Browsing by Author "Daodu, O. B."
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Item A 30-year Retrospective Laboratory Surveillance of Wildlife Rabies in Nigeria.(Journal of Current Veterinary Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, Egypt, 2022) Tekki, I. S.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Hambolu, E. S.; Chabiri, L.; Davou, J. A.; Oludairo, O. O.; Jegede, H. O.; Nwosuh, C.; Akanbi, O. B.; Daodu, O. B.; Ocholi, R.Rabies is a neglected, fatal zoonotic disease that poses great diagnostic challenge in developing countries. It remains a serious public health hazard in many developing countries where dog bite is the main mode of transmission to man. Accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies is important in the confirmation of the disease in man and animals. This study was designed to evaluate the existence of rabies in wild animals in Nigeria between 1990 and 2019. Annual records of rabies which were confirmed through laboratory diagnosis at the National Reference Laboratory for rabies in Nigeria, The National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, were retrieved, analysed and presented using descriptive statistics. A total of Eighty- four (84) wildlife specimens tested for rabies during the period under review, 17 (20.34%) were positive for rabies while 67 (79.76%) were negative. Squirrels (8%) and monkeys (5%) had the highest occurrence of the disease. Thus presenting baseline information on the occurrence of rabies in wildlife in Nigeria.Item Assessment of antibody assay methods in determination of prevalence of infectious bursal disease among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara State North Central Nigeria,(Veterinary World, 2018) Daodu, O. B.; Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Kadir, R. A.; Ambali, H. M.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. C.; Adah, A. D.in local birds. It also sought to know the prevalence of IBD antibodies among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Sera were obtained from local chickens and guinea fowls and IBD virus (IBDV) antibodies were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Results: A total of 265 sera were obtained from local birds during dry and wet seasons. ELISA recorded the highest prevalence of 81.1% (215/265) while IHA and AGID detected IBDV antibodies in 183 (69.1%) and 122 (46%) birds, respectively. Significant differences were established for IBD-positive sera based on the assay method used, bird species, and seasons. Conclusion: This study indicated that ELISA is the most sensitive and reliable assay method while AGID is the least. It also showed that there is a high prevalence of IBDV antibodies among local birds which were not vaccinated, and this implies a high IBDV activity among these bird species in the study area. This may have significant epidemiological implications on the spread of the virus to exotic bird reared in the rural areas on a commercial scale. Thus, this study suggests continuous surveillance, awareness campaign, and advocacy for vaccination of indigenous birds against IBD.Item Assessment of antibody assay methods in determination of prevalence of infectious bursal disease among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria(Veterinary World, 2018) Daodu, O. B.; Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Ambali, H. M.; Kadir, R. A.; Daodu, O. C.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Adah, A. D.Aim: This study aimed to assess available assay methods for infectious bursal disease (IBD) diagnosis and seromonitoring in local birds. It also sought to know the prevalence of IBD antibodies among local chickens and guinea fowls in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Sera were obtained from local chickens and guinea fowls and IBD virus (IBDV) antibodies were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Results: A total of 265 sera were obtained from local birds during dry and wet seasons. ELISA recorded the highest prevalence of 81.1% (215/265) while IHA and AGID detected IBDV antibodies in 183 (69.1%) and 122 (46%) birds, respectively. Significant differences were established for IBD-positive sera based on the assay method used, bird species, and seasons. Conclusion: This study indicated that ELISA is the most sensitive and reliable assay method while AGID is the least. It also showed that there is a high prevalence of IBDV antibodies among local birds which were not vaccinated, and this implies a high IBDV activity among these bird species in the study area. This may have significant epidemiological implications on the spread of the virus to exotic bird reared in the rural areas on a commercial scale. Thus, this study suggests continuous surveillance, awareness campaign, and advocacy for vaccination of indigenous birds against IBD.Item Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Dog Owners on Rabies in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Egyptian Society for Animal Management, 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Darajat, A. T.; Daodu, O. B.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Nwoha, R. I. O.; Oluboyede, I. S.Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease that affects all warm-blooded animals. Its constant evaluation of the perception of the public is essential. