Browsing by Author "Njinga, N.S"
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Item CHARACTERIZATION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF A HERBAL PREPARATION(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019) Njinga, N.S; Bakare-Odunola, M.T; Mustapha, K.B; Yahaya, T; Shittu, A.O; Bello, H.R; Usman, S.O; Ayanniyi, R.O; Olufadi, H.YHerbal product (HP) (from Ricinus communis and honey) is used locally for the management of inflammatory and inflammation related disorders including asthma. The current study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chemical profile, elemental components, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the HP used for treatment of asthma. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteus reagent and AlCl3 colorimetric method respectively. The chemo-profiling was done using TLC. Elemental analysis was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Albumin-induced paw oedema model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity while agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the HP at different concentrations. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 10.00 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 336.60 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. The chemo-profiling showed one spot at 254 nm but none at 366 nm. AAS indicated the presence of K, Ca, Fe, Na, Zn, Cu and Pb (Cu and Pb were within WHO acceptable limit). The 100 % concentration produced sudden but transient significant reduction in oedema size at 30 minutes. However, at 60 minutes the effect produced at 25 % was comparable to that of Ibuprofen at 20 mg/kg body weight. At 100% concentration HP all the organisms tested were sensitive except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The presence of flavonoids may justify the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities thus validating its use in local treatment of Asthma.Item Chemical Equivalence of Some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development and Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018-05) Kasim, L.S; Oyefule, M.O; Eniayewu, O.I; Njinga, N.S; Abdullahi, S.T; Shittu, A.OThe occurrence of fake and substandard medicines has become a global issue that draws the attention of all key players in the sector in all nations of the World. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of metronidazole tablets in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for therapeutic purpose. Five (5) brands of 200mg metronidazole tablet, marketed in Sagamu community Pharmacies were randomly selected and subjected to physicochemical studies which include uniformity of weight, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration rate, and chemical equivalence study using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to official procedures in British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). All brands except brand D and E passed the weight uniformity test. The friability test was passed by all the brands except brand E according to B.P specification which states that the loss in weight should be less than 1% also all brands except brand B showed satisfactory crushing strength. Also, the disintegration rate of the brands was satisfactory according to the B.P. specification as all the brands disintegrated within 30 minutes. The results of high performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of brands A,B,C,D, and E to be 97.44% w/w, 130.9% w/w, 111.56% w/w, 98.52% w/w, 96.02% w/w respectively. The British Phamacopoeia specification for percentage composition of metronidazole is in the range of 90-105%. Therefore brand A, D and E passed the test while brand B and C did not pass the test. The results showed that only brand A passed all the analytical procedures and therefore fit or safe for human consumption.Item Design and characterization of taste masked metronidazole microcapsules and its utilization in the formulation of orodispersible tablets(African Journals Online, 2019) Shittu, A.0; Njinga, N.S; Olatinwo, S.; Afosi, A.BOrodispersible tablet (ODT) containing microcapsules is an advanced and convenient drug delivery system that offers advantages of easy administration, and increased bioavailability. Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal, with a bitter and metallic taste as its major drawback. A taste masking is required since the tablet will disintegrate in the oral cavity releasing the drug into close proximity to the taste buds. The purpose of the study is to design and evaluate metronidazole microcapsules for formulation of taste masked orally ODT metronidazole tablets. Taste masked metronidazole microcapsules were prepared by emulsion polymerization method with sodium alginate as polymer using different drug to polymer ratio. The microcapsules were evaluated for drug loading, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer interaction by FTIR spectrometry, DTA, and flow properties. Batches B4 and B5 were formulated into orally disintegrating tablet by direct compression method. The results of FTIR spectrometry and DTA characterization of microcapsules revealed absence of drug-polymer interaction. Evaluation of the microcapsules showed fairly good flow properties and increase in entrapment efficiency as the polymer concentration increased. Evaluation of the directly compressed ODTs showed acceptable weight variation, and average disintegration time less than 60 sec. The average tablet crushing strength range from 18 to 19 N, and the drug release profiles showed greater than 80% release of metronidazole within 10 min. The successful microencapsulation of metronidazole, fast disintegration, rapid drug release profile, and evidence of compatibility between metronidazole and the process polymer demonstrates the suitability of the microcapsules for formulation of orally disintegrating tablet for convenient delivery of metronidazole.Item Design, formulation and characterization of ibuprofen-polyethylene glycol (6000) solid dispersions(West African College of Postgraduate Pharmacists, 2019) Shittu, A.O; Oyeyiola, R.W; Njinga, N.S; Afosi, A.BBackground: Formulation of solid dispersion has attracted considerable interest where dispersing a poorly water soluble drug in a water soluble polymer matrix improves the dissolution characteristics and bioavailability of the drug. Aim: The aim of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate and bioavailability of Ibuprofen (BCS class II) using solid dispersion techniques. Method: Ibuprofen solid dispersion was prepared by fusion method. Drug-carrier physical mixtures were also prepared. Effects of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) was studied for the solid dispersions and physical mixtures. The solid dispersions were investigated for drug content, solubility and dissolution characteristics, surface morphology using optical microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). All the solid dispersions showed better solubility characteristics and dissolution rate than physical mixtures. Evaluation of the FTIR results shows that the stretching vibration of ibuprofen carbonyl peak in SDs and physical mixture remained which indicates that the drug crystalline form may not be altered during solid dispersion formation and its attenuated intensities were thought to be due to the lower drug content as the amount of polymer was increased. Conclusion: The FT-IR and DTA results for SDs and physical mixtures showed no drug-polymer interaction. The statistical analysis, solubility and dissolution rate test result of ibuprofen was compared to that of the SD formulations and the values obtained were significantly below 0.05 which indicates that the results are statistically significant. Therefore, solid dispersion may be an effective technique to enhance dissolution rate of Ibuprofen. Keywords: Solid dispersion, Ibuprofen, solubility, bioavailability, PEG-6000, FusionItem EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS (LOGANIACEAE) IN MICE(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka., 2023) Aiyelero, O.M.; Salahudeen, M.A.; Salawu, K.M.; Ojuade, F.I.; Njinga, N.S; Ayanniyi, R.O.Anthocleista djalonensis (Loganiaceae) is used traditionally for the treatment of convulsions, hypertension, stomach pains, hemorrhoids, syphilis, diabetes, and other conditions. The objective of this work was to access the phytochemicals (using standard methods) and anticonvulsant potential (using adult Swiss albino mice) of the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis (EEAD). The acute toxicity profile of EEAD was investigated following standard guidelines established by the OECD 423. The study examined the anticonvulsant activity of EEAD at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg in pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizure tests. The phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out and revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids. When given orally to mice, the extract's median lethal dose (LD50) was more than 2000 mg/kg. Despite the fact that there was no significant difference between the control and 200 mg/kg doses, the ethanol leaf extract of A. djalonensis showed a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent increase in the start of clonic and tonic seizures.. The 800 mg/kg dose of the extract produced an almost similar effect as standard drug (diazepam) in stopping the occurrence of clonic and tonic seizure. Also, the higher the dose of EEAD, the higher its protection of the mice against mortality in both strychnine and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure models as 800 mg/kg dose produced complete protection against mortality similar to diazepam. These findings suggest that EEAD possess anticonvulsant activity which justifies the traditional utility of the plant in the management of convulsion.Item Heavy metal analysis of polyherbal formulations marketed in Ilorin(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development and Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020-02) Eniayewu, O.I; Bamidele, O.D; Ogunremi, B.I; Afosi, A.B; Ibrahim, S.A; Abdullahi, S.T; Njinga, N.SGlobally, consumption of herbal preparations is on the increase with corresponding increase in the numbers of pharmaceutical industries engaged in herbal production. There is need for regular assessment of the quality of these herbal products to safeguard the health of the consumers of herbal drugs. Besides other quality parameters for evaluation of herbal products, heavy metals analysis is essential due to the potential health hazards implicated in their consumptions. Therefore, the study evaluates the heavy metal contents of two polyherbal liquid preparations marketed in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria. Samples of the two herbal products (AMO and ZAK herbal bitters) were pre-treated and analyzed for the presence of iron, lead, cadmium, Copper, manganese and zinc using a validated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. The analysis was done in triplicate and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline followed. Validation results showed linearity between 5-50 mg/L, 0.1-0.4 mg/L, 1-4 mg/L, 0.02-1.0 mg/L, 0.2-1.6 mg/L and 1-4 mg/L for iron, manganese, lead, copper, zinc and cadmium respectively, while the limit of detection was 0.001 mg/L, 0.001 mg/L, 0.002 mg/L, 0.005 mg/L, 0.025 mg/L, and 0.002 mg/L, for copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, lead, and zinc respectively. The findings showed higher concentrations of iron above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit in the two preparations at 15.1 mg/L and 42.6 mg/L for AMO and ZAK herbal bitters respectively. However, lead, cadmium, and zinc were undetectable in both samples and the observed amount for copper and manganese were below the WHO limit. Our findings revealed the presence of iron at concentrations exceeding WHO permissible limits in both polyherbal preparations evaluated. This indicates a potential risk for iron poisoning with long term consumption of these products. Intensive effort by regulatory agencies to ensure the safety and quality of polyherbal formulations is recommended.Item Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of the fruit and seed extract of Phoenix dactylifera linn and evaluation of its toxicological profile in albino rats(The West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacist., 2023) Abdul-Olumoh, H.A.; Ayanniyi, R.O.; Njinga, N.S; Ojuade, F.I.; Aiyelero, O.M.; Kuranga, R.A.Background: Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) is a common plant with various known benefits. The plant's health benefits have been associated with its high antioxidant profile. Objectives: To conduct phytochemical, antioxidant, metal and vitamin analysis, and evaluate the hematological and biochemical effects of the fruit and seed extracts of Phoenix dactylifera. Methods: Evaluation of Phoenix dactylifera for phytochemicals was conducted using standard methods. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and various in vitro antioxidant activities (DPPH FRAP) was carried out using colorimetric methods. Results: Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and tannins in both extract. The antioxidant activity was also found to be 83.86 to 88.43% for seeds and 63.49 to 85.06% for fruit. The fruit and seed extracts contained Vit A (0.52/0.46 IU/100g), C (16.26/0.79 mg/100g), and (45.63/49.87 mg/100g). Metal analysis indicated the presence of Mg, Zn, Ca, Cu, I and K with the seeds having higher concentration of the metals than the fruits. Serum biochemical analysis indicated no deleterious effects on vital organs, no significant changes observed in the levels of ALT, AST, albumin, bilirubin and total protein. The histopathological findings in the kidney and of rats treated with the extract were found to be normal Hematological parameters showed no significant difference from control but MPV and MCV concentration were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in animals treated with 100 mg/kg of the methanol seed extract. The body weights increased in a dose-dependent manner in rats treated with fruits extract. Conversely, a decrease in body weight was observed in those treated with seed extract. Conclusion: The seed and fruit extract of Phoenix dactylifera did not produce any toxic effect in the rats.Item Phytochemical, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause (Anacadiaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018-09) Njinga, N.S; Sule, M.I.; Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Amali, M.O.; Bolaji, A.R.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.Item Phytochemical, elemental, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic studies of a mixed herbal product used for the management of diabetics(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018-08-24) Bakare-Odunola, M.T; Njinga, N.S; Ayanniyi, R.O; Bello, M.K.; Saad, S.TMedicinal plants are important sources of disease-preventing compounds, which are important for the treatment of various health challenges such as diabetes. On an aqueous extract of a herbal product (HP) used for the management of diabetes, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method respectively. Microbiological evaluation was done by determining the total viable, yeast, mould and coliform bacteria count. The elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. The acute toxicity was done using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents obtained was 1.58±0.001mg/g quercetin equivalent and 10.84±0.003 mg/g gallic acid equivalent respectively. Heavy metals Fe and Zn were present while Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb were absent. Na and K were also present at concentrations of 3.90 and 2.20mg·kg−1 respectively. The total viable and coliform counts were found to be 1.34 x 105and 9.0 x 104 cfu/g respectively while there was absence of mould and yeast in the HP. The LD50 of the HP was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. At dose of 125 mg/kg, the HP significantly (P<005) reduced glucose level to 143 mg/dL after 4 hours and to 123 mg/dL after 8 hours. The phytochemicals present, safety and the anti-diabetic activity justify the use of this HP in the management of diabetes.