Browsing by Author "Bello, R. H.,"

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    Effects of Ultra-Violet, Red and Sun Light on the Stability of Phytochemicals, Antiradical and Antimicrobial Activity of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Lamiaceae).
    (East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences., 2020-04-01) Njinga, N. S.,; Bakare-Odunola, M. T.,; Abdullahi, S. T.,; Abdulmajeed, F. F.,; Bello, R. H.,; Saadu, R. A.,; Aliyu, M.,; Egharevba, G. O.,; David, B. O. and; Shittu, A. O
    The content and stability of phenols, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids in Ocimum gratissimum upon exposure to sunlight, red and ultra-violet (UV) radiation over a period of 168 h was investigated as well as the effect of irradiation on its antiradical and antimicrobial activities. Total phenolic, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloid contents were determined using standard methods while antiradical and antimicrobial analyses were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and agar diffusion methods, respectively. Exposure to sunlight significantly increased (p<0.05) the total phenolic and alkaloid contents. Ultra-violet and sun light significantly decreased the total flavonoid and saponin content, while all the three forms of radiation significantly increased antiradical activity as well as antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Red and UV light significantly increased the activity against S. aureus while UV light increased activity against Escherichia coli. These findings suggest photochemical instability with increased antiradical and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts of O. gratissimum after irradiation.
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    Occurrence and Antimicrobial resistance of Uropathogenic Staphylococcus aureus from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics within Ilorin.
    (Nig. J. Pharm. Res., 2023-08-01) Bello, R. H.,; Ibrahim, Y. K. E.,; Olayinka, B. O.,; Jimoh, A. A. G.,; Olabode, H. O. K.,; Afolabi-Balogun, N. B.,; Shittu, A. O.,; Aliyu, A.; and David, M. S
    Abstract Background: Staphylococus aureus associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) has become a serious health problem especially with the emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococus aureus (MRSA) due to the acquisition of mecA gene leading to increasing maternal and perinatal burden. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, β-lactamase production and methicillin resistance among uropathogenic S. aureus among pregnant women attending selected antenatal clinics in Ilorin. Methods: Forty-five (45) out of 79 presumptive uropathogenic S. aureus isolated over a period of 12 months from urine samples of pregnant women were identified using standard bacteriological methods. Antibiogram studies was performed using gentamicin (CN-10µg), ciprofloxacin (CIP-5µg), ofloxacin (OFX-5µg), tetracycline (TE-30µg), sulphamethaxozole-trimethoprim (SXT-25µg), ampicillin (AMP-10 µg), penicillin G (P-10 units), nitrofurantoin (F 30 µg) and cefoxitin (FOX-30 µg) for the detection of MRSA by disc diffusion method. Furthermore, detection of β - lactamase producing S. aureus (BL-PSA) was carried out using Iodometric paper strip method. Results: Of the 45 S. aureus isolates, 80% were BL-PSA, MRSA (87%), exhibiting high resistance to penicillin G (97.8%), ampicillin (95.5%), tetracycline (77.8%) and sulphamethaxozole trimethoprim (64.4%). In addition, 56% were multidrug-resistant (MDR) exhibiting 20 different phenotypes with CN-P-SXT-TE-AMP-FOX (15.6%) being the majority. Notwithstanding, S. aureus isolates showed high sensitivity to nitrofurantoin (93.3%) and ofloxacin (91.1%). Conclusion: This study established an increasing resistance of S. aureus to different classes of antibiotics which emphasize the need for constant surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance trends. Routine screening for BL PSA and MRSA among uropathogenic S. aureus is also advocated in order to reduce the development and spread of MDR isolates.
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    The Formulation and Evaluation of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel and Cymbopogon flexuosus Linn Essential Oils Emulgel for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.
    (MDPI: Gels, 2023-12-03) Kola-Mustapha, A. T.,; Aliu, M. H.,; Bello, R. H.,; Adedeji, O. J., and; Ghazali, Y. O.
    The global concern regarding the occurrence of antifungal resistance to synthetic conventional azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis, along with the associated side effects, is significant. Consequently, the pursuit for substitutes such as natural therapies has ensued. Essential oils, derived from plants, have been extensively researched and found to possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. This study aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy of two essential oils, both alone and in combination, against Candida albicans. Essential oils were formulated into an emulgel separately and as combinations. The essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia and Cymbopogon flexuosus were used in this study. The resulting emulgel formulations were characterized for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Physiochemical properties such as pH, viscosity, and appearance were also determined. The prepared emulgels were thereafter observed for stability over a period of 1 month. The MIC of Melaleuca alternifolia was seen to be 50 µL/mL while Cymbopogon flexuous was seen to be more potent at 25 µL/mL against C. albicans exhibiting strong synergistic effect at 0.4. The emulgel formed was white in color, smooth on skin, and had the odor of the essential oils, which is sweet to the nose. The pH of the formulations with the essential oils were acidic in the range of 3.70–3.83, making them suitable for vagina application. The emulgels had viscosities ranging from 4417.6 to 8968.7 mPas, owing to the thickness of the essential oils contained. The emulgel formulation with the combination of essential oils was more potent that the two with individual essential oils; furthermore, the one with Cymbopogon flexuous was more potent than the one with Melaleuca alternifolia. Based on the properties of the formulated emulgels and their activity against the test organism, the preparations have significant potential in the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis.