Browsing by Author "Shuaib-Babata, Y. L."
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Item CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF MAHOGANY (KHAYA IVORENSIS) DUST-EGG SHELL-EPOXY COMPOSITES(Faculty of Engineering, Hunedoara University of Politechnica, Timisoara, Romania, 2021) Ajao, K. S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Adegboola, J. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Obanise, T. E.The conversion of bio-agricultural wastes into composite material for engineering applications is a strategy to add more value in waste utilization and help in the composites with epoxy resin and 10 wt.% NaOH treated Khaya ivorensis dust and egg shell particles were prepared by open molding technique. Tensile strength, flexural strength and hardness tests were carried out to evaluate the composite mechanical properties. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strengths increase with addition of reinforcement materials. The composite sample with 3 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles displayed highest tensile strength of 34.87 MPa, while the composite sample with 10 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles have highest flexural strength. Hardness value of the composite increases with addition of reinforcement materials and maximum at 5 wt.% wood dust and 10 wt.% egg shell particles. In addition, water absorption characteristics of the composite increases with increasing percentage of wood dust. Optimum composition of wood dust and egg shell can be used to produce polymer matrix composites with good mechanical properties.Item Characterization and evaluation of the refractory properties of some selected Kwara State (Nigeria) clay deposits(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, 2017-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Mudiare, E.This study characterised seven (7) different clay samples obtained across Kwara State of Nigeria to ascertain their suitability as raw material for refractory applications. The clay samples were analysed using B.S 1377:1975, I.S. 1498-1970 and ASTM standards to obtain their physical and refractory properties, such as chemical composition, refractoriness, moisture content, loss on ignition, clay content, apparent porosity, bulk density, linear shrinkage, permeability, crushing strength, and thermal shock resistance. The results revealed that the clays belong to Alumino-Silicate Refractories through chemical analysis, since the major constituents of the clay samples (more than 75%) were Alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2). The sample percentage clay contents ranged between 36.8 and 89.6; Apparent porosity (22.99-29.76 %); Moisture content (13-27.3%); Refractoriness (>1300oC); Permeability (79-87x10-3 N/mm2); Crushing strength (510-881 N/mm2) and Bulk density (2.26-2.77 g/Cm3). The sample clays’ properties met the required standards for fireclay refractory materials, and could be suitably replace imported clays / ceramics in refractory applications, such as in production of earthen wares, chalk; as insulating refractories for casting and melting of low and medium temperature iron and steel. If these clays are carefully utilised, it will assist in addressing the problem of inadequate job, and over dependence on foreign goods.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF BARUTEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE (NIGERIA) FIRECLAYS AS SUITABLE REFRACTORY MATERIALS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,, 2018-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Mohammed, G. A.Studies have shown that adequate attention needs to be paid on processing of solid minerals that are potentially available in Nigeria to address its economic problem. Clays from five major towns in Baruten Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria were examined using ASTM guidelines to determine their suitability for refractory applications. The clay samples were classified as Alumino-Silicate refractories due to high values of Al2O3 and SiO2. The results showed apparent porosity (19.4-25.6%), bulk density (1.83-1.90 g/cm3), cold crushing strength (38.7-56.1 N/mm2), linear shrinkage (4.4 – 9.3%), clay contents (52.71-67.83%), moisture content (17.0-23.6%), permeability (68-82 cmsec-1), plasticity (16.7-30.4%), refractoriness (>1300oC) and Thermal Shock Resistance (23-25 cycles) for the clay samples, which were measurable with the established standards for fireclays, refractory clays/brick lining or alumina-silicates and kaolin. Hence, the natural clays could suitably replace imported clays in some refractory applications. Appropriate use of information from this study would improve Nigeria’s industrialization and economic diversification.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF BARUTEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE (NIGERIA) FIRECLAYS AS SUITABLE REFRACTORY MATERIALS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, 2018-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Yaru, S. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Busari, Y. O.; Ambali, I. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Mohammed, G. A.Item Characterization of Belle Natural Moulding Sand for Foundry Applications(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2019-01) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O.; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Hassan, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applicationsItem Characterization of Belle natural moulding sand for foundry applications(Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Hassan, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applicationsItem Characterization of Belle Natural Moulding Sand for Foundry Applications(USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Nafiu, M. B.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, I. O.; Elakhame, Z. U.; Busari, Y. O.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Aremu, N. I.There exists vast availability of natural sands which may be suitable for foundry applications in different locations Kwara State in particular and generally in Nigeria. The sands need to be identified and characterised for productive and profitable foundry practices. In this study, assessment of chemical and physicomechanical properties of the natural moulding sand in Belle community of Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to ascertain its suitability for foundry applications. The analysis of the sand samples’ Chemical compositions were done using an XRF Analyser, while American foundry-men Society, ASTM and British standards laboratory tests procedures were adopted appropriately to determine the sand’s physico-mechanical properties. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that SiO2 have dominance proportion in the sand sample with an average value of 92.90 %, followed by Al2O3 (5.13%). CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, ZnO and MnO were present within acceptable limits as trace elements. The results showed average physico-mechanical properties of the natural moulding sand sample to include grain fineness number (126), bulk density (1765 Kg/m3), moisture contents (7.66%), specific gravity (2.64), permeability (0.1cm/s), green compressive strength (51KN/m2), dry compressive strength (209KN/m2), flowability (65.22%), clay content (10%) shatter index (76%) and refractoriness (>900oC), which were within the required standards for casting of non-ferrous metal. Thus, Belle sand was found suitable for casting of non-ferrous metals. Though, there may be a need for the use of additives like bentonite, to enhance the sand’s clay content in order to increase the sand potential for foundry applications.Item Combustion characteristics of fuel briquettes made from charcoal particles and sawdust agglomerates(Elsevier B. V., 2019-07) Ajimotokan, H. A; Ehindero, A. O.; Ajao, K. S.; Adeleke, A. A.; Ikubanni, P. P.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.The combustion characteristics of fuel briquettes made from Idigbo ( Terminalia ivorensis ) charcoal particles, pinewood ( Pinus caribaea ) sawdust and their agglomerates using gela tinized cassava peels were investigated. The charcoal particles and pine sawdust were blended in the mixing ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50, respectively and vice-versa. More so, briquettes were produced from pure charcoal particles and pine saw dust separately for the purpose of comparison with the blended briquettes. The gelatinized binder was 5% of the total briquettes weight. The briquettes were produced using a pres sure of 5 MPa with a dwelling time of 5 min in a hydraulic briquetting machine. Proximate, elemental compositions and heating value analyses were carried out on the raw charcoal, sawdust, cassava peel, and their briquettes. The results showed that variations in the mix ing ratios of the bio-residues had significant effects on all the properties investigated. An increase in the charcoal particles led to an increase in the fixed carbon content and heat ing value of the briquettes. Conversely, higher pine sawdust content in the briquette re sulted in higher volatile matter content and lower heating value. The briquette made from pure charcoal particles had the highest heating value (24.9 MJ/kg) and ash content (6.0%). Its carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents were in the range of 44.6–50.1%, 5.1–5.6% and 34.4–41.5%, respectively. The proximate analysis, elemental composition analysis, and heat ing values of the produced fuel briquettes depicted that they have better combustion prop erties when compared to the raw charcoal, pine dust, and cassava peel. Thus, the produced briquettes would serve as good fuel for domestic and industrial applications.Item CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF Ti-V-Cr-Rh ALLOY ELECTRODE IN 6M KOH(Faculty of Engineering, Hunedoara University of Politechnica, Timisoara, Romania, 2019) Abdul, J. M.; Chown, L. H.