Browsing by Author "Bello, Shakirat I."
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Item ADHERENCE AND PHARMACOCARE INTERVENTIONS AMIDST HIV PATIENTS ON COMBINED ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN NIGERIA(Association of Pharmacy Professionals, India, 2017) Bello, Shakirat I.Present study examines the level of adherence and pharmaceutical care interventions among HIV patients on combined antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria. Adherence to cART among 297 patients was determined using pill counting method. The levels of patient adherence were evaluated at baseline and then re-evaluated at three, six, and nine months. The subjects were also followed up with drug counseling at 3 months interval of the hospital visit for prescription refills. More than one-half of them were on cART between 2 and 3 years. At baseline, the adherence level obtained from pill counting was 85.9%. Following the patient-focused interventions, the adherence level steadily increased to 97%. Before the intervention, patients most adhered to Tenofovir + Emtricitabine + Efavirenz followed by Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Efavirenz. After the intervention, there was an improvement in adherence level to all the regimens of drugs used for the patients. In treating HIVinfected subjects on combined antiretroviral therapy, application of pharmaceutical interventions and continual monitoring are essential to heighten adherence and promote survival.Item Antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial and fungal isolates from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit(Society for Tropical Plant Research, India., 2016) Bello, Shakirat I.; Aminu, D.; Olawuyi, O. J.; Afolabi-Balogun, N. B.; Lawal, A. O.; Azeez, A. H.; Habib, U.Decayed ripened tomato fruit contaminated with spores and toxins with relatively heat resistant could poised food poisoning in humans and animals. This research investigated the effect of antibiotic sensitivity of fungi and bacteria isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit in Osogbo markets, Nigeria. One hundred decayed fruit of tomato were procured from three main markets (Igbonna, Oja Oba and Sabo) within the metropolis. Fungi and bacteria were cultured on Sabourand dextrose, MacConkey and Tomato juice agar media. Eight species of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and six fungi (Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillium spp.) were isolated and characterized. Fungal isolates were highly virulent compared with bacteria in the decayed tomato fruit. Sabo market had the most prevalence fungi and bacteria isolates, while Igbonna and the Oja‒Oba markets followed in that trend. Mucor spp. and Bacillus subtilis exhibited the highest fungal and bacterial counts of 42×104 cfu g-1 each in the Sabo market. Chloramphenicol was the most suitable antibiotic for controlling both micro flora. Except B. subtilis, varied degrees of antibiotic sensitivities and resistances were observed on all the bacteria. Technological improvement of harvesting, packaging, handling, storage and preservation could reduce tomato fruit losses and invariably enhance shelf life and quality.Item Design and Implementation of Web-based Examination System for the University(University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania, 2016-10) Bello, Ridwan O.; OLUGBEBI, Muyiwa; BABATUNDE, Abdulrauph O.; Bello, Bashir O.; Bello, Shakirat I.Online examination system is an information and communication solution to the paperbased examination system. It is resourceful, timesaving and efficient. The system is designed to enhance the examination process in schools and is capable of conducting any type of examination questions such as multiple-choice questions or theory-based question format. In this paper, we developed a system that provides an equitable level of security and veracity on the conduct of the examination. The aim of this application is to meet students requirements where they are expected to take their examination online through internet or intranet. The system was developed using Hypertext Preprocessor, Hypertext Markup Languages, Cascading Style Sheet, Javascript and My Structured Query Language as the database backend which are used in web-based applications. Thiese guarantee that the application is cheap, robust, and is able to run on multiple platforms. The application can be enhanced using integrated biometric systems such as fingerprint or face to improve its effectiveness and security.Item Haematological Profile of Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital(Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, India, 2016-06) Bello, Shakirat I.Background: Haematological parameters are important monitoring tool for assessing prognosis and treatment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients. Therefore, examining these parameters for abnormalities are absolutely imperative. Objective: This research was conducted to examine the effects of ARV drugs on haematological indices of HIV–infected patients under treatment. Research approach: The study