Browsing by Author "Salawu, K. M."

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    Anti-inflammatory and Diuretic Activities of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) and Andrographis paniculata Burm. f. (Acanthaceae) Co-administered in Rats.
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice, 2016-06) Lawal, B. A.; Salawu, K. M.; Agunu, A.; Adedoyin, I. R.; Abdulganiy, G. O.; Ayanniyi, R. O.
    Moringa oleifera Lam. ( Moringaceae) and Andrographis paniculata Burm.f. ( Acanthaceae) are commonly used medicine plants in severalparts of Nigeria . The leaf extract of M. oleifera (MO) has been extensively studied and used traditionally for its anti-inflammatory anddiuretic activities. Because of the wide medicinal benefits of these plants they are often used together in polyherbal formulation(s). This study was aimed at evaluating some biological activities of MO and A. paniculata (AP) administered singly and in combination. Thisaim was pursued using in vivo acute toxicity study, formalin induced rat paw edema and diuretic assay. The leaf extracts MO and AP were observed to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract of MO and AP at 100 mg/kg body weightdisplayed 69.44 and 10.10 % inhibition of rat paw edema respectively, while the combination of extract elicited weaker inhibition (11.29 %)of paw volume. The extract of MO and AP when administered singly and in various combination at different doses elicited similar diureticactivity compared to the hydrochlorothiazide except at a combined dose of MO 50 mg/kg + AP 50 mg/kg, where the urine volume(1.27±0.60 mL) was lower compared to the negative control (1.62±0.52 mL). The extracts of MO and AP were observed to be relatively safe. The extract of MO had significant anti-inflammatory and diuretic activitiescompared to AP . However the combination of both plants extracts led to inhibition of the anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities of MO.
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    Epipremnum aureum (Linden and André) G. S. Bunting (Araceae): Free Radicals Scavenging, Cell Growth Inhibition and Cytotoxic effects on Rhabdomyosarcoma and Laryngeal Carcinoma Cancer Cells
    (Pharmaceutical Journal of Kenya, 2023) Salawu, K. M.; Ogbole, O. O.; Mohammed, A.; Abdullahi, A. A.; Ajaiyeoba, E. O.
    Patients with chronic health conditions such as cancer often benefit from plant based herbal recipes with minimal adverse effects. There also exists growing worries over the safety and efficacy of most of the currently used conventional chemotherapeutic agents. This study examined the radical scavenging and cytotoxicity of E. aureum traditionally employed for the management of cancerous diseases. The aerial part of Epipremnum aureum was collected from the University of Ibadan botanical garden and authenticated at the Forest Herbarium Ibadan. Air-dried aerial part of Epipremnum aureum was pulverized and extracted with 70% aq. methanol and concentrated in vacuo. A portion the methanol extract was fractionated and crude alkaloidal extract was prepared from another portion of the methanol extract. The extracts and fractions were subjected to; antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging assay and cytotoxicity of the extracts and fractions against rhabdomyosarcoma (Rd) and laryngeal carcinoma (Hep-2C) cancer and non-cancerous (Vero) cell lines were determined. Ethyl acetate fraction and alkaloidal extract displayed better DPPH radical scavenging activity than the methanol extract and other fractions. The alkaloidal extract (CC50=0.17±0.03μg/mL) and dichloromethane fraction (CC50=0.28±0.05 μg/mL) displayed the highest cytotoxicity against Rd cancer cell lines compared to cyclophosphamide (CC50=2.23±0.33 μg/mL). However, the alkaloidal extract displayed the least cytotoxicity to Vero cell line and it is about 14.25 and 22.18 times more cytotoxic to Rd and Hep-2C cancer cells, respectively. Key words: Radical Scavenging, Cytotoxicity, GC-MS Analysis, Epipremnum aureum
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    Evaluation of heavy metal impurities in metformin tablet brands marketed in Ilorin, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2022-01) Bamidele, O. D.; Eniayewu, O. I.; Adegbola, A. J.; Salawu, K. M.; Njinga, N. S.; Abdullahi, S. T.
