use in the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients. This study examined the medicine prescription pattern in the management of HIV/AIDS patients. It was conducted in seven public hospitals in six local government areas representing the three Senatorial Districts of Kwara State. Seven hundred and eighty prescription sheets of eligible HIV/AIDS patients were obtained and reviewed. In-depth interviews of ten prescribers who provided healthcare to these patients were also conducted. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. In-depth interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, analyzed and developed into ethnographic summary. The results showed that prescription of antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) was in adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy; 96.4% of the patients were on first line ARVs regimen; 56.3% had prescriptions for co-trimoxazole preventive therapy, none for isoniazid preventive therapy while 7.8% had prescriptions for artemisinin-based combination therapy. Proportion of prescriptions that had potential drug interactions was 51.0% while those in accordance with Standard Treatment Guidelines and proportion of medicines prescribed using generic names were lower than the set standards of the Nigeria National Drug Policy (NNDP). Half of the prescribers used both brand and generic names in prescribing medicines. The prescription pattern of medicines in the management of HIV/AIDS patients in public hospitals, Kwara State did not meet up with the set standards of the NNDP. Periodic training of prescribers on standard prescription practices is recommended.Item Prescription of Antineoplastic Agents in Management of Breast Cancer Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in North-Central Nigeria.(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2018) Williams, F.E.; Agodirin, S.O.; Bello, S.I.; Bello, N.O.; Jimoh, H.K.The therapeutic management and prognosis of breast cancer (BCa) has undergone a significant reformation using antineoplastic agents. Despite their use at the study site, dearth of information on their prescription has attracted concerns. Hence, this research was conducted to assess the prescription of antineoplastic agents in management of BCa patients at a teaching hospital in North-Central Nigeria. It was conducted at the oncology clinic of a teaching hospital, Nigeria. It involved the interview of 60 eligible BCa patients using structured questionnaire and data extraction from patients’ medical folders. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 was used for quantitative data entry and analyses. Ethical approval was obtained from relevant Ethical Review Committee. Patients’ consents were obtained before inclusion into the study. The study showed that 93. 3% of the study participants were married, 50% had primary education and the modal age class was 31 – 40 years. The modal class for duration of illness since diagnosis was 1 – 5 years. More than three-fifth of the study participants (63.3%) were on cancer chemotherapy, the highest cancer chemotherapy cycle was 7 while the highest proportion of the study participants (15%) had 6 cycles of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer chemotherapy combination regimen included Doxorubicin+Cyclophosphamide+5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin + Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin+Cyclophosphamide+Docetaxel. Tamoxifen was the most prescribed antineoplastic agent (66.7%) either as neoadjuvant or adjuvant, followed by Cyclophosphamide (41.7%). Antineoplastic agents administered were in line with recommendations for the management of BCa. However, the high number of cancer chemotherapy cycles calls for intervention.Item Rejuvenative and prophylactic effects of Moringa on lead-induced heart tissue damage in adult male Wistar Rats Models.(International Moringa and Nutraceutical Research Society, 2014) Williams, F.E.; Owolabi, J.O.; Ghazal, O.K.; Agunbiade, T.Moringa is a plant that is rich in antioxidants and other substances with vital health benefits. Previous reports have indicated that healing effects of moringa in instances of trauma to body tissues. This experiment was aimed at investigating the potency of the prophylactic as well as the rejuvenative effects of Moringa phytochemical extracts on lead-induced tissue damage to the hearts of adult male Wistar rats. A total fo52 (n=25) adult male Wistar rats were used for the investigation; these were divided into five groups labelled AE-, each group comprising five animals (n=25). Animals in Group A served as control while those in Groups B - E animals served as tests. Animals in Group B were administered moringa leaf extract only; Group C animals were administered lead only; group D animals received lead and moringa concurrently while group E animals received lead for the first half of the treatment period and subsequently moringa extracts for the other half. All administrations lasted 16 days; using dosages of 50mg/kg body weight of lead and 100mg/kg body weight of moringa. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the completion of administration and the hearts of the animals were excised and processed for histological demonstrations using the eosin and haematoxylin staining techniques. The heart tissues' homogenates were also assayed for creatinine kinase as a marker of cardiac tissue trauma. Results showed that Moringa when administered concurrently or subsequently with lead prevented to a large extent toxicological trauma and histoarchitectural disruption of the heart tissue.