Browsing by Author "Oludairo, O. O."
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Item A 30-year Retrospective Laboratory Surveillance of Wildlife Rabies in Nigeria.(Journal of Current Veterinary Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, Egypt, 2022) Tekki, I. S.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Hambolu, E. S.; Chabiri, L.; Davou, J. A.; Oludairo, O. O.; Jegede, H. O.; Nwosuh, C.; Akanbi, O. B.; Daodu, O. B.; Ocholi, R.Rabies is a neglected, fatal zoonotic disease that poses great diagnostic challenge in developing countries. It remains a serious public health hazard in many developing countries where dog bite is the main mode of transmission to man. Accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies is important in the confirmation of the disease in man and animals. This study was designed to evaluate the existence of rabies in wild animals in Nigeria between 1990 and 2019. Annual records of rabies which were confirmed through laboratory diagnosis at the National Reference Laboratory for rabies in Nigeria, The National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, were retrieved, analysed and presented using descriptive statistics. A total of Eighty- four (84) wildlife specimens tested for rabies during the period under review, 17 (20.34%) were positive for rabies while 67 (79.76%) were negative. Squirrels (8%) and monkeys (5%) had the highest occurrence of the disease. Thus presenting baseline information on the occurrence of rabies in wildlife in Nigeria.Item Assessment of antibody assay methods in determination of prevalence of infectious bursal disease among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara State North Central Nigeria,(Veterinary World, 2018) Daodu, O. B.; Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Kadir, R. A.; Ambali, H. M.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. C.; Adah, A. D.in local birds. It also sought to know the prevalence of IBD antibodies among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Sera were obtained from local chickens and guinea fowls and IBD virus (IBDV) antibodies were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Results: A total of 265 sera were obtained from local birds during dry and wet seasons. ELISA recorded the highest prevalence of 81.1% (215/265) while IHA and AGID detected IBDV antibodies in 183 (69.1%) and 122 (46%) birds, respectively. Significant differences were established for IBD-positive sera based on the assay method used, bird species, and seasons. Conclusion: This study indicated that ELISA is the most sensitive and reliable assay method while AGID is the least. It also showed that there is a high prevalence of IBDV antibodies among local birds which were not vaccinated, and this implies a high IBDV activity among these bird species in the study area. This may have significant epidemiological implications on the spread of the virus to exotic bird reared in the rural areas on a commercial scale. Thus, this study suggests continuous surveillance, awareness campaign, and advocacy for vaccination of indigenous birds against IBD.Item Assessment of antibody assay methods in determination of prevalence of infectious bursal disease among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria(Veterinary World, 2018) Daodu, O. B.; Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Ambali, H. M.; Kadir, R. A.; Daodu, O. C.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Adah, A. D.Aim: This study aimed to assess available assay methods for infectious bursal disease (IBD) diagnosis and seromonitoring in local birds. It also sought to know the prevalence of IBD antibodies among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Sera were obtained from local chickens and guinea fowls and IBD virus (IBDV) antibodies were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Results: A total of 265 sera were obtained from local birds during dry and wet seasons. ELISA recorded the highest prevalence of 81.1% (215/265) while IHA and AGID detected IBDV antibodies in 183 (69.1%) and 122 (46%) birds, respectively. Significant differences were established for IBD-positive sera based on the assay method used, bird species, and seasons. Conclusion: This study indicated that ELISA is the most sensitive and reliable assay method while AGID is the least. It also showed that there is a high prevalence of IBDV antibodies among local birds which were not vaccinated, and this implies a high IBDV activity among these bird species in the study area. This may have significant epidemiological implications on the spread of the virus to exotic bird reared in the rural areas on a commercial scale. Thus, this study suggests continuous surveillance, awareness campaign, and advocacy for vaccination of indigenous birds against IBD.Item Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Dog Owners on Rabies in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Egyptian Society for Animal Management, 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Darajat, A. T.; Daodu, O. B.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Nwoha, R. I. O.; Oluboyede, I. S.Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease that affects all warm-blooded animals. Its constant evaluation of the perception of the public is essential. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owners on rabies in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. This was achieved by administering 150 structured questionnaires to dog owners, breeders and hunters in the study area using face to face interviews. