Browsing by Author "Garuba, Taofeeq"
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Item A Study on Endophytic Fungi, Proximate and Chemical Compositions of a Local Variety of Mango Fruit (Mangifera indica L.)(University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka., 2018) Garuba, Taofeeq; Olayinka, Bolaji U.; Abdulkareem, Khadijah A.; Bello, M. O.; Olaleye, Faith Y.Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important tree which produce edible fruits. Different varieties of mango are available and well-studied. However, little attention has been shown to popular Ogbomoso variety especially for its endophytes and chemical profile. This work aimed at identifying endophytic fungi and carrying out proximate analysis as well as phytochemical analysis of the fruit. Potato Dextrose Agar was used as a medium for the isolation of fungi from the homogenized pulp. Proximate analysis was carried out using standard method of Association of Analytical Chemistry (AOAC). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was done to determine characteristic peaks and functional groups of compounds using Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS5 with iD1 transmission. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study the chemical profile of the sample. Aspergillus niger. A. flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer were the identified endophytes. Moisture and lipid were observed to be highest (76.87%) and lowest (0.38%) respectively in the sample. The amount of carbohydrate was 18.93%. The FTIR result revealed the presence of NH2, OH, CH2, C=O (carboxylic) and N-H 1o and 2o amine as important functional groups. A total of 23 compounds were found in the methanolic extract of the sample where Imidazolidin-2-one (18.43%) was the principal compound. N, Ndibenzylhydroxylamine (15.36%), Methyl hexadecanoate (7.33%), Hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane (4.51%) were also present in considerable quantities. It is confirmed that the homogenized pulp of Ogbomoso variety of mango fruit is rich in phytochemicals that are useful especially in pharmaceutical industries.Item Aeropalynological Investigation of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria(University of Port Harcourt., 2015) AbdulRahaman, Abdullahi A.; Aruofor, Oritsetimeyin S.; Garuba, Taofeeq; Kolawole, Saheed O.; Olahan, Ganiyu S.Hay fever allergy could either be from pollen or fungi spores. Using the Hirst model of pollen trap, pollen buckets were constructed; with pollen trap solutions inside them, they were placed in specific locations in the University of Ilorin for four months (December 2012/January 2013 to March/April 2013). Using acetolysis reaction, pollens and spores were recovered from the trap solution and were analyzed and identified in the microscope. Pollen/spore were counted and compared with meteorological parameters i.e. rainfall, sunshine, wind speed, humidity, and temperature. It was observed that pollen/spore concentrations were influenced by these meteorological factors. Hence there is need for us to always determine the amount of these pollen/spore concentrations all year round as it will help to predict the vegetation of a given area as well as helping hay fever sufferers manage their allergies effectivelyItem An appraisal of the metabolites, pharmacological and biotechnological significance of edible mushrooms(Taylor and Francis and University of South Africa Press for Royal Society of South Afric, 2021) Bolaniran, Tolulope; Jamiu, Abdullahi T.; Garuba, Taofeeq; Wudil, Alhassan M.; Adeola, Henry A.; Sabiu, SaheedMushrooms are universally valued for their dietary and therapeutic significance. Their importance could be attributed to numerous nutritive and dietary substances including polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolics and other light molecular bioactive compounds. These compounds offer optimal health benefits and have been identified as a potential source of nutritional and medicinal products against several debilitating and food-related disorders. Here, we present an updated synopsis of the medicinal attributes of mushrooms, while also highlighting the technological advancements in their cultivation that have led to the birth of engineered species with improved traits that could alleviate malnourishment and contribute towards food security, offer health benefits, and provide efficient ways of waste management.Item ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF URENA LOBATA AGAINST UROPATHOGENS(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2021) Garuba, Taofeeq; Katrodiya, Nency; Patel, Nikital; Patel, Swetal; Rajani Dhanji P.; Chettiar, Shiva S.; Krishnamurthy, RamarUrinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common form of bacterial infections