Browsing by Author "Ojumoola, A.O."
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Item Assessment of Stored Flour Types and Effectiveness of Freezing, Sun-Drying and Hermetic Storage in the Management of Red Flour Beetle, Triboliumcastaneum (Herbst) in Ilorin(School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 2020) Yusuf, R.O.; Ojumoola, A.O.; Uddin II, R.O.; Adesiyun, A.A.Infestation and contamination of flour by the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a major constraint to flour storage especially in many households of sub Saharan Africa region. Unlike grain protection, flour protection does not lend itself to the use of plant powders, ash, sand and other admixture-based materials often employed by householders in the region as innocuous and cheap alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Scanty information however exists on how effective the few methods used for stored grains insect pest management will be for stored flour. In this study, flour use and T. castaneum management practices of householders in Ilorin, Nigeria was investigated in a survey using questionnaires. Effects of different duration of freezing, sun-drying and hermetic storage treatments on adult and larval mortality of T. castaneum and on population growth in three commonly stored flour types identified during the survey were also evaluated in the laboratory at the Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. Furthermore, the effect of each physical method on organoleptic characteristics of treated flour types was assessed. Results showed that semolina, yam and wheat flours were most preferred by householders in the study area. In addition, 12 hours of freezing and 6 hours of sun-drying significantly (p<0.05) caused complete adult and larval mortalities (100.0%) while also preventing population increases in the three most preferred flour types even after 3 months of post-treatment storage. In contrast, hermetic storage treatment for 336 hours caused lower (p<0.05) mean percentage mortalities (6.0% - 16.0%; 7.0% - 12%) and higher post-treatment storage population changes (11.20 – 16.60; 160.60 – 189.80) of T. castaneum adults and larvae respectively in all the flour types. However, none of the treatments negatively affected the organoleptic characteristics of the flours at p=0.05. Information provided in this study will enhance utilization of locally available physical methods for effective management of T. castaneum in the stored flours.Item Diversity and abundance of diurnal insects associated with dry season Amaranthus hybridusL. in the University of Ilorin, Nigeria.(Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2019) Ojumoola, A.O.; Raimi, K.M.; Adesiyun, A.A.Amaranthus hybridus L. is an important leafy vegetable in sub Saharan Africa whose production is mainly limited by field insect pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers a sustainable approach for the management of these pests because it ensures effective insect pest control while also promoting the conservation of beneficial insect species in agro-ecosystems. Consequently, this study investigated the diversity and abundance of diurnal insects of dry season A. hybridus at the University of Ilorin to provide information for successful IPM programs in A. hybridus systems. Insect sampling from irrigated A. hybridus beds was done for 8 consecutive weeks from the second week after sowing. At each week, sampling was done in the morning (7:00 – 10:00A.M.), early afternoon (12:00 – 3:00P.M.) and late afternoon (4:00 – 7:00P.M.) with sweep net, aspirator and by handpicking. Seventy-eight insect specimens consisting of 24 species, 16 families, and 5 orders were collected. Herbivores in the family Acrididae, Alydidae, Chrysomelidae, and Pyrgomorphidae made up 78.3% of morning collections. Insect predators like Oecophylla sp. and Dorylus sp. in the family Formicidaewere most abundant in the early afternoon. Parasitoids in family Sphecidae and leaf feeders like Acridabicolor (Acrididae) made up 53.48% and 32.56% respectively of the total late afternoon collections. According to Shannon’s and Simpson’s diversity t- tests, insect taxa in the late afternoon were significantly (P < 0.05) less diverse than in the morning or early afternoon. In contrast, species richness in the morning and early afternoon did not differ significantly at P = 0.05.Item Effect on germination and nutrient composition of storing cowpea [Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.] seeds in a hermetic atmosphere modified with essential oil vapour from leaves of sweet basil [Ocimumbasilicum(L.)](Faculty of Food and Agriculture, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago., 2018) Ojumoola, A.O.; Adesiyun, A.A.; Usman, L.ACowpea represents an important staple crop in Sub Saharan Africa and can play significant roles in ensuring food security in that part of the world. During storage, the grains are attacked and decimated by the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F). Methods such as hermetic storage and treatment with botanical insecticides have been recommended as safer and cheaper protection alternatives for cowpea grain, than conventional insecticides. When used in combination, these two prove to be faster and more effective in killing resident C. maculatus adults at the commencement of storage and also adults that may later emerge from any parasitized seed in the course of storage. Grains so protected will however be of little value if the germination and nutrient composition of the cowpea seeds are adversely affected by the botanically modified storage atmosphere. In this study, an insecticidal atmosphere within hermetic plastic structures was created using essential oil from leaves of Ocimum basilicum (L.) on filter papers. Cowpea seeds stored hermetically for 30 and 60 days in the presence or absence of the botanically modified atmosphere were subjected to germination tests and proximate analyses. Results showed that the presence of the insecticidal atmosphere during storage did not negatively affect the germination and nutrient composition of the seedsItem Effects of five improved cowpea seed genotypes on oviposition and progeny development of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).