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owners on rabies in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. This was achieved by administering 150 structured questionnaires to dog owners, breeders and hunters in the study area using face to face interviews. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 21. Dog owners with more than 3 dogs (13.3%) and those with one dog (50.7%) had the highest (80%) and least (47.4%) rabies vaccination rates respectively. Dogs kept for both breeding and security (18%) were vaccinated more than those kept for (74.1%) other reasons. Lhasa apso and local breeds were the highest (100%) and least (14.3%) vaccinated dogs in the study. Dogs < 1 year (30.7%) and those >6 years (0.7%) recorded (65.2%) and (0%) current rabies vaccination status respectively, while 90% and 72.6% of the respondents knew about rabies and its transmission to man respectively, only 58.7% had updated rabies vaccination for their dogs. Although 56% of the dog owners in this study rightly indicated how rabies is transmitted, 16% and 64.7% didn’t know how humans contract the disease and the clinical presentations in dogs respectively. Most (35.6%) respondents that didn’t have up to date vaccinations for their dogs didn’t have cogent reasons for failing to do so. Dog owners that were not knowledgeable about pre-exposure rabies vaccination were 58.7% while only 7.3 % of them had received previous shots of the vaccine. Dog bite experience was recorded in 78% of the respondents while only 20.7% of the 82.7% that claimed to know what to do when bitten by a dog identified the right course of action. Most (69.3%) respondents however indicated they would seek medical help at the government hospital (40%) if bitten by a rabid dog. The result of this study showed that there is some knowledge gap in the knowledge of rabies among stakeholders in the study area. Periodic mass rabies awareness campaigns to improve the perception of the disease in the study area is indicated.Item Assessment of the knowledge of contamination-causing microorganisms in food and food products in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Ilorin Journal of Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023-03) Oludairo, O. O.; Zakariya, M. E.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akpabio, U.The contamination of food and its products by microbial agents is a worldwide public-health concern. Many countries have documented significant increases in the incidence of diseases caused by microorganisms in food over the past few decades. This study focused on assessing the knowledge of the public on the microorganisms causing contamination in food and food products. Cross sectional study design was used in this study. The study population was members of the public in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. This was achieved by administering 223 structured questionnaire forms to willing members of the public in the Ilorin metropolis using stratified random sampling technique and undertaking desk reviews of responses. The result revealed that 67.7% of the respondents could not mention any food contaminants while 66.8% did not know anything about these contaminants while 95.5% only had superficial knowledge based on their response to questions about the subject matter. Male respondents and those above the age of 25 were adjudged to have more knowledge of microorganisms causing contamination in food while the knowledge of respondents with primary school certificate were lowest compared to those with other level of education. This strongly calls for an increase in public health education by all health professionals and the adoption of more innovative strategies for educating the public. There is a need for more advocacies and social mobilization by the government and non-governmental organizations with renewed vigour in the enforcement of public health regulations to safeguard members of society.Item Awareness and antibody detection of Newcastle disease virus in a neglected society in Nigeria(Veterinary World, 2019) Daodu, O. B.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Kadir, R. A.; Ambali, H. M.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. C.; Baba, S. S.Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of rural poultry farmers on vaccination and to detect Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in local birds (LB) and eggs in Kwara State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Data on farmers’ attitude, knowledge, practices, and experiences on ND mortality were obtained through an interview using a structured cross-sectional checklist. NDV antibodies were detected in sera and egg yolks of local chickens (LC) and guinea fowls (GF) using hemagglutination inhibition test. Results: A total of 83 interviewees, 287 sera and 121 egg yolk extracts, were examined. The study revealed that 98.8% (82/83) of the interviewee had never vaccinated their flock before. 