but the treatment becomes cumbersome as the etiological bacteria are developing resistance against antibiotics. This present study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial activity of Urena lobata against uropathogens. Six urine samples from UTI patients were collected from Pathological Laboratory, G.B. Vaghani Multispecialty Hospital, Surat. Bacteria were isolated from these samples using Nutrient agar, Mac Conkey agar plate, Blood agar, Mannitol salt agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar and King’s agar. The bacterial isolates were identified using cultural characteristics, microscopic features and biochemical characteristics. Leaf extract of Urena lobata was prepared using Soxhlet Extraction Method whereby methanol and distilled water were the extractants used. Herbal extract disc was prepared at concentrations of 50,75, and100 mg/ml and tested against all the isolates. DMSO and antibiotics (Nitrofurantion, Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Norofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Cephalosporins) were used as negative and positive controls respectively.Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella spp. and Brevibacillus panacihumi were isolated from the urine samples. All concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extracts of U. lobata leaf displayed highest zone of inhibition against B. cereus. No inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of Klebsiella except at the highest concentrations. Further study is encouraged on the in-vivo study of efficacy of U. lobata on etiological agent of UTI.Item Assessment of postharvest handling of banana fruits and associated fungi in Ganmo market, Kwara State, Nigeria(Federal University, 2023) Garuba, Taofeeq; Atolagbe, Bukola; Yusuff, Rasheedat; Lawal, Babatunde Y.; Ishola, Taiwo J.Banana fruit is vastly perishable and needs to be handled with cares to ensure its safety and reduce the loss. This study aimed at assessing various postharvest practices of banana fruits with associated fungi in Ganmo market, Kwara State, Nigeria. The study was done by purposive sampling for the selection of the study area. Pretested questionnaires were administered to gather pertinent information on the postharvest handling practices of the fruits within the study area. Fungi were isolated and identified from the apparently diseased fruits using the standard method. The results showed that loss of banana fruits is not restricted to a particular member of agricultural supply chain but occurs at all phases spanning from farmers through the wholesalers to the retailers. It was deduced that practices like poor sanitation, absence of temperature monitoring system, unsuitable packaging system and inappropriate transport system are responsible for the postharvest loss of the fruits. The highest fruit damage (62.5%) was observed in the samples from retailers. The same handlers also had the highest disease incidence (37.5%) and severity (15.63%). Fusarium oxysporum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Pichia kudriavzevii and Alternaria alternata were frequently isolated from the deteriorated banana fruits. Good postharvest practices should be fostered and agricultural extension agents should promptly disseminate useful information to all fruit handlers.Item Assessment of the effects of ethanolic extracts of Annona squamosa leaves and stem on selected biochemical parameters(Nigerian Society for Experimental Biology, 2020) Suleiman, Faoziyat A.; AbdulRaheem, A. M. O.; Garuba, Taofeeq; Abubakar, F. A.; Giwa, E.Plants are rich sources of secondary metabolites with interesting biological and medicinal activities. Compounds from plants continue to play a major role in primary health care as therapeutic remedies in many developing countries. Natural remedies from medicinal plants are found to be safe and effective. Many plant species have been used to treat various ailments including Annona squamosa, its various plant parts, stem, leaves, roots, etc has been used locally to manage various ailments, hence the need to assess its safety and possible effects on some endogenous biochemical markers. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this experiment. The ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem of Annona squamosa were used in this research to investigate the effect on some selected biochemical parameters in healthy Wistar rats. Twenty experimental animals were randomly distributed into four (4) groups of five (5) animals each. Group A (Control) was administered appropriate volume (1ml) of distilled water, Group B was administered 50mg/kg bodyweight of Cyclophosphamide, Group C was administered 500mg/kg bodyweight of ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa leaf, Group D was administered 500mg/kg bodyweight of ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa stem. All of the doses were administered orally daily for 21 days. There was an increase in serum Alanine amino transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transaminase (AST) and Alkaline Phophatase (ALP) activity in the serum of the cyclophosphamide treated group and a subsequent decrease of these enzymes in the liver, kidney and heart. The groups administered with ethanolic extracts of Annona squamosa leaves and stem compared favourably with the control group in ALT, AST, and ALP activity in the serum, kidney, liver, and heart. The study showed that there was a significant rise in High-density Lipoprotein(HDL) concentration and albumin concentration and a decrease in Triglyceride concentration, bilirubin concentration, urea, and creatinine concentration in the groups administered 500mg/kg bodyweight of Annona squamosa leaves and stem.Item Comparative Biodiversity Assessment of Weed Species in Monocropping Plantations of University of Ilorin, Nigeria(University of Ghana, 2020) Olayinka, Bolaji U.; Adeyemi, Sherif B; Abdulkareem, Khadijah A.; Olahan, Ganiyu S.; Lateef, Azeez A.; Garuba, Taofeeq; AbdulRahaman, A. A.The present study investigates the weed species diversity in four plantations of university of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria using quadrat method. The survey revealed two major life cycles (annual and perennial) and recorded a total of 88 weed species belonging to 32 families. Four species (Azadirachta indica, Daniellia oliveri, Desmodium tortuosum, and Tridax procumbens) were common in all the surveyed plantations while thefamily Fabaceae was the most dominant. The abundant weed species analysis showed a high importance value index and were more adapted to the plantations. Diversity analysis revealed high species richness in the sugarcane plantation. The non-canopy nature of the plantation, soil structure as well as ability to coexist with many other species may underscore the reasons for this pattern of diversity. The evenness and similarity indices between and across the plantations were generally low, thus, indicating varying diversity. As a result of the recorded variation in weed composition between and across the plantations, the study has provided an insight on the pattern of weed diversity in the studied plantations. The study recommended that the most abundant weed species populations be checked for the plantations to thrive. Finally, there is an urgent need to conserve weed species that are not only rare in abundance but also showed great social and economic valuesItem Effects of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on the Biomass of Molecularly Identified Fungi Associated with Fruit Rot of Tomato(Journal of the University of Ruhuna, 2022-07-01) Garuba, Taofeeq; Mustapha, Oba Toyin; Oyeyiola, Ganiyu PacyTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit is an important component of the diet but pathogens are a threat to its availability. The purpose of this research work was to identify fungi associated with tomato fruit rot and study their biomass in different carbon and nitrogen sources. Four varieties of tomato were employed in this study: two local varieties (Hausa and Yoruba land races) and two improved varieties (Tropimech and Roma VF). Freshly harvested tomato fruits were collected and stored at room temperature until rot sets in. Fungi were isolated from rotted fruits using Potato Dextrose Agar. The isolated fungi were identified using macromorphological and micromorphological features. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of fungi were amplified and sequenced. Pathogenicity tests and physiological studies were conducted using fructose, sucrose, and starch as carbon sources and calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and urea as nitrogen sources. The biomass of the isolates was assessed in response to carbon and nitrogen sources. Aspergillus japonicus, Rhizopus oryzae, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from all the varieties. The isolates were differently pathogenic and local tomato varieties were more susceptible to the tested fungi than improved varieties. Comparatively, the fastest mycelial growth was observed in R. oryzae (8.30cm) in the PDA medium at Day 7, followed by A. japonicus (6.60cm). The two Fusarium species grew slower. Biomass of the fungi revealed that fungi showed differential abilities in utilizing different carbon and nitrogen sources.Item Effects of Fungal Filtrates on Seed Germination and Leaf Anatomy of Maize Seedlings (Zea mays L., Poaceae)(University of Port Harcourt, 2014) Garuba, Taofeeq; AbdulRahaman, Abdullahi A.; Olahan, Ganiyu S.; Abdulkareem, Khadihah A.; Amadi, Jude E.This study was carried out to