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 21. Dog owners with more than 3 dogs (13.3%) and those with one dog (50.7%) had the highest (80%) and least (47.4%) rabies vaccination rates respectively. Dogs kept for both breeding and security (18%) were vaccinated more than those kept for (74.1%) other reasons. Lhasa apso and local breeds were the highest (100%) and least (14.3%) vaccinated dogs in the study. Dogs < 1 year (30.7%) and those >6 years (0.7%) recorded (65.2%) and (0%) current rabies vaccination status respectively, while 90% and 72.6% of the respondents knew about rabies and its transmission to man respectively, only 58.7% had updated rabies vaccination for their dogs. Although 56% of the dog owners in this study rightly indicated how rabies is transmitted, 16% and 64.7% didn’t know how humans contract the disease and the clinical presentations in dogs respectively. Most (35.6%) respondents that didn’t have up to date vaccinations for their dogs didn’t have cogent reasons for failing to do so. Dog owners that were not knowledgeable about pre-exposure rabies vaccination were 58.7% while only 7.3 % of them had received previous shots of the vaccine. Dog bite experience was recorded in 78% of the respondents while only 20.7% of the 82.7% that claimed to know what to do when bitten by a dog identified the right course of action. Most (69.3%) respondents however indicated they would seek medical help at the government hospital (40%) if bitten by a rabid dog. The result of this study showed that there is some knowledge gap in the knowledge of rabies among stakeholders in the study area. Periodic mass rabies awareness campaigns to improve the perception of the disease in the study area is indicated.Item Assessment of the knowledge of contamination-causing microorganisms in food and food products in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Ilorin Journal of Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023-03) Oludairo, O. O.; Zakariya, M. E.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akpabio, U.The contamination of food and its products by microbial agents is a worldwide public-health concern. Many countries have documented significant increases in the incidence of diseases caused by microorganisms in food over the past few decades. This study focused on assessing the knowledge of the public on the microorganisms causing contamination in food and food products. Cross sectional study design was used in this study. The study population was members of the public in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. This was achieved by administering 223 structured questionnaire forms to willing members of the public in the Ilorin metropolis using stratified random sampling technique and undertaking desk reviews of responses. The result revealed that 67.7% of the respondents could not mention any food contaminants while 66.8% did not know anything about these contaminants while 95.5% only had superficial knowledge based on their response to questions about the subject matter. Male respondents and those above the age of 25 were adjudged to have more knowledge of microorganisms causing contamination in food while the knowledge of respondents with primary school certificate were lowest compared to those with other level of education. This strongly calls for an increase in public health education by all health professionals and the adoption of more innovative strategies for educating the public. There is a need for more advocacies and social mobilization by the government and non-governmental organizations with renewed vigour in the enforcement of public health regulations to safeguard members of society.Item Awareness and antibody detection of Newcastle disease virus in a neglected society in Nigeria(Veterinary World, 2019) Daodu, O. B.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Kadir, R. A.; Ambali, H. M.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. C.; Baba, S. S.Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of rural poultry farmers on vaccination and to detect Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in local birds (LB) and eggs in Kwara State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Data on farmers’ attitude, knowledge, practices, and experiences on ND mortality were obtained through an interview using a structured cross-sectional checklist. NDV antibodies were detected in sera and egg yolks of local chickens (LC) and guinea fowls (GF) using hemagglutination inhibition test. Results: A total of 83 interviewees, 287 sera and 121 egg yolk extracts, were examined. The study revealed that 98.8% (82/83) of the interviewee had never vaccinated their flock before. 90% of the interviewee had reported high mortality in birds within 1-6 months old, while the major clinical signs were cold (40.4%) and torticollis (30.8%). Evidences of LB exposure to wild-type NDV were confirmed by the detection of NDV antibodies in 20.8% and 0% of LC and GF, respectively. The mortality differences experienced in <1 and 1-6 months old LB could be explained by the presence of maternally-derived NDV antibody (49.6%) in egg yolk. Conclusion: The study showed that LB suffers from NDV as a result of LB keepers’ ignorance and neglect by the government. This has limited local investment and subsequent contribution to gross domestic product. This study suggests that the key factors to the prevention of ND remain awareness creation about poultry vaccination, production of affordable vaccines, and availability/accessibility to veterinarian (or trained personnel).Item Bacteriological Analysis of water used in abattoirs within Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria.(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Aina, O. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Akanbi, O. B.Water that is used in the abattoir for meat processing, cleaning procedures, drinking and other activities must meet international standard for potable water. It must not contain chemicals, hard physical components or microorganisms in amounts high enough to cause hazards to health. The bacteriological status and risk posed by the water used in four government owned abattoirs in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, were evaluated in this study. The bacteriological examination of samples of water from available sources in abattoirs in the study areas were carried out to determine their suitability for use and potability. Twenty-six samples were collected both before (BA) and during (DA) abattoir activities. The pour plate technique was used to ascertain the Total Viable Bacterial Count (TVC) of collected water samples. The Estimated Number