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.Corrosion behaviour of Ti25-0.5xV40Cr35-0.5xRhx (x= 0, 0.5, 1 at %) alloy electrode in 6M KOH was investigated. The V-rich alloy was produced under argon atmosphere in an open hearth crucible furnace. The microstructure of the arc-melted alloy was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the phases were identified by X-ray diffraction. The as-cast alloys contained a primary (V) body centered cubic phase and an intergranular αTi phase. Rhodium (Rh) decreased the Ecorr from -767 mV to -793 mV for 0.05 Rh and -825 mV for 0.10 Rh. The corrosion current also decreased from 1 μA/cm2 in Rh-free alloy to 0.77 μA/cm2 with addition of 0.05 at % Rh and 0.37 μA/cm2 with addition of 0.10 at.% Rh. Addition of 0.05 at. % Rh decreased the corrosion rate from 0.0110 to 0.0009 mm/y and to 0.001 mm/y with addition of 0.10 at.% Rh. Hardness of the alloy electrode decreased with addition of rhodium.Item CORROSION INHIBITION OF AISI 1007 STEEL IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID USING CUCUMIS SATIVUS (CUCUMBER) EXTRACTS AS GREEN INHIBITOR(Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, University of Politehnica, Timisoara, 2018-10) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Busari, Y. O.; Yahya, R. A.; Abdul, J. M.The inhibiting effect of cucumber peel and seed extracts on corrosion of AISI 1007 steel in 2M solution of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) at ambient temperature was studied using gravimetric and electrochemical measurements (TAFEL polarization). It was observed that corrosion rates reduced with increase in the extracts’ concentration, and inhibition efficiency (IE%) increased with the concentration. The study revealed that the cucumber extracts possessed good inhibiting efficiency. Though, the cucumber peel extract’s efficiency was greater than that of the seed (oil) extract during gravimetric measurement. The highest inhibition efficiency (IE) of 86.63% was achieved using the cucumber peel extract as inhibitor with 1.0 g/l concentration, while cucumber seed (oil) extract recorded 39.23%. The electrochemical measurements (TAFEL polarization) results revealed that the corrosion current density decreased with the increased in the concentration of the cucumber peel extract. The decreased in corrosion was due to increased blocking of the metal surface by adsorption of the leaf extract. Therefore, the extracts could be used as a green inhibitor to the corrosion of AISI 1007 steel in the hydrochloric acid medium as a replacement for toxic inhibitors. Keywords: Tafel Polarization, Gravimetric, Current Density, Metal Surface Adsorption, Inhibiting EfficiencyItem DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CERAMIC TILES USING WASTES AND SOLID MINERALS(College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, (Western Asia), 2019) Elakhame, Z. U.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Ambali, I. O.This paper focuses on the need for domesticating the production of building materials like tiles to address the problem of Nigeria over dependence on imported goods, despite adequate availability of mineral resources like clay, quartz and feldspar in the country. Clay, quartz and feldspar, and milled glass were respectively obtained from Ogijo in Ogun State, Okpila in Edo State and Oshodi, Lagos State of Nigeria were characterized using ASTM C71 as a guide. Samples of the ceramic tile were produced from varying mixtures of clay, quartz, feldspar and milled glass. The chemical and physio-mechanical properties of the samples were also determined. The results showed that the clay sample belong to Alumino-silicate group with 59.20% silica and 21.25% alumina. The samples’ properties met the required standards; hence, the materials were found suitable for production of ceramic tiles of acceptable standards. Though, the porosity of the sample tiles increased as the percentage weight of the clay material in the mixture decreased the proportion of quartz, feldspar and milled glass increased. The sample containing 70% Clay and 30% Feldspar had better formulation properties than others.Item Development of Abrasive Sandpaper Grains from Agro-Waste Material for Polishing of Wood Surface(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria, 2019-01) Ibrahim, H. K.; Abdulhamid, A. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Popoola, O. T.; Kareem, A. G.; Adeyi, A. M.; Busari, O. Y.; Ambali, I. O.In Nigeria, natural and some synthetisynthetic abrasive grains used in manufacturing of sandpaper such as silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and aluminum silicate mineral are scarce and expensive. The aim of this paper focused on development of sandpaper grains from agricultural waste material (Coconut shell) and resin (binder) for smoothening of wood surface. Sieving analysis was conducted in particle sizes of P40 (420 μm) and P60 (250 μm) sandpaper grit size (according to Federation of European Producers of Abrasive standard). The Physical and Mechanical properties were determined and compared with properties of conventional products (P60 and P40 Garnet Paper). Surface finish assessments were carried out with visual inspection on selected wood. The result from elemental composition analysis showed that the produced sample grains contain some hard ceramic materials needed for effective polishing or surface finishing. The physical and mechanical properties of the grains samples were found to have close