investigate the effects of 7-day-old fungal filtrates of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum isolated from maize seeds on percentage germination, morphological and anatomical structures of maize seedlings. The seeds were soaked in culture filtrate of each fungus for 12hrs before planting. Blotter method was used to observe seed germination. Results showed that the percentage germination of the seeds treated with culture filtrates of A. niger and P. chrysogenum (65.33% and 79.67% respectively) was lower than the control (100%) and significantly different from each other at significant level of P ≥0.05. The leaf area showed significant difference between the experimental and control plants but there was no significant difference in the leaf number. The tetracytic stomatal complex type and wavy anticlinal walls remained constant in all the treatments and control. The stomatal index of seed treated with A. niger on abaxial leaf surface (43.61%) showed significant difference with adaxial leaf surface (31.97%). The treatments had no significant difference on stomatal density at abaxial surfaces. Reduction in stomatal size and density suggests physiological implication.Item Effects of fungal filtrates relative to soaking periods on seed germination of maize (Zea mays L.Poaceae)(Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano., 2013) Garuba, Taofeeq; Aare, Isaac O.; Abdulrahaman, Abdullahi. A.; Aliyu, Muhammad Kabir; Amadi, Jude EThis work was carried out to investigate the effects of fungal filtrates on the seed germination and seedling growth of maize ( Zea mays var. Obasuper). The filtrate of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium oxysporum were produced. The seeds were soaked in each filtrate for different periods. The results showed that 4-day-old filtrate of Aspergillus niger inhibited the germination of seeds (82.5%) at 2 hours pre- soaking period which was significantly different from the effects of other fungal filtrates. The plumule length of seeds soaked in 8-day-old culture of P. Chrysogenum (1.00cm) was higher than the value obtained from seeds treated with Fusarium oxysporum filtrate (0.99cm) but showed no significant difference at significant level of 0.05.Item Effects of fungicides on the fungi associated with cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria.(Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education, 2013) Garuba, Taofeeq; Ebitimi, L. K.; Abdulrahaman, A. A.; Amadi, J. E.This study investigated in vitro effects of different concentrations of Team fungicide and Z-Force fungicides on the mycelial growth of fungi associated with cassava tuber rot. Team fungicide contained 12% Carbendazim and 63% Mancozeb and only 80% mancozeb was present as Active Ingredient (A.I) of Z-Force fungicide. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from infected tubers after incubation at 27±2o C for one week. Different concentrations of each fungicide (100 mgL-1 , 200mgL-1 , 400 mgL-1 and 500mgL-1 ) were prepared and their effects on mycelia growths were observed. R. stolonifer was the most pathogenic causing rot symptoms with mean diameter value of 29.10mm while A. niger and A. flavus induced rot with mean diameter of 22.70mm and 17.30mm, respectively. The Team fungicide, at 100mg/L retarded the mycelial growth of A. niger and the inhibitory zone covered 34.00mm which was significantly different from the value recorded for A. flavus (57.57mm) but it had no effect on the mycelial growth of R. stolonifer. The same concentration of Z-Force fungicide was less inhibitory to the growth of the two Aspergillus spp. than Team fungicide. A. niger was observed to have higher inhibitory zone at 200mgL-1 out of the two fungicides tested in this study but concentration had no effect on the growth of R. stolonifer. At the highest concentration, the mycelial growth of A. niger and A. flavus was completely arrested. No inhibition was observed in the control experiment. The synergy between carbendazim and mancozeb in Team fungicide was noted. This study aim at comparing the inhibitory effects of Team fungicide and Z-Force fungicide against fungi associated with cassava tubers.Item Effects of Pseudomonas syringae Infection on the Stomatal Anatomy and Leaf Morphology in Lycopersicon esculentum(Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 2013) AbdulRahaman, Abdullahi, A.,; Garuba, Taofeeq; Adekoya, O,; Oladele, Fidelix A.In pathogenesis, pathogenic penetration is one of the basic steps in disease development. For foliar bacterial plant pathogens, natural surface openings, such as stomata, and wounds are important entry sites. These surface openings have been considered passive points of entry for plant pathogenic bacteria. Lycopersicon esculentum was inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae to induce a diseased condition. Subsequently leaf anatomical studies were carried out to observe the penetration ports of the bacterium. Rupture of guard cells, reduced in size of stomata and occurrence of small dark microscopic spots on the stomata are features which serve as an indication of pathogenic penetration. Also morphological growth parameters assessed revealed significant reduction in plant height, leaf length, leaf area and leaf weight in the test plant compared with the control. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of number of leaf and width of the leaf. The results suggest that disruption of stomatal anatomy by the bacterium will translates to low yield and accumulation of impurities such as carbondioxide from the atmosphere.Item EFFECTS OF STORAGE CONDITIONS AND PACKAGING MATERIALS ON THE FRUIT QUALITY OF SWEET PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)(Faculty of Science, Kaduna Stste University, 2022) Garuba, Taofeeq; Lawal, Babatunde Y.; Abiodun, Olufunmilola A.; Oyeyinka, Samson A.Peppers are perishable and characterized by a short shelf life. This work aimed at investigating effects of packaging materials and storage methods on the physicochemical properties and fungal decay of sweet pepper. The cleaned and wholesome fruits (100) were packaged in polyethylene bag, banana leaf, and jute bag. Unpackaged fruits served as control. All the samples were then stored in refrigerator, evaporative cooling structure and at ambient condition (25±2 oC). A factorial combination of three (3) packaging materials and three (3) storage conditions using randomized complete block design with three replications were used. Weight loss and percentage decay were determined and physicochemical analyses were carried out. The results showed that banana leaves and polythene bags encouraged the highest and lowest weight loss of pepper fruits in evaporative cooling system and ambient condition respectively. The jute bags significantly reduced the percentage decay in refrigerator. There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.01) in the pH of all the fruits in refrigerator. Total soluble solids of all pepper fruits in evaporative cooling system and at ambient condition reduced as storage period increased. Titratable acid values of all the pepper fruits in refrigerator increased at Day 21 compared to the values recorded at Day 7 except in the fruits packaged in polythene bags that was decreased by 50%. Refrigerator and banana leaf influenced increase in ascorbic acid more than other storage conditions. Generally, the packaging materials and the storage conditions are not significantly (p>0.01) affected the colour parameters. It can be inferred that refrigerator and jute bag is the best storage method and packaging material as it minimizes loss and maintains quality.Item Flour functionality, physicochemical and sensory properties of steamed and baked maize meal enriched with defatted soybean(Wiley for Institute of Food Science Technology, 2020) Oyeyinka, Samson A.; Adebayo, Adedoyin; Oyeyinka, adewumi T; Akeem, Ahmed O.; Garuba, Taofeeq; Oladunjoye, Adebola O.Abari is a traditional meal rich in carbohydrate and consumed in many parts of Nigeria. This study determined the physicochemical and sensory properties of steamed or baked abari enriched with defatted soybean. Abari samples were enriched with soybean at 20% and 40%, steamed or baked and the physical, proximate, and sensory attributes of the samples were evaluated. Addition of defatted soybean flour increased the protein, ash and fiber contents, of abari. Processing methods and soybean flour addition generally did not affect the appearance and color of the samples, but they did affect the textural properties of the samples. Steamed samples were rated higher in all sensory parameters and were softer than baked samples. Although baking provided another variety in the consumption of abari, steamed abari were preferred to baked samples due to the farmiliarity with steamed samples. The consumption of baked abari may be increased through consumers enlightenment on its superior nutritional value Practical applications This study has demonstrated the possibility of improving the nutritional value and textural properties of a traditional food (abari) by enriching it with a protein-rich legume. The defatting step could be done in rural communities through mechanical or manual pressing of the ground seeds and the oil may be used with little processing for cooking. The major advancement in this study is to concentrate the protein of the food through defatting and to improve the textural properties, which otherwise would be soggy without defatting.Item Fungicidal effects of Ocimum gratissium and Vernonia amygdalina on fungi associated with rhizosphere and rhizoplane of Capsicum annuum L.