of Coliform Count (ECC) was determined using MacConkey broth. The values of TVC and ECC for all the samples ranged from 2x106 to 4.8x107 CFU/mL This exceeded the 1x102 CFU/mL limit recommended by WHO for potable water. A total of 52 isolates belonging to 8 bacteria species were identified; 2 Acinetobacter spp. (3.8%), 14 Bacillus spp. (26.4%), 3 Citrobacter spp. (5.7%), 3 Enterobacter spp. (5.7%), 12 Salmonella spp. (22.6%), 4 Shigella spp. (7.6%), 9 Staphylococcus spp. (17%) and 6 Proteus spp. (11.2%) were isolated from the water samples. Results showed that water samples from the study areas had high bacterial load, thus posing high public health and food safety risks especially to the public that consume on meat processed with the water from these abattoirs. Governmental/non-governmental organizations and spirited individuals should urgently address the issue of provision of adequate and safe water for abattoir activities in addition to providing facilities for water treatment so as to safeguard the health of the populace. Consumers should properly wash meat and meats products after purchase, boiling, steaming, frying and proper cooking of meat after purchase and before consumption are highly recommended.Item Bacteriological Profile of Drinking Water Sources in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria.(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., 2022) Olorunshola, I. D.; Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Bale, J. O.; Akintola, O. O.; Omorigie, S.; Folahan, F. F.; Ogah, J. O.This study was undertaken to determine the bacteriological quality of three selected sources of drinking water sold in Ilorin metropolis. Representative water samples were collected from 87 sources consisting of 60 boreholes, 20 packaged sachet water and 7 river water samples from seven different locations across three Local Government Areas in Ilorin metropolis. The samples of water were collected in sterile McCartney bottles, placed in ice-packed flasks and immediately transferred to the laboratory for bacteria isolation, determination of bacterial load (total bacterial and coliform counts) and biochemical identification respectively. Results from this study showed that the most common bacteria isolates obtained were Staphylococcus aureus (33 isolates), Proteus species (28 isolates) and Salmonella species (26 isolates). Other bacteria isolates obtained included Klebsiella species, Pasteurella species, Bacillus species and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, results showed that river water samples had the highest bacterial count with an average of 8.56 x 102colony forming units (CFU)/100 ml, while the packaged sachet water samples had the least colony count with an average of 2.32 x 102CFU/100 ml. The total coliform counts of the borehole and packaged sachet water were within the WHO limit for portable drinking water although the total bacterial count was higher. The distribution patterns of the isolates based on sampling sites revealed that most of these organisms were encountered at Ilorin West. The disparity of the bacteriological quality of the different water sources could be related to the varying level of exposure to contaminants within and across the sampling locations. The results of this study emphasize the need for periodic assessment of water quality for safety purposes.Item BIOTERRORISM, PUBLIC HEALTH AND NATIONAL SECURITY(Centre for Peace and Strategics Studies University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2015) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.The possibility of terrorist groups utilizing biological weapons against states and countries is a mounting concern which has increasingly attracted the attention and resources of the world. This study sets out to examine the issue of biological terrorism and its potential threat to public health and national security. This was achieved using baseline information and data generated through related reported studies. Bioterrorism was found to be an ‘entirely possible’, potent, emerging threat to public health, national and international security leading to public health emergency, intimidation of the affected governments and national security vulnerability. Overcoming these challenges calls for the introduction and implementation of new, effective, potent, practical and workable plan and strategies to enhance preparedness, early detection, rapid investigation and quick response in order to stem its devastating effects among human population, animals and environment.Item Construing Simple Correlation and Regression using Students’ Test Scores and Three Independent Matrices in an Epidemiology Class in Nigeria.(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2022) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Kwaga, J. K. P.Correlation and regression are important statistical tools used in the analysis of relationships between continuous dependent and independent variables. The understanding of the basic principles and behind the scene calculations will therefore go a long way in the correct interpretation and application of this statistics. This study analysed the strength and nature of relationship between test scores and age, weight and height of students of Veterinary Public Health in a Veterinary school in Nigeria. Data were collected from the students at the time of writing a particular test, the data were thereafter used to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient and to arrive at the regression equation using established formulae and calculating machines. Correlation and regression statistical analysis were used to analyse the data from the study. Other descriptive statistics were done using Fast Statistics version 2 and IBM SPSS Statistics 19. The three independent variables were directly related to the students’ test scores. Weight and height had intermediate relationship while age is weakly related to test scores. The test scores were predicted for two randomly chosen extreme values of the 3 matrices used for the study. The predicted test scores indicated that the higher the weight, height and age of