(School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, 2014) Ojumoola, A.O.; Adesiyun, A.A.This study was aimed at determining the effects of genotype differences on egg laying, larval, pupal development and adult emergence of the cowpea seed bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Five cowpea genotypes (SAMPEA 6, SAMPEA 7, SAMPEA 9, SAMPEA 10 and SAMPEA 11) developed by the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria were used. Oviposition, larval development and pupal development bioassays were carried out under ambient laboratory conditions by sampling 20 seeds at the 7th, 14th and 19th day after infestation (DAI) respectively. The number of eggs, larvae and pupae in sampled seeds were counted and recorded. Adult emergence bioassay was done by counting daily the number of emerged adults until 35 DAI when adult emergence stopped. Results from the study showed that the highest mean number of eggs (41.3), larvae (28.3), and pupae (25.7) per 20 seeds at 7DAI, 14 DAI and 19 DAI respectively occurred in SAMPEA 6. Also, more adults (80.6) were observed to have emerged from SAMPEA 6 than from any other genotype. With respect to all bioassays in this study, SAMPEA 6 was significantly different (P<0.05) from all other genotypes. On the other hand, SAMPEA 10 had the least mean number of eggs (14.0) and larvae(8.0) per 20 seeds at 7DAI and 14DAI respectively and was significantly different (P<0.05) from the other genotypes. However, at 19DAI, SAMPEA 9 was observed to have the lowest mean number of pupae (4.7) per 20 seeds and was significantly different (P<0.05) from the other genotypes. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the number of adults that emerged from SAMPEA 7, SAMPEA 9, SAMPEA 10 and SAMPEA 11 at P = 0.05Item Entomology in Nigeria: The past, the present and the future(Entomological Society of Nigeria, 2015) Adesiyun, A.A.; Omoloye, A.A.; Ojumoola, A.O.Against the backdrop of the evolution of Entomology as an important science which dates back to the establishment of Biology as a field of study, an attempt has been made in this paper to define the relevance of the science of Entomology and to enunciate its essence in the past, its potentials in the present and the prospects for the future with particular reference to Nigeria. Early entomological imprints were typified by the activities of the foundation entomologists which led to the inauguration of the Entomological Society of Nigeria (ESN) in 1965. The monumental roles played by these fore bearers at building the agricultural economy of the newly independent Nigeria positioned agriculture (through appropriate insect pest management) as the main stay ofthe nation's economy at the time. The ESN which started in lbadan as a branch has grown significantly to over 18 branches with over 600 members. The past of Entomology revealed the activities and support of expatriates mainly from Great Britain who provided the much needed national pest management services. However, this past gradually terminated and ushered in the first generation Entomologists between 1960 and 1969 with significant achievements reflected in high agricultural exports in Nigeria. The present era which commenced around 1970s till date is characteristically marked by significant explosion in the number of trained Entomologists, better organized ESN as platform for interaction and communication especially with the outside world and good practice. The future of entomology in Nigeria is very bright but would be moulded positively by several factors including improvement of entomological research funding, better mentoring, resuscitation of moribund research facilities, prominence at the national front and professionalization of the science of Entomology. National Entomologists are therefore encouraged to work hard to reposition insect science in Nigeria in order to shape the nation's collective future.Item Fumigant effect of sweet basil (Ocimumbasilicum L) leaf essential oil on the longevity and fecundity of adult cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F) and on germination.(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria., 2015) Ojumoola, A.O.; Adesiyun, A.A.; Usman, L.AFresh pulverised leaves (00g) of Ocimum basilicum (L) were harvested in July 2014. Essential oil yield from the hydro-distilled leaves after 3 hours was 0.3(w/w) %. GC_MS analysis revealed the predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes (41.0%) in the oil. Terpinen-ol was the major oil constituent accounting for 29.8%. The essential oil (EO) vapour was used to generate an insecticidal atmosphere within airtight fumigation chambers (130mL). Each chamber contained 2 pairs of adult C. maculatus and ten seeds of Ife Brown cowpea variety. The EO was tested at 10, 20, 30 and 40 uL/130mL air. After 24 hours of exposure, the control had the lowest percentage mortality (0.00) while complete mortality was observed in both the 30uL and 40ul doses.Item Influence of prior feeding experience and food deprivation on flour selection and utilization by the Red Flour Beetle, Triboliumcastaneum (Herbst).(Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2020) Ojumoola, A.O.; Obikwe, E; Oladigbolu, A.A.; Adesiyun, A.A.The influence of prior feeding experience and food deprivation on selection and utilization of wheat flour (WF), melon seed flour (MSF) and mung bean flour (MBF) by Tribolium castaneum reared on WF was investigated in this study. Flour selection, measured by percentage gravitation and acceptance of the flours by beetles (when fed and also when starved for 48 hours), was studied in choice and no-choice tests. On the other hand, T. castaneum’ s utilization of flours for growth and development was determined by monitoring population changes for three months in each flour type infested with 10 beetle pairs. Results of three-flour choice tests showed that gravitation (55.56%) and acceptance (54.44%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in WF than MSF and MBF. Also, MBF significantly (p < 0.05) had higher beetle gravitation (80.56%) and acceptance (72.78%) than MSF in a two-flour choice test. In no-choice tests, percentage gravitation and acceptance of beetles to the control (no flour situation) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to MBF. Selection of MSF by T. castaneum was, however, not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the control in the study. Flour utilization followed a similar trend with significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean adults and larvae numbers in WF (211.33, 81.33) and MBF (87.67, 31.00), respectively compared to MSF (28.33, 7.67) at three months after infestation. The study concluded that flour selection in T. castaneum is influenced by prior feeding experience but not by food deprivation status of the beetles. Flour utilization is, however, neither influenced by prior feeding experience nor by food deprivation.Item Influence of three legume seed types on development of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and its suceptibility to Azadirachta indica aqueous extracts(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2018) Ojumoola, A.O.; Bamidele, D.A.; Usman, L.AIn the absence of effective protection, grains of legumes may be completely decimated when attacked in storage by the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus. The use of botanical insecticides has been reported as ecologically innocuous alternatives to conventional insecticides for the control of C. maculatus in stored legume grains. This study thus investigated how legume type influenced the emergence of C. maculatus and its susceptibility to the aqeous extract of neem leaf (a botanical based insecticide). Thirty (30) C. maculatus adults from the same population were reared for 4 generations on improved varieties of cowpea (IT89KD391), mung bean (NM 92) and soybean (TGX 1448) seeds under laboratory conditions. While both cowpea and mung bean supported the emergence of adult C. maculatus in all the four filial generations studied, emergence in soybean terminated after first filial generation. Susceptibility of fourth filial generation adult beetles from cowpea and mung bean to neem leaves aqueous extracts was subsequently tested by contact application. Treated adult C. maculatus of the mung bean line were found to be significantly (P<0.05) more susceptible to the botanical extract than those of the cowpea line. It was thus concluded that cowpea and mung bean seeds are more suitable for the emergence of adult C. maculatus than soybean seeds and that its management in storage with neem leaves aqueous extract should be done bearing in mind that the type of legume being treated might influence the effectiveness of the botanical insecticide.Item Studies on the effects of aqueous extracts of neem bark and leaf on soil termites and earthworms(Federal University Wukari, Nigeria, 2017) Ojumoola, A.O.; Shuaib, P; Adelaja, O.J.Earthworms and termites are two soil macro faunas known to perform important soil forming roles. While earthworms do not have any detrimental effect on crops, termites can attack both annual and perennial crops causing significant yield losses. Though synthetic insecticides are effective in the control of field insect pests like termites, their residues in agricultural soils and water have negative effects on beneficial soil organisms like earthworms. Extracts of different neem part have been reported as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides. This study investigated the toxicity of the aqueous extracts of neem barks and leaves to termites in soils treated with varying concentrations i.e. 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 30% and 100%. The effects of the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of both extracts on the burrowing time, weight and mortality of earthworms in treated soils were also determined. Neem bark aqueous extract caused a significantly (p<0.01) higher mean mortality of termites than neem leaf extracts at 1, 3, and 5 days after treatment. Mean percentage mortality of termites increased as the concentration of both extracts increased. In addition, both aqueous extracts reduced the weight of the earthworms exposed to them for 7 and 14 days while also increasing the time they took to burrow. Their effects on the earthworms were however significantly (p<0.01) less detrimental than that of Chlorpyrifos (20EC). Neem based insecticides therefore stand a chance in the control of termites but should be used with discretion since they could exert detrimental effects on the activities of earthworms.