Browsing by Author "Shittu, A. O."

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    Design and characterization of a novel crosslinked, polymer and its evaluation as a control release polymer in ciprofloxacin tablets.
    (Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos., 2024) Shittu, A. O.; Njinga, S. N.; Ocheja, E.
    Background: The new trend in the field of pharmaceutical technology is the automation of drug delivery systems. Therefore, future generation of drug delivery systems could be derived from engineering polymers through cross-linking. Objective: This research work was designed to formulate an extended-release ciprofloxacin tablet via a tailored two-component composite polymer. Materials and methods: Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and Gelatin (HPMC –GLT) ratios 4:0; 3:1; 2:2; 1:3 and 0:4 were cross-linked using citric acid. The batches were characterised by FTIR, swelling index, viscosity and pH. Five batches of ciprofloxacin 250 mg mixed with hybridized HPMC-GLT polymers ‘F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5, were prepared by wet granulation technique. The granules were evaluated for bulk density, angle of repose and compressibility index. All crosslinked batches were crystalline in texture. The flow rate increased with the gelatin content. The granules were compressed on a rotary tableting machine. Tablets were evaluated for compactness and invitro dissolution in a buffer solution for 12 hours. Results: The T90 % for the series of batches were: 150, 132, 252, 196, and 156 minutes respectively. Evaluation of branded ciprofloxacin tablets showed a disintegration time of 6 to 7 minutes and an average T90 % at 30 min. The compact F3 (50 % GLT and 50 % HPMC) possessed the most desirable tablet properties. Average crushing strength, disintegration time, friability, and the T90% were: 125 + 5.0 N, >>30 min., 0.00 %, and 252 minutes, respectively. Conclusion: Formulation F3 is, therefore, recommended for future optimization in the design of controlled-release ciprofloxacin tablets.
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    Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of β-Sitosterol-3-O-Glucoside Isolated from Lannea Kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae)
    (Federal University Gusau-Nigeria, 2016) Njinga, N. S.; Sule, M. I.; Pateh, U. U.; Hassan, H. S.; Magaji, M. G.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Bakare-Odunola, T. M.; Bawa, B.; Egharevba, G. O.; Shittu, A. O.
    β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside was isolated using dry vacuum liquid chromatography. It was characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined using broth dilution method. Antioxidant activity was determined through reaction of compound with DPPH radical. The compound was active against S. aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, B. subtilis, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with zone of inhibition ranging from 22.0 ± 0.4 to 34.0 ± 0.3 mm and inactive against P. aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris and C. krusei. The MIC ranged from 25.0 to 50.0 μg/ml while the MBC/MFC ranged from 50.0 to 200.0 μg/ml. The % DPPH scavenging activity at 4.0x103 μg/ml was found to be 81.44 ± 0.41 %. This result shows the high antioxidant and wide spectrum antimicrobial activity of β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside which can be a potential lead drug for resistant bacteria such as MRSA, and a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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    Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of β-Sitosterol-3-O-Glucoside isolated from Lannea Kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae).
    (International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability. Published by the Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria., 2016-03) Njinga, N. S.; Sule, M. I.; Pateh, U. U.; Hassan, H. S.; Magaji, M. G.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Bakare-Odunola, T. M.; Bawa, B.; Egharevba, G. O.; Shittu, A. O.
    β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside was isolated using dry vacuum liquid chromatography. It was characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined using broth dilution method. Antioxidant activity was determined through reaction of compound with DPPH radical. The compound was active against S. aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, B. subtilis, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with zone of inhibition ranging from 22.0 ± 0.4 to 34.0 ± 0.3 mm and inactive against P. aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris and C. krusei. The MIC ranged from 25.0 to 50.0 μg/ml while the MBC/MFC ranged from 50.0 to 200.0 μg/ml. The % DPPH scavenging activity at 4.0x103 μg/ml was found to be 81.44 ± 0.41 %. This result shows the high antioxidant and wide spectrum antimicrobial activity of β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside which can be a potential lead drug for resistant bacteria such as MRSA, and a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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    Phytochemical, Anti-oxidant and In-vitro Anti-diabetic Evaluations of Aqueous and Boiled Leaf Extracts of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benth)
    (Ilorin Journal of Science, 2027) Njinga, N. S.; Ndifor, A. R.; Shittu, A. O.; Muhammadbashir, L.; Kayode, O.; Ohunene, S. R.; Mbakop, C.; Egharevba, G. O.; Bamidele, O. D.; Abdulrazaq, S.; Abdulazeez, I; Giwa, H. B.; Bakare-Odunola, M. T.; Kola-Mustapha A. T.