students the higher their test scores. The right application of correlation and regression could be a veritable tool in Veterinary research to statistically evaluate the relationship between variables and predict dependent variables for the purpose of preparation, projection and planning.Item Contamination of commercially packaged sachet water and the public health implications: an overview(Bangladesh Society for Veterinary Medicine., 2015) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.ABSTRACT Quality water should be colourless, tasteless, odourless and free from faecal contamination. This study investigates the level of contamination of commercially vended packaged water and their public health implications. Published baseline information and data were used in the study. Using different isolation techniques, coliform bacteria of up to 100% and faecal contamination of up to 40% were reported. The consumption of contaminated commercially packaged water by the public has led to different disease conditions and death of millions of people all over the world. This calls for strict adherence to good management practices (GMP) by producers of packaged water, improved monitoring and enforcement of guidelines of production by regulatory bodies according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, increased public awareness and sensitivity to the presence and dangers of consuming such water and creating easy, always potent reporting channels through which disease cases and suspected contaminated water manufacturers could be reported to the authority so as to prevent infection from consumption of such packaged water, diseases and deaths.Item Contamination of commercially packaged sachet water and the public health implications: an overview(Bangladesh Society for Veterinary Medicine, 2015) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.Quality water should be colourless, tasteless, odourless and free from faecal contamination. This study investigates the level of contamination of commercially vended packaged water and their public health implications. Published baseline information and data were used in the study. Using different isolation techniques, coliform bacteria of up to 100% and faecal contamination of up to 40% were reported. The consumption of contaminated commercially packaged water by the public has led to different disease conditions and death of millions of people all over the world. This calls for strict adherence to good management practices (GMP) by producers of packaged water, improved monitoring and enforcement of guidelines of production by regulatory bodies according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, increased public awareness and sensitivity to the presence and dangers of consuming such water and creating easy, always potent reporting channels through which disease cases and suspected contaminated water manufacturers could be reported to the authority so as to prevent infection from consumption of such packaged water, diseases and deaths.Item CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BIODETERIORATION CAUSED BY TERMITES (ISOPTERA)(Department of Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi., 2016-09) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Adeyi, A. J; Ayeni; Aungbias, A A.The paper reviewed the control measures against damage caused by termites. The objective was achieved using baseline published literature and data. This is particularly important because of the ever present destructive effect and presence of termites in every area of life worldwide. Multiple effective measures, ranging from chemical treatments to independent pest management procedures were identified. The right choice and application of termite preventive and control measures will be a great reprieve to stakeholders all over the world.Item Control and Prevention of Biodetterioration caused by Termites (ISOPTERA)(by Department of Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi., 2016) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Adeyi, A. J.; Ayeni, A. M. J.; Aungubias, A. A.The paper reviewed the control measures against damage caused by termites. The objective was achieved using baseline published literature and data. This is particularly important because of the ever present destructive effect and presence of termites in every area of life worldwide. Multiple effective measures, ranging from chemical treatments to independent pest management procedures were identified. The right choice and application of termite preventive and control measures will be a great reprieve to stakeholders all over the world.Item Cross-Sectional Study of Brucellosis in Cattle Slaughtered in Abattoir within the Transit City of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Abuja., 2019) Aiyedun, J. O.; Odetunde, F. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. B.; Nwoha, R. I. O.Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonosis in the world; it is highly contagious and caused by a group of organisms in the genus Brucella. The disease remains endemic in Nigeria and its actual incidence and prevalence are unknown due to both inadequate surveillance and systems of reporting outbreaks. This study was designed to determine the sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Ilorin, Kwara State, a gateway to states, and countries engaging in livestock trades within and around Nigeria. A total of 224 blood samples were randomly collected from cattle slaughtered at the two metropolitan abattoirs in the city. The study employed a combination of 2 serological techniques; the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the Serum Agglutination Tube Test (SAT). Of the 224 cattle screened, 10.71% tested positive with Rose Bengal Antigen, while 11.16% tested positive for Serum Agglutination Tube Test (SATT). Prevalence was higher in cows (11.44%) than in bulls (8.69%). There was no significant relationship between the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and any of the variables examined. However, the overall prevalence (11.16%) observed in the study was significant. Thus, the need for drastic public health interventions/control measures on brucellosis in the livestock industry in Nigeria.Item Detection and molecular characterization of a first isolate of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in Nigeria(Tropical Animal Health and Production, Springer Nature, 2021) Daodu, O. B.; Shaibu, J. O.; Richards, A. B.; Folaranmi, E. B.; Adegoke, S.; Ajadi, A.