Browsing by Author "Ghazali, Yusuf"
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Item Formulation of Vernonia amygdalina and Calotropis procera Leaf Extracts into a Cream for the Management of Skin Infections(West African Journal of Pharmacy (West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists), 2017) Kola-Mustapha, Adeola; Ghazali, Yusuf; Iranloye, TitusBackground: The incidence of skin infections in West Africa and in fact globally continues to increase at an alarming rate. Objective: This study was carried out to formulate the methanol extracts from Vernonia amygdalina and Calotropis procera into a topical cream for the treatment and management of skin infections. Method: Each extract was tested and thereafter combined in ratios 0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and 1:0 Vernonia: Calotropis (V: C). The best extract combination based on results of zones of inhibition was then formulated into modified aqueous, cetomacrogol and vanishing cream bases. The creams were formulated at an extract concentration of 2.5, 5 and 10% w/w in the bases. The creams were further assessed for their physical and chemical properties. Antimicrobial activities of the creams were examined by the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton rubrum. A combination of ketoconazole and neomycin was used as control. Results: The creams exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 8.00 ± 0.54 to 30.00 ± 0.00 mm. The extracts combined in ratio 3:1 V: C yielded the highest zones of inhibition ordinarily and in the cream across the test organisms. The cetomacrogol base was incompatible with the extract combinations, therefore unstable; the modified Aqueous cream base was stable with no antimicrobial activity while the vanishing cream base gave a stable cream with zones of inhibition against the test organisms. Conclusion: These outcomes confirm that these extracts possess antimicrobial activities, and when incorporated into creams, their activities vary according to the cream bases employed with the vanishing cream base being the most effective.Item The use of herbal medicines amongst out-patients at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) Ilorin, Kwara State – Nigeria(Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 42: 158-163. Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019-02) Ghazali, Yusuf; Bello, Ibrahim; Kola-Mustapha, AdeolaBackground: In Africa, particularly Nigeria, there is an increasing interest in natural product remedies with a basic approach towards nature. This research studies the prevalence of use, pattern of use and awareness of outpatients at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria on the use of herbal medicines. Methodology: Based on an informed consent, semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from a total of 112 outpatients attending different outpatient clinics of the hospital about the use of herbs. This sample size was derived from the Kish formula. Data obtained were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics software V23 and inferences made accordingly. Results: All (100.00%) of the outpatients were familiar with herbal medicines, 67.86% had used herbal medicines in the past and 25.00% were currently taking herbal medicines as at the time of study. It was also found that 54.35% of the respondents use herbal medicines in no specific dose, 47.83% use the herbs with various additives, and 39.13% take their herbs concurrently with orthodox medicines. A total of 13.73% of the respondents prefer to use herbs when sick and another 35.29% prefer a combination of herbs and orthodox medicines. Conclusions: Most of the patient-respondents prefer to include herbal medicines in their therapies. It is concerning that over one-third of the respondents concomitantly use herbal and orthodox medicines, some others use the herbs inappropriately. More efforts should be geared towards ensuring general improved use of herbal medicines.