90% of the interviewee had reported high mortality in birds within 1-6 months old, while the major clinical signs were cold (40.4%) and torticollis (30.8%). Evidences of LB exposure to wild-type NDV were confirmed by the detection of NDV antibodies in 20.8% and 0% of LC and GF, respectively. The mortality differences experienced in <1 and 1-6 months old LB could be explained by the presence of maternally-derived NDV antibody (49.6%) in egg yolk. Conclusion: The study showed that LB suffers from NDV as a result of LB keepers’ ignorance and neglect by the government. This has limited local investment and subsequent contribution to gross domestic product. This study suggests that the key factors to the prevention of ND remain awareness creation about poultry vaccination, production of affordable vaccines, and availability/accessibility to veterinarian (or trained personnel).Item Construing Simple Correlation and Regression using Students’ Test Scores and Three Independent Matrices in an Epidemiology Class in Nigeria.(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2022) Oludairo, O. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Kwaga, J. K. P.Correlation and regression are important statistical tools used in the analysis of relationships between continuous dependent and independent variables. The understanding of the basic principles and behind the scene calculations will therefore go a long way in the correct interpretation and application of this statistics. This study analysed the strength and nature of relationship between test scores and age, weight and height of students of Veterinary Public Health in a Veterinary school in Nigeria. Data were collected from the students at the time of writing a particular test, the data were thereafter used to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient and to arrive at the regression equation using established formulae and calculating machines. Correlation and regression statistical analysis were used to analyse the data from the study. Other descriptive statistics were done using Fast Statistics version 2 and IBM SPSS Statistics 19. The three independent variables were directly related to the students’ test scores. Weight and height had intermediate relationship while age is weakly related to test scores. The test scores were predicted for two randomly chosen extreme values of the 3 matrices used for the study. The predicted test scores indicated that the higher the weight, height and age of students the higher their test scores. The right application of correlation and regression could be a veritable tool in Veterinary research to statistically evaluate the relationship between variables and predict dependent variables for the purpose of preparation, projection and planning.Item Cross Sectional Study of Brucellosis in Cattle Slaughtered in Abattoirs within the Transit City of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, 2019) Aiyedun, J. O.; Odetunde, F. O.; Oludairo, O.O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. B.; Nwoha, R. I. O.Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonosis in the world; it is highly contagious and caused by a group of organisms in the genus Brucella. The disease remains endemic in Nigeria and its actual incidence and prevalence are unknown due to both inadequate surveillance and systems of reporting outbreaks. This study was designed to determine the sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Ilorin, Kwara State, a gateway to states, and countries engaging in livestock trades within and around Nigeria. A total of 224 blood samples were randomly collected from cattle slaughtered at the two metropolitan abattoirs in the city. The study employed a combination of 2 serological techniques; the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the Serum Agglutination Tube Test (SAT). Of the 224 cattle screened, 10.71% tested positive with Rose Bengal Antigen, while 11.16% tested positive for Serum Agglutination Tube Test (SATT). Prevalence was higher in cows (11.44%) than in bulls (8.69%). There was no significant relationship between the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and any of the variables examined. However, the overall prevalence (11.16%) observed in the study was significant. Thus, the need for drastic public health interventions/control measures on brucellosis in the livestock industry in Nigeria.Item Cross-Sectional Study of Brucellosis in Cattle Slaughtered in Abattoir within the Transit City of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Abuja., 2019) Aiyedun, J. O.; Odetunde, F. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. B.; Nwoha, R. I. O.Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonosis in the world; it is highly contagious and caused by a group of organisms in the genus Brucella. The disease remains endemic in Nigeria and its actual incidence and prevalence are unknown due to both inadequate surveillance and systems of reporting outbreaks. This study was designed to determine the sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Ilorin, Kwara State, a gateway to states, and countries engaging in livestock trades within and around Nigeria. A total of 224 blood samples were randomly collected from cattle slaughtered at the two metropolitan abattoirs in the city. The study employed a combination of 2 serological techniques; the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the Serum Agglutination Tube Test (SAT). Of the 224 cattle screened, 10.71% tested positive with Rose Bengal Antigen, while 11.16% tested positive for Serum Agglutination Tube Test (SATT). Prevalence was higher in cows (11.44%) than in bulls (8.69%). There was no significant relationship between the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and any of the variables examined. However, the overall prevalence (11.16%) observed in the study was significant. Thus, the need for drastic public health interventions/control measures on brucellosis in the livestock industry in Nigeria.Item Detection and molecular characterization of a first isolate of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in Nigeria(Tropical Animal Health and Production, Springer Nature, 2021) Daodu, O. B.; Shaibu, J. O.; Richards, A. B.; Folaranmi, E. B.; Adegoke, S.; Ajadi, A.