    The safety and quality of pharmaceutical products are important considerations for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Periodic assessment of heavy metals impurities in pharmaceutical products used for long- term treatment of chronic diseases is important to safeguard the health and well-being of patients. This study investigated the levels of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in brands of metformin tablets commonly prescribed in Ilorin, Nigeria, for the management of diabetes. Five brands of commonly prescribed metformin tablets were randomly purchased from pharmacies in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria. Metal concentrations in the acid digested samples were profiled using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Method validation results showed excellent linearity (r2=0.9921(Mn), 0.9995 (Cu), 0.9998 (Zn), 0.9996(Cd), 0.9913(Pb)), with limits of detection (0.001, 0.001, 0.002, 0.002 and 0.025 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively) and limits of quantification (0.003, 0.003, 0.006, 0.006 and 0.076 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively) in the concentration ranges of 2– 10, 0.2–1.6, 0.2–1.6, 1–4 and 1–4 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively. Mn, Cu, and Zn were detectable in varying concentrations in all the five brands of metformin evaluated in this study while none of the brands contained Cd and Pb at detectable levels. The levels of Mn, Cu and Zn ranged between 0.031-0.062, 0.085-0.112 and 0.040-0.130 mg/mL respectively across the brands. The highest concentrations of Mn, Cu and Zn were 0.062(0.001), 0.112(0.001) and 0.130(0.001) mg/L respectively. Similarly, maximum daily ingestible amounts for Mn, Cu and Zn ranges between 0.84-1.75, 2.17-3.03 and 6.12-20.7 μg/day respectively, which were below permissible daily exposure (PDE). These results indicate that all the metformin brands evaluated could be safely administered orally to the patients without fear of any of the metal’s toxicity consequences.
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    Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Anticonvulsant Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Anthocleista Djalonensis (Loganiaceae) in Mice
    (African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 2023) Aiyelero, M. O.; Salahudeen, M. A.; Salawu, K. M.; Ojuade F. I.; Njinga, N. S.; Ayanniyi, R. O.
    Anthocleista djalonensis (Loganiaceae) is used traditionally for the treatment of convulsions, hypertension, stomach pains, hemorrhoids, syphilis, diabetes, and other conditions. The objective of this work was to access the phytochemicals (using standard methods) and anticonvulsant potential (using adult Swiss albino mice) of the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis (EEAD). The acute toxicity profile of EEAD was investigated following standard guidelines established by the OECD 423. The study examined the anticonvulsant activity of EEAD at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg in pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizure tests. The phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out and revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids. When given orally to mice, the extract's median lethal dose (LD50) was more than 2000 mg/kg. Despite the fact that there was no significant difference between the control and 200 mg/kg doses, the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis showed a significant (P<0.05) dosedependent increase in the start of clonic and tonic seizures.. The 800 mg/kg dose of the extract produced an almost similar effect as standard drug (diazepam) in stopping the occurrence of clonic and tonic seizure. Also, the higher the dose of EEAD, the higher its protection of the mice against mortality in both strychnine and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure models as 800 mg/kg dose produced complete protection against mortality similar to diazepam. These findings suggest that EEAD possess anticonvulsant activity which justifies the traditional utility of the plant in the management of convulsion.
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    Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of the Roots of Adenodolichos paniculatus against selected Pathogenic Microorganisms
    (Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 2022) Njinga, N. S.; Lawal, B. A.; David, S. M.; Eniayewu, I. O.; Bello, N.; Shittu, A. O.; Kolawole, A. J.; Ene, O. C.; Bamidele, O. D.; Saka, K. L.; Salawu, K. M.; Odunola, R. O.
    Drugs derived from natural sources present a significant alternative therapy in the management of infectious diseases. The increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to orthodox medicine has necessitated the search for alternative means of treatment. This study is aimed at evaluating the phytochemicals,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of the roots of Adenodolichos paniculatus against selected pathogenic microorganisms. The phytochemical constituents were done using standard procedures and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using fourteen pathogenic organisms, which included five gram-positive and seven gram-negative bacterial strains and three fungal strains using Agar diffusion method. The zones of inhibition of the extract against the test organisms, their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were determined. The extract was found to contain steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. The total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins were found to be 1.427±0.02 mg/g gallic acid, 0.4239±0.19 mg/g quercetin, 5% and 75.23% respectively. The antioxidant activity at concentrations of 7.53 and 15.51 µg/mL were not statistically different from that of vitamin C (P<0.05) and the IC50 found to be 4.906 µg/mL. The zones of inhibition ranged from 22 – 47 mm while the MIC and MBC/MFC was observed to be 5 to 10 mg/mL, and 10 to 40 mg/mL respectively. The availability of phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant activities and the demonstration of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi strains show that A. paniculata root is a potential source for the production of antioxidants as well as antimicrobial drugs