was conducted in President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria between October, 2012 and April, 2013. The blood samples of 275 HIV–infected patients on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and 109 patients yet to receive ARVs were analysed for haematological parameters with automated blood analyser. Findings: A higher incidence of anaemia, thrombocytopenia and lymphocytopenia were observed in those patients that were yet to commence ARV drugs. Leucopoenia and neutropenia were prominent among HIV–infected patients on ARV drugs. Microcytic anaemia was more frequent in patients that were about to start drugs, while macrocytic anaemia was identified among HIV–infected patients on ARV drugs. Conclusion: All types of anaemia except life threatening were found in patients receiving ARV drugs. The anaemia, leucopoenia and neutropenia found in patients on ARV drugs were associated with first–line Tenofovir–based regimen. Research Value: Further research is needed to ascertain the safety of Tenofovir–based therapy in managing HIV–infected patients.Item Hypertension and Related Risk Factors Among Clients on Combined Antiretroviral Therapy in Offa, Nigeria(Jinnah University for Women, Pakistan, 2017) Bello, Shakirat I.; Ojieabu, Winifred A.Justification: The hypertension pervasiveness is a major challenge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) afflicted people globally. Aim: A prospective, cross-sectional research comprising two hundred and eighteen HIV afflicted patients was conducted in Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic of General Hospital, Offa, Nigeria between November 2015 and December 2016. Methodology: Blood pressure of patients’ was evaluated with the use of Omron automated blood pressure monitor following standard procedures. Dual Weight and Height Balance device was utilized to measure the weights and heights of the subjects. Results: Hypertension incidence among patients receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) was 34%, while cART-naive was 9.6%. In women afflicted with HIV who were on cART, the hypertension occurrence was high (75.5%) compared to men (24.5%). Risk factors that were markedly linked with hypertension among patients on cART include body mass index (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.21-2.27; p < 0.050), sedentary lifestyle (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.20-5.38; p < 0.043), age (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.22-2.33; p < 0.004) and gender (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 0.85-2.41; p < 0.037). Conclusion: Patients on cART were found to have higher hypertension prevalence than cART-naive. On risk factors for hypertension, however, the cART was not inclusive.Item Impacts of Community Pharmacists on Self-medication Management among Rural Dwellers, Kwara State Central, Nigeria(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh., 2013-06) Bello, Shakirat I.; Bello, Ibrahim KThe role of pharmacist has not only advanced from medication dispensing but also to direct patient care and pharmaceutical interventions aiming at enhancing the populace wellbeing. The objective of this research was to assess the impact of rural community pharmacist interventions on self-medications and disease prevalence among rural settings in the Kwara State Central, Nigeria. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in eight rural communities with a pre-piloted questionnaire. Data obtained from respondents were computed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16 using descriptive analysis procedures, and relationships between variables were tested using the chi square. Respondents between the age of 40 and 50 years dominated with 42.3% and majority (88.1%) of the rural residents were illiterates. Farming was the major occupation of the respondents and survived on less than ten thousand naira Nigeria money ($63) per month. Among the combinations of drugs abused by the respondents, the regimen containing combination of prednisolone, diclofenac and paracetamol had the highest users. The least used combination was ibuprofen, diclofenac plus prednisolone. These combinations were taken twice daily by the majority participants. The most common reasons given for self-medications were osteoarthritis (31.1%), poverty (17.4%), general body pain (14.3%), inadequate of health facilities (4.6%), ignorance (4.3%) among others. The intervention offered by the pharmacists had reduced the mean systolic blood pressure significantly (P < 0.05) from 161 mmHg to 129 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure from 104 mmHg at baseline to 86 mmHg. Postintervention evaluation revealed the impact of the pharmacists, as the respondents with dyspepsia at baseline significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 220 to 53 participants.Item Long-Term Effect of HAART on Biochemical Profiles of HIV/AIDS Patients in a Tertiary Health Facility in Benin City, Nigeria(Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, 2014-11) Bello, Shakirat I.; Onunu, Abel N; Erah, Patrick O.Purpose: To assess