properties with the standard conventional sand paper. Hardness and compressive strength of Coconut shell (CNS) grains/resin composites samples increased with increase in polyester resin concentration. Samples made from 250 μm sieve size showed better mechanical properties than the corresponding samples from 420 μm sieve size. The wear rate of CNS/resin composites was also found to increase with increase in load (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g) and temperature (50 and 150 oC. Also, result from visual examination shows that the CNS specimens contribute to high material removal but not smoother due to grain sizes considered for this studyItem Development of Abrasive Sandpaper Grains from Agro-Waste Material for Polishing of Wood Surface(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria, 2019-02) Ibrahim, H. K.; Abdulhamid, A. S.; Abdulkareem, S.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Popoola, O. T; Kareem, A. G.; Adeyi, A. M.; Busari, O. Y.; Ambali, I. O.In Nigeria, natural and some synthetic abrasive grains used in manufacturing of sandpaper such as silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and aluminum silicate mineral are scarce and expensive. The aim of this paper focused on development of sandpaper grains from agricultural waste material (Coconut shell) and resin (binder) for smoothening of wood surface. Sieving analysis was conducted in particle sizes of P40 (420 μm) and P60 (250 μm) sandpaper grit size (according to Federation of European Producers of Abrasive standard). The Physical and Mechanical properties were determined and compared with properties of conventional products (P60 and P40 Garnet Paper). Surface finish assessments were carried out with visual inspection on selected wood. The result from elemental composition analysis showed that the produced sample grains contain some hard ceramic materials needed for effective polishing or surface finishing. The physical and mechanical properties of the grains samples were found to have close properties with the standard conventional sand paper. Hardness and compressive strength of Coconut shell (CNS) grains/resin composites samples increased with increase in polyester resin concentration. Samples made from 250 μm sieve size showed better mechanical properties than the corresponding samples from 420 μm sieve size. The wear rate of CNS/resin composites was also found to increase with increase in load (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g) and temperature (50 and 150 oC. Also, result from visual examination shows that the CNS specimens contribute to high material removal but not smoother due to grain sizes considered for this study.Item EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON THE MECHANICAL AND CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF SMAW MILD STEEL(Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 2017-12) BUsari, O. Y.; Ahmed, I. I.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.This study was carried out to assess the effect of heat input on the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of mild steel. The intrinsic nature of fusion welding has made it difficult to provide a complete understanding of corrosion behaviour in some systems. Optical metallography was used to determine grain size and HAZ zone, weldment and parent metal. Mechanical properties of the weldment were observed. Corrosion behaviour of mild steel were investigated in air, sea water, alkaline and acidic medium after welding with shielded metal Arc welding SMAW by varying the welding process parameter that leads to power input and monitoring its welding speed with a stop watch. The microstructural characterization of the welded sample carried out through a metallurgical microscope (x100) and the corrosion response rate by weight loss was observed in the different medium, the sample welded with 180A and low voltage displayed the highest Rockwell hardness and the same was observed for impact test. The effect of various heat inputs on the corrosion behaviour of shielded metal arc welded mild steel show thus the as-received sample have the greatest resistance to corrosion in all the medium, at 180 A, high voltage this is closely followed by sample welded with 180 A, low voltage. The sample welded with 90A, low voltage which has the least corrosion resistance in all medium during the exposure period studied. The low heat input welded samples underwent a long period of heating, low heat input could lead to a greater tendency of distortion which may produce a higher weld cracking in the aggressive corrosion medium. The higher the current, the higher the power input and the deeper the penetration. However, the use of too high weld current may cause problems such as excessive spatter, electrode overheating and cracking while too high weld voltage could cause the beads to be wider and flatter. The low arc voltage produces a stiffer arc that improves penetration. If the voltage is too low, a very narrow bead will result.Item EFFECTS OF THERMAL TREATMENT PROCESSES (TTP) ON SOME OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WELDED 0.165% CARBON STEEL(Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 2017-04) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Adewuyi, R. A.; Aweda, J. O.One of the major causes of structural failure in service is attributed to failure in its parts, especially at the welded joints. Engineers and other users of low carbon steel tend to find solution to this problem by considering the application of Post weld heat treatment (TTP).The Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-treated and untreated welded low carbon steel samples were determined. Simulation of the specimens was also generated using Autodesk Inventor Simulation CFD 2015 Application Software. The CFD model (simulation) showed clearly the visual style wireframe and shaded mesh (XY, and XZ planes and the temperature profiles for different passes), which is a veritable tool to evaluate residual stress that is likely to happen in real welding process. The results also revealed that better quality mechanical behaviour of welded low carbon steel is elicited by post-weld normalizing and annealing TTP.Item Effects of Thermal Treatment Processes (TTP) on the Tensile Properties of 0.165% Carbon Steel(Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye, Nigeria, 2019-09) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Adewuyi, R. A.In practice, welded low carbon steels do fail at the welded joints in use, thus leading to structural defects, material wastages, structural failure, and at times loss of lives, among others. This has been a great concern to practicing Engineers and Researchers. This study tends to proffer solution to this problem of concern through application of post welded thermal treatments. The welded samples were subjected to some post-weld thermal-treatment (TTP) operations such as normalizing, annealing and quench-hardening using different quenching media (Water, Palm oil, Quartz 5000 Total Engine oil, and Ground nut oil). The Tensile properties of the steel (such as tensile stress, tensile strain, and toughness) were determined before and after welding operations. At yield points, the thermal treatment processes adversely affected the strength of the welded steel. Meanwhile, normalizing and annealing processes enhanced the steel’s ductility and toughness, while quench-hardening process, irrespective of medium of quenching used reduced the steel toughness value. The toughness of the welded steel at the fracture point was also reduced through all the adopted thermal processes, except for normalizing process. The steel ultimate tensile stress and strain and its toughness values were equally reduced after TTP. Improvement of the properties of welded low carbon steel and the reduction of mechanical hazard were achieved through effective TTP. Thus, a better tensile property of welded low carbon steel was elicited by post-weld normalizing and annealing operations. Hence, butt-welded annealed and normalized low carbon steel specimens tend to be more resilient to failures at welded joints.Item EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADO-EKITI NATURAL MOULDING SANDS FOR FOUNDRY APPLICATIONS(Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria., 2017-12) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Abegunde, A. J.; Ambali, I. O.Poor casting quality is associated with the use of locally available moulding sands without recourse to their suitability through adequate knowledge of their properties. The properties of some Ado-Ekiti moulding sands were therefore examined with the aim of establishing their suitability or otherwise for foundry applications. Some natural sand samples were obtained from Ureje, Omisanjana, Odo Ayo and Ogbese within Ado-Ekiti metropolis. Their chemical compositions were determined and analyzed using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer technique and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The sands’ physico-mechanical properties were also examined in line with American Foundry Society (AFS) guidelines. The results of the chemical analysis indicated that the sands contained silica and aluminium oxide as their major constituents with values of 63.83 – 79.23% and 12.20 – 23.76% respectively. The Ureje, Omisanjana, Odo Ayo and Ogbese sands respectively possessed American Foundry-Men’s Society Grain Fineness Number (AFS-GFN): 63.27, 61.08, 66.98 and 61.12; clay content: 12, 13, 10 and 6%; moisture content: 12.04, 12.25, 12.23 and 11.92%; permeability 86.2, 87.5, 86.3 and 88.2%; flowability: 67.87, 68.50, 67.40 and 67.25%; green compression strength: 120.9, 63.6, 70.9 and 82.0 kN/m2; dry compression strength: 203.0, 101.8, 191.0 and 76.4 kN/m2. Each of the samples has refractoriness above 1200oC. The sands (except that of Ogbese sand) can be used naturally as core if the core length is short due to rapid decrease in the sands’ hot strength from 1100oC. These properties were found to fall within the required values for casting of most ferrous and non-ferrous metals, except that of Ogbese sand. Comparison of the results obtained from the studied sands’ properties with that of AFS mould sand properties for various types of castings revealed that the studied sands have the potential for use in sand casting process for metals like grey steel, light steels, brass, bronze and aluminum. Meanwhile, the properties of Ogbese natural sand can be improved with application of additive like bentonite to enhance its suitability for sand casting applicationItem Evaluation of Chemical and Physico-Mechanical Properties of some Nigeria Natural Clays Samples for Foundry Applications(Faculty of Engineering, Federal University, Oye, Nigeria, 2018-09) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Abdulrahaman, N. A.Studies have shown that Nigerian clays have not been fully utilized for foundry applications, either as refractories or even bonding clays, and are still being imported into the country. There is need to effectively exploit and adequately utilize the available natural resources to improve Nigeria economic activities, most especially during the present economic recession. Samples of clays were obtained from Auchi, Dada-Okelele (Ilorin), Kaba, Maraba-Rido, Mokwa and New-Bussa in Nigeria. The samples’ physico-mechanical properties were examined for its suitability for foundry/refractory applications. The results of the chemical analysis revealed that the samples belong to Alumino-Silicate refractories. The samples exhibited 35.3-96.2%, 17.1-28.7%, 1.72-2.34 g/cm3, 2.2-10.1%, 73-86 and >1300oC as values for percentage clay contents, apparent porosity, bulk density, permeability, linear shrinkage and refractoriness respectively. These values were within the standard range values of >35%, 22-30%, 17-2.4%, 2.0-10.1% and 25-90 required as percentage clay contents, apparent porosity, bulk density, permeability and linear shrinkage values respectively, for refractory clays/brick lining or alumina-silicates, kaolin and fireclays. Hence, the clays could suitably replace imported clays / ceramics in refractory applications, such as in production of earthen wares, chalk; as insulating refractories for casting and melting of low and medium temperature iron and steel. Appropriate utilization of these clays for local foundry applications will assist in addressing the problem of inadequate job, and over dependence on foreign goods.Item Evaluation of the Foundry Properties of Oyun River (Ilorin) Moulding Sand(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria., 2019) Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Hassan, H. K.; Ajao, K. S.; Ambali, i. O.; Bello, M. O.Inadequate information on available natural moulding sands in Nigeria resulted to the use of the sand for casting without recourse to their suitability. This practice resulted to poor casting quality and underdevelopment of Nigerian foundry industry. In this study, the properties of Oyun natural moulding sand were evaluated to determine its suitability for sand casting. The chemical and physico -mechanical properties of the sand samples were examined using America Foundrymen’s Society (AFS) guidelines. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the sand contained SiO₂ and, Al₂O₃ from 84.49 to 84.58% and 7.17 to 7.22% respectively, with smaller proportions of other elements such as NaO₂ and K₂O, CaO, Fe₂O₃, MgO and TiO₂. The physico-mechanical properties of the sand were clay content (14.96 - 15.79 %), moisture content (8.15 – 8.48%), grain fineness number (83.40 – 89.24), green compressive strength (77.31 – 79.73 KN/m²), dry compressive strength (200.24 – 214.65 KN/m²) and refractoriness (above 1300°C). These results were within the AFS standard recommendation values for non-ferrous metal casting. Hence, Oyun moulding sand was found suitable as mould sand for various types of casting of metals like grey steel, aluminum, bronze, brass and light steels. Effective utilization of this sand for foundry applications will help to improve the economy of Nigeria and subsequently aid in reducing social problems as result of unemployment.Item FEM Analysis of Fatigue Crack Growth in Low Carbon Steel Using Single Edge Notched Tension Specimen(Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2021-02-19) Busari, Y. O.; Manurung, Y. H. P.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Leitner, M.; CeliK, E.Continuing improvement in the field of virtual crack closure technique of metals provides the opportunity for reliable probabilistic fatigue crack growth. The paper presents an analysis of mode I fatigue crack growth in low carbon steel. Experiment was carried out with Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) specimens to determine its fatigue crack growth parameters on the specimens under constant amplitude loading. Linear elastic fracture mechanic crack path was modelled with the finite element method according to its experimental observation using the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) in MSC Marc/Mentat. The simulation predicts the fatigue crack growth rate in high cycle fatigue. The simulated fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) produced using SENT model represents good similar feature with the experimental process at stress ratio R = 0 Based on the remeshing model, it is also found that the results of crack growth rate and cycle count show good agreement within acceptable discrepancy compared to the experiment from Paris law diagram