(Society for the Conservation of Phytofuels and Sciences, 2014) Garuba, Taofeeq; Bello, Mariam O.; Olahan, Ganiyu S.; Abdulkareem, Khadijah A.This research work was carried out to test the antifungal effects of leaf extract of Ocimumgratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina on fungi associated with rhizoplane and rhizosphere of Capsicum annuum. Soil samples were collected from the rhizoplane and rhizosphere ofCapsicum annuum at Gerewu, Ilorin, Kwara State. The soil samples were analyzed using serial dilution and spread plate methods. The leaf extract of each of the test plant was prepared using ethanol as the extractant. The antifungal potential of leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina were tested on the isolated fungi using poisoned food method. From the rhizosphere, four fungi were isolated viz: Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, Paecilomyces varioti and Saccharomyces cerevisae. Only Aspergillus niger, A. clavatus, and Paecilomyces varioti were isolated from the rhizoplane. Comparatively, the antifungal potential of Ocimum gratissimum in the inhibition of mycelial growth of the isolated fungi was observed to be higher than that of Vernonia amygdalina .Item Germination of several groundnut cultivars in relation to incidence of fungi(Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, 2017) Ahmed, O.; Olayinka, Bolaji U.; Garuba, Taofeeq; Etejere, E. O.This experiment is concerned with the germination of nine cultivars of groundnut grown in Nigeria in relation to incidence of fungi. The cultivars were NHK 5V8, NUTII 288, Samnut 10, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24 and MK 373. Germination potential was assessed after 10 days of planting in petri-dishes. Parameters such as seedling vigour and electrical conductivity were assessed. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used to isolate the fungi grown in each seed types and the fungi were identified. Four species of fungi: Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium sp and Penicillium sp were isolated in all the nine cultivars at varying degree except Aspergillus niger that was absent in Samnut 24. Fusarium sp. was preponderant in NUTII288, Samnut 22, 23 and 24. Whereas A. flavus was highest in NHK5V8, MK 373 and Samnut 21. The species such as A. niger and Penicillium sp were respectively high in occurrence in Samnut 10 and 11. Samnut 23 showed highest percentage germination followed by Samnut 24 and 21 (100-90%). All other cultivars had percentage germination between 70-80%. The results of speed, ability and seedling vigour followed similar trend as recorded for percentage germination. Seeds with higher vigour showed lower conductivity test as compared to those with low vigour. Generally, cultivars with high germination potential showed low incidence of fungal attackItem Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Acute and Sub-Chronic Aqueous Extract of Oyster Mushroom in Male Wistar Rats(Faculty of Sciences, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh., 2023) Garuba, Taofeeq; Olabanji, Islamiyat T.; Awogboro, Mariam O.; Olahan, Ganiyu S.; Atunwa, Soliu A.; Ahmed, Akeem O.; Aremu, Abdulfatai; Bolaji Mashhod; Adegboye, A. A.; Sabiu, SaheedThis study aimed at evaluating toxicological implications of aqueous P. ostreatus extract (POE) in male Wistar rats. POE was prepared in 1:10 (pulverized P. ostreatus : distilled water). In acute toxicity test, single oral dose of 2 mL/kg of POE was administered and observed for 28 days. The sub-chronic toxicity study was conducted by daily oral administration of graded doses (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mL/kg b.w) of the extract for 28 days. Clinical signs of toxicity, hematological, serum biochemical parameters and histopathological studies were subsequently evaluated. No treatment-related signs of toxicity or mortality in the animals were recorded in both toxicity tests. Rats administered with lowest dose of POE (25 mL/kg) had highest percentage weight gain. POE had no significant difference (P>0.05) on Red Blood Cell, White Blood Cell (WBC) and differential WBC, and serum biochemistry across all the treated groups when compared to the controls. The result of photomicrographs of stomach, spleen, heart, lung, kidney and liver showed a well outlined arrays of normal tissues in both acute and sub-chronic doses connoting that POE had no toxic effect on them. In view of these, POE may be concluded to be non-toxic within the tested doses and period of investigationItem Hepatoprotective and Anticancer Potentials of Moringa oleifera and Musa sapientum Extracts against Cadmium Chloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats(The School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, 2022-09-01) Akinlolu, Adelaja; Ameen, Mubarak; Ebito, Gabriel; Asogwa, Nnaemeka; Akindele, Raheem; Fagbohunka, Bamidele; Arowolo, Zainab; Garuba, TaofeeqAnticancer potential of MO11 (fractionated from Moringa oleifera leaves) and MS06 (fractionated from Musa sapientum suckers) against cadmium chloride induced hepatotoxicity, demyelination, carcinogenesis, and metastasis is reported. The activity was evaluated for 17 days in 24 adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into six groups (n=4). The baseline control Group 1 received normal saline only for the entire study period. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 6 received single CdCl-dose on Day 1. Group 2 (negative control) received no further treatment, while Groups 3, 4 and 6 were treated with plant extracts MO11, MO11+MS06, and doxorubicin (positive control), respectively, on Days 1-17. Group 5 received olive oil vehicle only for the 17 days. Levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine and glutamate), and biomarkers of myelination (myelin basic protein, MBP), drug metabolism and carcinogenesis (cytochrome p450), apoptosis (caspase-3 and p53), and angiogenesis (soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, sVEGFR) in liver homogenates were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were statistically analysed using Mann-Whitney U test with p ≤ 0.05. The MO11, MO11+MS06, and doxorubicin upregulated dopamine, glutamate, and cytochrome p450, but downregulated MBP, caspase-3, p53 and sVEGFR in Groups 3, 4 and 6, compared with Group 2, implying the hepatoprotective, re-myelination, and anticancer potential of the studied plant fractions.Item Hepatoprotective and Anticancer Potentials of Moringa oleifera and Musa sapientum Extracts against Cadmium Chloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats(Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya., 2021) Akinolu, Adelaja; Ameen, Mubarak; Ebito, Gabriel; Asogwa, Nnaemeka; Akindele, Raheem; Fagbohunka, Bamidele; Arowolo, Zainab; Garuba, TaofeeqAnticancer potential of MO11 (fractionated from Moringa oleifera leaves) and MS06 (fractionated from Musa sapientum suckers) against cadmium chloride induced hepatotoxicity, demyelination, carcinogenesis, and metastasis is reported. The activity was evaluated for 17 days in 24 adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into six groups (n=4). The baseline control Group 1 received normal saline only for the entire study period. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 6 received single CdCl-dose on Day 1. Group 2 (negative control) received no further treatment, while Groups 3, 4 and 6 were treated with plant extracts MO11, MO11+MS06, and doxorubicin (positive control), respectively, on Days 1-17. Group 5 received olive oil vehicle only for the 17 days. Levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine and glutamate), and biomarkers of myelination (myelin basic protein, MBP), drug metabolism and carcinogenesis (cytochrome p450), apoptosis (caspase-3 and p53), and angiogenesis (soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, sVEGFR) in liver homogenates were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were statistically analysed using Mann-Whitney U test with p ≤ 0.05. The MO11, MO11+MS06, and doxorubicin upregulated dopamine, glutamate, and cytochrome p450, but downregulated MBP, caspase-3, p53 and sVEGFR in Groups 3, 4 and 6, compared with Group 2, implying the hepatoprotective, re-myelination, and anticancer potential of the studied plant fractions.Item In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities of Pestalotiopsis microspora Culture Filtrate(Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysian., 2018) Garuba, TaofeeqEndophytic fungi have been studied to provide protection and survival conditions to their host plant by producing a plethora of substances which, once isolated and characterized, may also have potential for use in industry, agriculture, and medicine. In this study, the culture filtrate of an endophytic fungus (Pestalotiopsis microspora (PM)) was evaluated for its cytotoxic and antioxidant activities in vitro. The cytotoxic activity of PM was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), while its antioxidant effect was investigated against DPPH, reducing power and hydroxyl radicals. Judging by the LC50 value of 2.71 mg·mL-1 for the BSLA, the culture filtrate could be considered highly potent. The PM also significantly scavenged free radicals and the effects elicited could be attributed to its phenolics and other phytoconstituents as revealed by the GC-MS results. It is thereby evident from the data presented that PM is endowed with chemotherapeutic constituents that could be potentially useful for the development of new lead anticancer agents.