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akanbi, O. B.; Afolabi, A A.; Daodu, O. C.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Halleed, N. I.; Audu, R. A.; Oluwayelu, D. O.Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was recovered from necropsied rabbits that died during an outbreak characterized by epistaxis, incoordination, paralysis, and multi-organ haemorrhages in Ilorin, Nigeria. The haemagglutination test (HA) and RTPCR assay targeted against a fragment of the RHDV VP60 gene were performed on liver, spleen, and kidney homogenates; faeces; and urine obtained from the rabbits. Amplicons were purified, sequenced, and phylogenetically analysed. The liver homogenates yielded the highest HA titres while RT-PCR of liver, spleen, and kidneys yielded the expected 1252 bp band. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Nigerian RHDV strain (RHDV/NGR/ILN/001) was 98.57%, 97.95%, and 96.70% homologous with RHDV2 (RHDVGI.2) strains from the Netherlands, Germany, and France, respectively. RHDV/NGR/ ILN/001 induced tracheal, intestinal, and mediastinal lymph node haemorrhages, pulmonary oedema and congestion, and enlarged, necrotic liver in experimentally inoculated rabbits. The implications of this study, which is the first report of RHDV in Nigeria, are discussed.Item Drug of Choice in the Treatment of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonellae Isolated from Wildlife in Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, 2019-12) Oludairo, O. O.; Kwaga, J. K. P.; Dzikwi, A. A.; Kabir, J.Multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are frequently encountered with increased rates in recent years. Many variants of the organism have developed MDR genes which they retain even when antimicrobial drugs are no more in use, limiting the choice of drugs for therapy of Salmonella infections resulting in morbidity and mortality in both man and animals and raising more public health questions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Salmonella spp. to twelve antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Eight Salmonella spp. isolated from wildlife were tested. All the isolates exhibited MDR, showing resistance to at least four and up to nine antimicrobial agents. They were all highly resistant (100%) to ceftazidime, cephazoline, cefuroxidine and ampicillin but were susceptible to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Six resistant patterns were observed, with ampicillin-cefuroxime sodiumcephazolin- ceftazidime and streptomycin-ampicillin-cefuroxime sodium-cephazolin-ceftazidime resistant patterns exhibited by two isolates each. The substantial multiple resistance pointed to the fact that limitations could be faced in choosing drugs for the treatment of Salmonella infections and that mortality and economic losses could be experienced especially if sensitivity tests are not carried out before antimicrobial choice is made for treatments in both man and animals.Item Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance(International Journal of One Health, Veterinary World, 2023) Oludairo, O. O.; Kwaga, J. K. P.; Kabir, J.; Abdu, P. A.; Gitanjali, A.; Perrets, A.; Cibin, V.; Lettini, A. A.; Aiyedun, J. O.Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study’s keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and nonliving parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.Item The effect of diseases on food consumption and weight gain in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo)(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt., 2016) Okoli, C. P.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.Disease conditions invariably affect the activities and physiology of common buzzards irrespective of whether they are non-infectious or infectious. The impact of these diseases is further compounded by the stress of captivity in rehabilitation facilities. The aim of the study is to relate weight gain and food consumption to disease conditions in common buzzard. Fifty common buzzards were studied in five batches of 10 birds at a time. The absolute quantity of meat consumed was recorded after taking cognizance of the moisture lost by evaporation. Birds with infectious, non-infectious and those with both non-infectious and infectious diseases on the average consumed 111.9g, 116.6g and 110.3g of food daily, while their weight gain was 18.8%, 12.2% and 17.6% respectively. There were only slight differences in the amount of food consumed and percentage weight gained by the 3 categories of birds.Item The effect of diseases on food consumption and weight gain in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo).(Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2016) Okoli, C. P.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.Disease conditions invariably affect the activities and physiology of common buzzards irrespective of whether they are non-infectious or infectious. The impact of these diseases is further compounded by the stress of captivity in rehabilitation facilities. The aim of the study is to relate weight gain and food consumption to disease conditions in common buzzard. Fifty common buzzards were studied in five batches of 10 birds at a time. The absolute quantity of meat consumed was recorded after taking cognizance of the moisture lost by evaporation. Birds with infectious, non-infectious and those with both non-infectious and infectious diseases on the average consumed 111.9g, 116.6g and 110.3g of food daily, while their weight gain was 18.8%, 12.2% and 17.6% respectively. There were only slight differences in the amount of food consumed and percentage weight gained by the 3 categories of birds.
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