the long-term effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on biochemical parameters of HIV-infected patients in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: HIV/AIDS patients on HAART for 2 - 8 years (297), those who were not on HAART (112, positive control), and healthy subjects (103, negative control) were recruited in the Infectious Diseases Clinic (IDC) of UBTH. Their sera were assayed for biochemical parameters. WHOQoL bref instrument was used to assess patients’ Quality of life (QoL). Results: Patients who have been on HAART had significantly elevated ALT and AST levels (p < 0.001) but mild liver toxicity. QoL of these patients was not significantly different from that of the healthy controls. The levels of Na+ (133.4 ± 5.2 mmol/l), K+ (3.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l) and Cl- (101.3 ± 4.0 mmol/l) were significantly lower in patients on HAART than those of the positive (137.5 ± 5.1, 3.9 ± 0.5, 104.3 ± 5.7 mmol/l respectively, p < 0.001). Also, levels of creatinine (0.8 ± 0.2 mg/dl), TBil (0.5 ± 0.2 mg/dl), and CB (0.3 ± 0.5 mg/dl) were significantly higher in patients on HAART than those of either the positive (0.7 ± 0.3, 0.4 ± 0.2, 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dl) or negative (0.7 ± 0.3, 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dl) controls respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Treatment with HAART for 2 - 8 years may not produce severe hepatotoxicity in HIV/AIDS patient though mild liver toxicity should be expected. The patients’ QoL was not negatively affected by the use of HAART for 2 - 8 years.Item Pharmacist Intervention and Quality of Life of HIV-Infected Patients in Nigeria(Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Society, Bangladesh., 2017) Bello, Shakirat I.Assessment of quality of life of HIV-infected patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is imperative in the management of the disease. This study was done to assess the quality of life (QOL) of HIV-infected patients on cART before and after the pharmacist intervention. Consented HIV diagnosed outpatients in a tertiary health care facility in Benin City that met inclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled into the study. The QOL of these patients was determined in the four domains of WHOQOLHIV BREF instrument. The raw scores for each domain in the WHOQOL-HIV BREF were calculated by adding values of single items. The scores were computed on the scale of 0 to 100. One way ANOVA and Student t-test were used to compare means. At baseline, mean QOL values were below 73. The lowest values were in the social domain and the best values in the physical domain. The QOL values increased steadily over the period of interventions with the highest mean QOL of 93.7 in the physical domain. The improvement in QOL was significant at 6 and 9 months following interventions (p < 0.001). The values obtained are expressed in percentage. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female patients on cART in all domains of QOL following the intervention. Patients on Tenofovir + Emtricitabine + Efavirenz combination therapy had significantly higher scores in all the domains of QOL as compared with other drug combinations used in the management of the patients. The only educational level of the patients was significantly associated with the patients’ QOL. The intervention in this prospective study was a success, as it led to increasing in QOL for the patients on cART from the baseline level to the end of the 9th month.Item PHARMACIST-STRENGTHEN ADHERENCE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AND THE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS IN NIGERIA(Association of Physicians of Bangladesh, Bangladesh, 2017) Bello, Shakirat I.Introduction: Children adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) not only creates a problem for the treated children, but also for their caregivers and healthcare providers. The objective of this study was to determine adherence level and evaluate factors associated with better drug adherence among HIV-infected children in Nigeria. Methods: Adherence to HAART was determined prospectively among HIV-infected children attending HAART Clinic in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Adherence level was measured using self-reported method and patients medical folders. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with better drug adherence among the children. Results: In the eighty children studied, mean age at baseline was 2.16±0.74 years and 60% were males. Baseline adherence level was 74.0% which improved to 98.0% over the course of 8-months follow-up intervention by the pharmacist (p<0.043). Forgetfulness of caregivers to administer antiretroviral medication at the right time to the children was the highest reason for non- adherence. Factors associated with better drug adherence were duration on HAART (OR 1.201; 0.253-1.144, p< 0.003), age (OR 0.540; 0.162-1.006, p < 0.001), type of regimen (OR 0.222; 0.134-1.356, p< 0.046) and heavier weights (OR 1.559; 0.403-1.826, p < 0.023). Conclusions: Following pharmacist’s intervention coupled with other factors, adherence to HAART was strengthened with significant improvement in the children medication-taking behaviour.Item Pharmacist’s Intervention in the Control of Blood Sugar Levels in Randomised Diabetes Patients at a Primary Health Care Setting in Benin City(College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria., 2012) Bello, Shakirat I.; Ganiyu, Kehinde A.; Dakop, Y. O.; Erah, Patrick O.Background: The extended roles of pharmacists in Nigeria in the improvement of quality of health care at the primary health care (PHC) level is currently poorly executed even though pharmacists have been proven to be involved in interventional activities in health care delivery. Objective: To evaluate pharmacists' intervention in the control of blood sugar levels of diabetes patients in a PHC setting in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: At baseline, the fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) of randomly selected 170 diabetic patients in a primary health care centre were evaluated. This was followed-up with intervention by the pharmacists through counselling on lifestyle modification, selfmedication and drug adherence on monthly basis for three consecutive months after which the FBS, HbA1c, BMI and BP were re-evaluated. Results: indicated significant reduction in BMI, HbAlc and FBS from 27.1±4.2 kg/m2, 8.1±3.0% and 10.0±4.2 mmol/l to 23.5±3.5 kg/m2, 7.1±1.8% and 8.5±2.1 mmol/l, respectively (p<0.001) was observed following the intervention by the pharmacists. Conclusion: Direct involvement of pharmacists in the care of diabetic patients in PHC settings can significantly improve the quality of life provided to these patients and hence reduce mortality resulting from the disease. Recruitment of reasonable number of pharmacists should always be considered in health policies for PHC settings in developing countries.Item Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among Fulani herdsmen in Rural Community of Nigeria(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, 2016) Bello, Shakirat I.; Ojieabu, Winifred A.; Bello, Ibrahim K.Hypertension is progressively becoming more prevalent in Nigeria and has not been studied in some demographics. The purpose of the study was to assess the risk factors and occurrence of hypertension among Fulani herdsmen in Nigeria. A descriptive cross sectional study on hypertension was conducted among Fulani herdsmen residing in rural communities of Ilorin East and Moro Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Nigeria, from the ages of 18 years and above. The eight hundred and seventy–two (872) subjects used in this study were sampled based on convenience as dictated by the inclusion and exclusion criteria and availability of subjects. The consenting subjects completed a standardized questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured and recorded using standard calibrated equipment. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were conducted. Of the 872 herdsmen, 351 (40.3%) were aged 18–30 years and 632 (72.5%) migrated from the North–West zone of Nigeria. Almost all (n=858, 98.4%) of the subjects were ignorant of hypertension. Overweight and obesity were uncommon among the subjects (0%). The occurrence of hypertension was 17.3% with overall average systolic blood pressure (BP) of 128.8±12.3 mmHg and diastolic BP of 84.0±8.0 mmHg. Risk factors of hypertension identified among these Fulani herdsmen were types of diet [OR 0.578; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.113–1.418, p< 0.028], smoking habit [OR 5.147; CI: 1.023–25.884, p < 0.017] and age [OR 2.656; CI: 0.682–8.556, p < 0.031]. Majority of hypertensive herdsmen were not aware of their status. Public health awareness on the risk factors of hypertension such as smoking and diet type is essential to reduce the burden among this population.Item Quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients in a secondary health care facility, Ilorin, Nigeria(Baylor University Medical Center; Texas, North America, 2013) Bello, Shakirat I.; Bello, Ibrahim KThis study evaluated the quality of life (QoL) and associated factors for 160 HIV/AIDS patients in Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. The patients were assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Version. Frequency distribution, percentages, and means were employed for the statistical analysis of the results. The mean age of the HIV/AIDS patients was 38.0 years; 70% were females, 55% were literates, more than three quarters were married, and one third were businessmen/women. The overall mean scores for healthrelated QoL were 72 for the physical domain, 67 for the psychological domain, 65 for the environment domain, and 47 for the social domain. Significant differences were observed in all domains among patients who had received 12 months of antiretroviral therapy compared with those who had just begun therapy. Marital status, fewer pills, and longer duration of therapy appeared to predict better QoL in this study. The improved QoL in the physical, psychological, and environmental