    Abstract Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benth), commonly referred to as the "miracle fruit plant," is traditionally used in cooking, where its leaves serve as natural food wrappers and flavour enhancers. This study investigate the scientific benefits of using T. daniellii in cooking by analyzing the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and in vitro anti diabetic properties of the fresh leaf boiled extract (FBE) and dried leaf aqueous extracts (DAE). Quantitative Phytochemical screening was done using spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant potential was evaluated through assays such as 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), peroxide-mediated antioxidant (PMA) activity, and metal chelating activity (MCA). The in vitro anti-diabetic potential was assessed using α-amylase inhibition assays to determine the potency of the extract in modulating glucose metabolism. Phytochemical analysis revealed distinct differences between the extracts. FBE had lower flavonoid (0.368 ± 0.023 mg QE/g) and alkaloid (642.44 ± 15.56 mg AE/g) content than DAE (0.472 ± 0.00523 mg QE/g and 665.78 ± 35.29 mg AE/g, respectively). Conversely, FBE showed higher tannin (278.13 ± 27.36 mg TAE/g) and phenol (0.048 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g) levels compared to DAE. Antioxidant assays highlighted varied results. FBE exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (36.72 ± 1.84%) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (0.1895 ± 0.007 mg Fe²⁺/g) than DAE, while DAE demonstrated superior peroxide-mediated antioxidant activity (0.069 ± 0.0002 mg AAE/g). Metal chelating activity was similar for both extracts, and neither showed significant ABTS radical scavenging activity. The α-amylase inhibition assay revealed DAE's significant higher in vitro anti-diabetic potential (55.56 ± 2.26%) compared to FBE (12.82 ± 2.56%), suggesting that boiling diminishes this property.This study demonstrates that T. daniellii retains significant health-promoting bioactive properties, regardless of preparation method, making it a valuable addition to culinary and therapeutic applications. Keywords: Thaumatococcus daniellii, phytochemistry, Antioxidant activity, Anti-diabetic activity
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    Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl & K. Krause (Anacadiaceae).
    (Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources. Published by the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2018) Njinga, N. S.; Sule, M. I.; Shittu, A. O.; David, M. S.; Amali, M. O.; Bolaji, A. R.; Abdullahi, S. T.; Hassan, H. S.; Atunwa, S. A.; Eniayewu, O. I.
    The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.
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    Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of the Roots of Adenodolichos paniculatus against selected Pathogenic Microorganisms
    (Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 2022) Njinga, N. S.; Lawal, B. A.; David, S. M.; Eniayewu, I. O.; Bello, N.; Shittu, A. O.; Kolawole, A. J.; Ene, O. C.; Bamidele, O. D.; Saka, K. L.; Salawu, K. M.; Odunola, R. O.
    Drugs derived from natural sources present a significant alternative therapy in the management of infectious diseases. The increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to orthodox medicine has necessitated the search for alternative means of treatment. This study is aimed at evaluating the phytochemicals,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of the roots of Adenodolichos paniculatus against selected pathogenic microorganisms. The phytochemical constituents were done using standard procedures and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using fourteen pathogenic organisms, which included five gram-positive and seven gram-negative bacterial strains and three fungal strains using Agar diffusion method. The zones of inhibition of the extract against the test organisms, their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were determined. The extract was found to contain steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. The total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins were found to be 1.427±0.02 mg/g gallic acid, 0.4239±0.19 mg/g quercetin, 5% and 75.23% respectively. The antioxidant activity at concentrations of 7.53 and 15.51 µg/mL were not statistically different from that of vitamin C (P<0.05) and the IC50 found to be 4.906 µg/mL. The zones of inhibition ranged from 22 – 47 mm while the MIC and MBC/MFC was observed to be 5 to 10 mg/mL, and 10 to 40 mg/mL respectively. The availability of phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant activities and the demonstration of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi strains show that A. paniculata root is a potential source for the production of antioxidants as well as antimicrobial drugs