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akanbi, O. B.; Afolabi, A A.; Daodu, O. C.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Halleed, N. I.; Audu, R. A.; Oluwayelu, D. O.Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was recovered from necropsied rabbits that died during an outbreak characterized by epistaxis, incoordination, paralysis, and multi-organ haemorrhages in Ilorin, Nigeria. The haemagglutination test (HA) and RTPCR assay targeted against a fragment of the RHDV VP60 gene were performed on liver, spleen, and kidney homogenates; faeces; and urine obtained from the rabbits. Amplicons were purified, sequenced, and phylogenetically analysed. The liver homogenates yielded the highest HA titres while RT-PCR of liver, spleen, and kidneys yielded the expected 1252 bp band. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Nigerian RHDV strain (RHDV/NGR/ILN/001) was 98.57%, 97.95%, and 96.70% homologous with RHDV2 (RHDVGI.2) strains from the Netherlands, Germany, and France, respectively. RHDV/NGR/ ILN/001 induced tracheal, intestinal, and mediastinal lymph node haemorrhages, pulmonary oedema and congestion, and enlarged, necrotic liver in experimentally inoculated rabbits. The implications of this study, which is the first report of RHDV in Nigeria, are discussed.Item Effectiveness of biosecurity measures in some selected farms in Kwara state, Nigeria(Department of Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi., 2018) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. B.; Furo, N. O.Biosecurity in poultry farm is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm. It is one of the most economical and effective methods of disease prevention and control in the poultry industry. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to capture data on biosecurity practices observed by some registered poultry farms randomly selected in Kwara State from March 2016 to December 2016. Data generated under a focused group discussion covered information on farm environment and hygiene, risk factors, disease management, control and regulations. Epi Info software package version 6.04 was used for data analysis. The relationships between the dependent and independent variables were compared using the χ2 tests. A P-value of ˂0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference that biosecurity measure is of great relevance in the poultry industry. The study revealed that the management practices and hygiene methods employed in the farms investigated were not in tandem with standard biosecurity measures and practices (SD≤0.5), standard methods and their implication of non-compliance were also not well understood. We recommend ‘all-in and all-out’ management system of practice and further research on biosecurity measures for human and animal health and protection.Item EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOSECURITY MEASURES IN SOME SELECTED FARMS IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA(Department of Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, 2018-09) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunsola, I. D.; Daodu, O. B.; Furo, N. A.Biosecurity in poultry farm is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm. It is one of the most economical and effective methods of disease prevention and control in the poultry industry. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to capture data on biosecurity practices observed by some registered poultry farms randomly selected in Kwara State from March 2016 to December 2016. Data generated under a focused group discussion covered information on farm environment and hygiene, risk factors, disease management, control and regulations. Epi Info software package version 6.04 was used for data analysis. The relationships between the dependent and independent variables were compared using the χ2 tests. A P-value of ˂0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference that biosecurity measure is of great relevance in the poultry industry. The study revealed that the management practices and hygiene methods employed in the farms investigated were not in tandem with standard biosecurity measures and practices (SD≤0.5), standard methods and their implication of non-compliance were also not well understood. We recommend ‘all-in and allout’ management system of practice and further research on biosecurity measures for human and animal health and protection.Item Improving Awareness and Preventive Activities about Rabies in Ifelodun Local Government Area, Kwara State and Aba South Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria.(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan., 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Nwoha, R. I. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Akanbi, O. B.Rabies is an ancient disease of poor and vulnerable communities and is responsible for many human deaths in Africa and Asia. The rate at which cases of rabies are reported in the media, veterinary clinics and human hospitals is increasingly high. Although rabies is highly feared, yet public awareness and knowledge of its risk factors are still very poor in Nigeria. The low level of the knowledge of the disease has negatively affected the elimination of rabies in the country. The aim of this study was to impact members of the selected communities with knowledge about rabies. Rabies awareness campaign was carried out in Ifelodun Local Government Area of Kwara State and Aba South Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria from July to September 2019 using public address system to communicate, inform and educate youths and adults in schools, churches, mosques, markets, town halls and community centers in the study areas. Questionnaire was thereafter administered to collect data on rabies awareness and anti-rabies vaccination for dogs. The study revealed general acceptance of members of the communities to the educational awareness campaigns carried out in the study areas. This was also reflected in the respondents’ knowledge that rabies is a deadly disease (69%) transmitted majorly by dogs (73%) and predominantly through bite (86.6%). The government at all levels should sponsor and incorporate rabies education into free mass dog vaccination programs. We recommend that government should support regular rabies campaign in addition to mass dog vaccination programs and consider subsidy on anti-rabies vaccine for the successful elimination of rabies in Nigeria.Item Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Salmonella Species from Ready-to Eat Roasted Meat (Suya) in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria(Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Egyptian Society for Animal Management, 2022) Oludairo, O. O.; Balogun, A. K.; Daodu, O. B.; Aiyedun, J. O.Salmonella are pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate food products during or after processing. They are among the most important food borne pathogens worldwide contaminating a wide range of animal products including meat products. Human illnesses due to this pathogen are attributed to poor biosecurity in production and improper processing/handling of meat and meat products. This is more likely where surveillance and regulatory control are weak. Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, like roasted meat (Suya) in Ilorin, do not undergo any treatment to ensure its safety before consumption, therefore the risk of food borne disease occurrence must be considered if these pathogens are present in the food. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella in Suya in Ilorin, Nigeria. A total of 102 Suya samples were collected and analysed for the presence of Salmonella. Samples were obtained from 5 major markets, consisting of a total of 15 Suya retail outlets. Organism isolation and identification were done using conventional methods. Confirmation of suspected isolates was done using Microbact GNB 24E. Five samples (4.9%) were positive for Salmonella. Confirmed Salmonella isolates were evaluated in vitro for susceptibilities to 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. All (100%) of the confirmed Salmonella isolates exhibited multiple resistance to at least 3 antibiotics and exhibited five antimicrobial resistance phenotypic patterns. The classes of antibiotics they were resistant to are: aminoglycosides, cephalosporin, penicillin and tetracycline. The isolation of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonella species in this study makes Suya potential vehicle for the transmission of Salmonella. Effort should be made to sensitize producers of Suya on the potential risk of the product being vehicles for the transmission of food borne pathogens and the need to maintain high level hygiene during production. The public should be educated to only patronize reliable Suya joints. Constant research work should be carried out to evaluate the level of contamination of ready to eat foods like Suya in order to be able to take informed decisions.Item Knowledge and Attitude Towards Zoonoses among Workers in Selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria.(Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Department of Forestry Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi., 2021) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Jegede, H. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Akanbi, O. B.An exploratory questionnaire-based survey of zoological workers (n=152) was carried out from April 2016 to March 2017 in Ibadan (Oyo State), Ilorin (Kwara State) and Jos (Plateau State), Nigeria to assess local knowledge and attitude towards zoonoses among zoological workers. A combination of closed and open-ended questions, focused group discussions and ranking techniques were employed to gather information on perceptions concerning the type of zoonotic diseases prevalent in the study area, level of risk, mode of transmission and methods of preventing disease transmission from animals to humans. The results revealed that 44.1% of the respondents had good level of awareness about zoonoses. Rabies (99%), tuberculosis (41%), bird flu (47%) and Ebola virus disease (EVD) (44%) were considered the four most common zoonotic diseases in the study area. Among the respondents, 42.1% and 57.2% perceived zoonoses are transmitted by direct contact and attending to sick animals respectively. Constant hand washing was indicated by 45.4% of the respondents as the mode of prevention of zoonoses in the study area. It is necessary that the Government provide the vaccination facility to all the zoological workers against the relevant zoonotic diseases. The level of awareness about the risks associated is needed to improve through proper education, training, and establishment of written infection control policies in the various zoological gardens in the country.Item Major Emerging Viral Zoonosis Reported in Nigeria: A Review.(Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Abuja, 2021) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Nwoha, R. I. O.; Daodu, O. B.This review paper is aimed to provide comprehensive information on emerging and re-emerging viral zoonoses, factors contributing to the emergence and re-emergence of these diseases and prevention and control measures against these viral zoonotic diseases. Emerging zoonoses like avian influenza, ebola virus disease and Lassa fever are those infections, in which the incidence in humans and animals have either increased during the last two decades or threaten to increase shortly. Re-emerging zoonoses like rabies are those that have reappeared after a significant decline in their incidence. Emerging and re-emerging diseases are causing devastating effects nationally and internationally, with millions of people infected and billions of money spent. The factors contributing to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonoses are viral adaptation, antigenic drift and shift, climatic conditions, international travel, globalization and trade. To prevent both human and animal deaths and to avoid potential economic burdens associated with emerging and re-emerging viral zoonotic diseases, there should be good control and prevention methods for these diseases such as good epidemiological survey, improved diagnostic facility, avoidance of global warming and working in collaboration with all stakeholders.Item An Overview of Animal and Humans Brucellosis in Nigeria(Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Egyptian Society for Animal Management., 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. B.; Akanbi, O. B.Brucellosis is a bacterial disease in humans and animals caused by a group of organisms in the genus Brucella. It is highly contagious and one of the most important zoonosis in the world. The disease remains endemic in Nigeria and its actual incidence and prevalence are unknown due to poor surveillance and inadequate disease reporting system. A comprehensive review of the literature published online was carried out on manuscripts published as far back as 1976 to 2021, A computerized search of existing literature was conducted using the Google search engine, PubMed electronic database and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) abstracts to identify and review relevant publications on brucellosis in animals and humans in Nigeria using the following search terms: brucellosis, malta fever, undulant fever, febrile fever, Gibraltar fever, gastric fever, remittent fever, Mediterranean fever, bangs disease and contagious bovine/ovine abortion. Our review showed that brucellosis is widely distributed in Nigeria amongst human and animal hosts. Undulant fever is the most commonly reported syndrome in humans, while abortion is the most prevalent symptom documented in animals. Serological techniques like rose-Bengal/card test (RBT), standard agglutination tests (SAT), complement fixation test (CFT), indirect enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are often used to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in human and animal hosts. Losses enumerated in the literature include those due to abortions, diminished milk production and contamination of milk, mastitis, animal culls and condemnation of infected animals due to breeding failure and inability to participate in the international animal export trade. In humans, brucellosis reduced work capacity through the sickness of the affected people and can be acquired from animals. There is need for a drastic public health interventions and control measures on brucellosis in the livestock industry in Nigeria.Item Prevalence of Salmonella Species in Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) in Gambari Market, Ilorin East Local Government, Kwara State, Nigeria.(Zagazig Veterinary Journal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt., 2023) Oludairo, O. O.; Zakariya, M. E.