domains is suggestive of the interventions offered to the patients by the pharmacists in this setting.Item Student Assessment System with Hypertext Preprocessor Technology(University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania, 2016-10) Bello, Ridwan O.; OLUGBEBI, Muyiwa; BABATUNDE, Abdulrauph O.; Bello, Bashir O.; Bello, Shakirat I.Students and lecturers interact on academic matters such as passing information on assignments, courseware, research supervision, tests and examinations Based on the challenges of students not been aware of information disseminated at the right time using hardcopy papers pasted on the notice board or through other communication channels, there is therefore need to develop a web interactive assessment application that proffer solutions to both lecturers and students with the use of internet. In this application, the lecturer not only post requests including assignments, courseware and tests andbut also access student’s submisions online. The students can also check the assignments, attempt, submit and recieved results at a later time. user interface is designed using Bootstrap framework, Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) and Hypertext Markup Languages. Computer system or any mobile platform can be utilied to accessed the application via internet browser. E-assessment played a significant role in promoting student learning. Educational software targeting school learners should comprise a set of features to increase motivation and improve learning.Item Student-Teacher Online Booking Appointment System in Academic Institutions(University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania, 2016-10) Bello, Ridwan O.; OLUGBEBI, Muyiwa; BABATUNDE, Abdulrauph O.; Bello, Bashir O.; Bello, Shakirat I.Web-based booking appointment systems are prevalent currentlly either online or using traditional queuing systems.Several businesses like hospitals use different Web-based appointment systems for their patients which make appointments process more efficient, thereby minimizing patient’s waiting time and maximizing the total number of patients served. This study presents a web based appointment booking system through web or mobile devices that assists both students and lecturers to be acquainted with the time of appointment wherever they are. The system allows students and lecturers to simply gain access to the system by connecting to the Internet. It also enables students to drop any message which consists of the purpose and time of the appointment. The system was developed using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML5), Hypertext Pre-processor (PHP) as scripting language, Bootstrap framework and My Structured Query Language (MySQL) as database. This wil enable the web application to be robust, cheap and capable of oprerating on variuos platforms. The system does not only fully automated, and perform excellently well, but also user-friendly, time effective and efficient.Item World Health Organization Indicators for Rational Use of Drugs in a Nigerian Secondary Hospital(Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, India., 2016-06) Bello, Shakirat I.; Ojieabu, Winifred A.; Bello, Ibrahim K.Purpose: Prevention of irrational drug use may reduce healthcare costs and potentially save lives. In line with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation, retrospective, prospective and cross sectional descriptive studies were conducted to obtain information on patient care, prescribing, and facility indicators in the Outpatient Department of General Hospital, Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria. Methodology: A sample of 1,416 prescriptions was randomly selected to determine the prescribing indicators. A total of 472 patients were interviewed to collect information on the drugs being used by the patients. Information on health facility indicators were obtained by assessing sufficient supply of vital drugs, and access to information about these drugs in the hospital. Findings: Majority of the patients were females with mean age of 56.2 ± 7.1 years. The average number of drugs per prescription (2.6) was higher than WHO recommendation (1.6-1.8), and most (58.1%) of the drugs prescribed were branded rather than 100% generics. Percentages of antibiotics (23.8%) and injectable drugs (3.4%) prescribed were within WHO cut-off values of 20.0-26.8% and <10.0%, respectively. The Nigerian Essential Drugs List was available in the facility, and a high percentage (99.7%) of drugs was prescribed from the list. The average time used in dispensing drugs (5.26 ± 2.33 minutes) was also adequate and within WHO recommendation (>3 minutes). Appropriate drugs dispensed and adequate labeling were 87.4% and 81.9%, respectively. Hypertension (28.8%) was the most prevalent disease in the community. Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the prescribing indicators did not meet WHO standard criteria. Social Value: The health facility and patient care indicators are rational. Data obtained in this study can be used to monitor and improve drug prescribing habits of physicians in this facility.