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akpabio, U.Although milk is highly nutritious, it is also an excellent substrate for microorganisms’ growth like Salmonella which is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease worldwide. This research aimed to isolate Salmonella spp. from nono sold in Gambari market, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, test the isolated Salmonella spp. to ten antimicrobial agents and evaluate the risk factors associated with the production and retailing processes of nono in the study area. These were achieved by collecting 113 nono samples and analysing them using conventional isolation methods, confirming the suspected isolates using Microbact GNB 24E. Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial sensitivity test and structured questionnaires were also used. Six (5.3%) Salmonella spp. were isolated. All (100%) the Salmonella isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin. Three (50%) of the isolates had resistance breakpoints of 14mm or less to colistin. Five resistance patterns were recorded among the isolates. Eighty percent of the respondents did not wash their hands before milking, while 70% didn't clean the udder before milking. Self-administration of antibiotics to milking cows by 85% of respondents was also recorded. The isolation of Salmonella, including multiple-antimicrobial-resistant species, in nono in the study area could be an indication of contamination.Item Rabies immune status of vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs in Kwara State,(Journal of Sustainable Veterinary and Allied Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria., 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oluboyede, I. S.; Daodu, O. B.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Darajat, A. T.Rabies is one of the deadliest zoonoses that have existed for decades, affecting wide range of hosts globally. In Nigeria, there is paucity of data on routine antibody check of antirabies vaccinated dogs as quality assurance. This study was designed to investigate the seroprevalence of canine rabies virus in both vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs within Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of one hundred and eighty-two (182) blood samples collected from dogs were transported to the Virology and Immunology Laboratory of the University of Ilorin Veterinary Teaching Hospital for processing. Sera were harvested from the blood samples and rabies IgG was qualitatively determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Overall seroprevalence of 11% (20/182) was recorded in this study. One hundred and twenty-one (66.5%) and Sixty-one (33.5%) of the dogs used in this study had vaccination and non-vaccination status respectively. The study also revealed that several dogs (78.7%; 48/61) that were said to be vaccinated did not have rabies antibodies while some unvaccinated dogs (5.8%; 7/121) had rabies antibodies. There was a significant (χ2 = 11.177, df = 4, P = 0.025) association between age group and rabies virus antibodies detection. The same significant (χ2 = 9.995, df = 1, P = .002) association was observed for vaccination status of dogs sampled. On the other hand, sex has no significant (χ2 = 0.71, df = 1, P = .790) association with rabies virus antibodies. Poor attitude to vaccination of dogs used for hunting in rural and semi-urban areas was generally observed compared to dogs kept for other purposes in urban areas. There is need for increased rabies awareness campaign, vaccine subsidies, and wider sero-surveillance activities engaging the relevant stakeholders with government sponsorship.Item Surveillance for avian influenza virus in captive wild birds and indigenous chickens in Nigeria(Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature, 2020-03) Daodu, O. B.; Jegede, H. O.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olounshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. C.; Ajadi, A.; Ambali, S. F.Several reports of avian influenza virus (AIV) have been made on commercial chickens and wild birds in sub-Saharan Africa, but there is paucity of information of AIV among captive wild birds and indigenous chickens. Blood samples were obtained randomly from captive wild birds and chickens. AIV nucleoprotein antibody detection involved the use of enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and subsequent subtyping with H5 and H7 AIV antigens (haemagglutination inhibition). Four hundred birds belonging to nine families and 14 species were sampled, and overall prevalence of 23% (92/400) was obtained (captive wild birds (10.4%, 5/48), indigenous birds (47.3%, 87/184) and exotic commercial birds (0.0%, 0/168)). Twelve ELISA-positive birds (13.04%) were positive to H7 antigen. Univariate analysis indicated statistical significance of AIV prevalence in captive wild birds (p < 0.0001) and exotic birds (p < 0.0001) using indigenous chickens as reference. This study gave an evidence of exposure of captive wild birds and indigenous chickens to AIV in Nigeria. Scavenging activities common among indigenously raised chickens, unrestricted movement of nonflying wild birds within the captive complex and free access by migrating wild birds to captive wild birds and local chickens were likely factors observed to promote AIV transmission. Continuous surveillance can further highlight the roles played by these birds in the epidemiology of AIV