Browsing by Author "Bakare, Adebola Rafiu"
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Item An analysis of patterns of media coverage in Nigeria’s 2015 general elections.(Department of Communications and Language Arts, University of Ibadan. Ibadan, 2018) Aremu, Fatai Ayinde; Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Abayomi, KolapoStudies have established that the media is one of the core institutions in democratic sustenance. The media also play significant role in determining the voting pattern and electoral outcome which prompted contending political parties and their candidates to shift attention and substantial resources to media campaigns. Thus, the electoral battle is usually fought on the pages of newspapers before the Election Day. Hence, the media is fast becoming an institution worthy of reckon if a country wishes to have peaceful transition and democratic sustenance. It is in light of this that this study attempts to analyze the patterns of media coverage of the 2015 general elections in Nigeria in order to identify the causal factors as well as the loopholes surrounding extant laws and policies guiding the media in the Nigeria democratic regime. The study adopts sequential explanatory strategy of the mixed method research design using both primary and secondary data from four (4) major national newspapers (Nigerian Tribune, The Sun, Punch and Daily Trust). The data were analyzed using content analysis techniques and found that all the media outlets violated the regulatory frameworks to published hate speeches and characters murdering advertorials for political and economic personal gains. The causal factor shows that weak regulatory framework of print media made it susceptible to various forms of inducements, misuse and unethical practices. The study therefore recommends that a strong ethical standard mechanism, backed up with sanction be put in place and periodic sensitizations be done by the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria (BON) and other regulatory agencies on the need to eschew publications capable of undermining the peaceful existence of the country and the survival of the hard earned democracy.Item Asymmetrical dynamics and sub-national legislative-executive relations in Nigeria.(Department of Political Science, Federal University Wukari, 2017) Aremu, Fatai Ayinde; Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Kolapo, Quadri AbayomiExecutive-legislative relation is central to the discourse on effective governance and political stability. The dynamics that underpin the pattern of relationship between executive and legislative arms have attracted scholarly attention worldwide. Nigeria's return to democratic governance in 1999 after long years of military dictatorship allowed the discourse to gain greater intellectual traction particularly because the legislature as an institution was the casualty of military rule. Commendable as those intellectual efforts are, there has been yawning dearth of studies on executive-legislative relations at the sub-national level. While national level dynamics are important in yielding broad insights into how governance works (or fails to work) at the aggregate level, sub-national level analysis is necessary for a deeper understanding of how governance play out further down the layer and its potential future trajectory. Besides, the question of how asymmetry of access to certain powers privileges the Executive over the Legislature is often glossed over. In this paper, attempt is made to bring the asymmetrical dynamics to the center of analysis. Thus, this study examines the determinants of stable and cooperative executive-legislative relations under different compositions. Using diverse case selection procedure, the paper categorized the States according to patterns exhibited along the models (typology) formulated in the paper. While acknowledge the fact that Executive-Legislative relations in most advanced democracies could be determined through ideological perspective(s), although one cannot rule out party affiliation from the factors that can make or mar cordial relationship. This paper, however, establishes various models of Executive-Legislative Relations in Nigeria, with political party as a major determining factorItem Asymmetrical dynamics and sub-national legislative-executive relations in Nigeria.(Department of Political Science, Federal University Wukari, 2017) Aremu, Fatai Ayinde; Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Abayomi, KolapoExecutive-legislative relation is central to the discourse on effective governance and political stability. The dynamics that underpin the pattern of relationship between executive and legislative arms have attracted scholarly attention worldwide. Nigeria's return to democratic governance in 1999 after long years of military dictatorship allowed the discourse to gain greater intellectual traction particularly because the legislature as an institution was the casualty of military rule. Commendable as those intellectual efforts are, there has been yawning dearth of studies on executive-legislative relations at the sub-national level. While national level dynamics are important in yielding broad insights into how governance works (or fails to work) at the aggregate level, sub-national level analysis is necessary for a deeper understanding of how governance play out further down the layer and its potential future trajectory. Besides, the question of how asymmetry of access to certain powers privileges the Executive over the Legislature is often glossed over. In this paper, attempt is made to bring the asymmetrical dynamics to the center of analysis. Thus, this study examines the determinants of stable and cooperative executive-legislative relations under different compositions. Using diverse case selection procedure, the paper categorized the States according to patterns exhibited along the models (typology) formulated in the paper. While acknowledge the fact that Executive-Legislative relations in most advanced democracies could be determined through ideological perspective(s), although one cannot rule out party affiliation from the factors that can make or mar cordial relationship. This paper, however, establishes various models of Executive-Legislative Relations in Nigeria, with political party as a major determining factor.Item Debt crisis and management in developing countries: the Nigerian experience(Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2013) Lawal, E. E.; Bakare, Adebola RafiuThis paper traced the historical evolution, composition and magnitude of developing countries’ debt profile and the instruments adopted for its management with emphasis on Nigerian experience. It discovered that most developing countries resort to loan acquisition with the aim of fostering economic development but end up been worse-off as a result of the adverse effects of systemic corruption which consequently leads to wider technological and socio-economic gap as well as asymmetric relationship between the creditor and debtor nations. The paper analysed the arguments ‘for’ and ‘against’ the justification for external borrowing with its corresponding effect on the country’s investment. It analysed the politics behind the debt cancellation between President Obasanjo’s administration and the Paris Club; and the re-emergence of another debt burden under President Jonathan’s administration facilitated by the same Finance Minister. It discovered that Nigeria’s external debt keeps increasing in fold in comparison to the internal debt and projected that the country’s debt profile will rise to US$25,206.86billion by 2015 from the current US$9,021.53billion as a result of the astronomical growth in the borrowing trend of the federal, states and local governments. The paper argued that obtaining loan is not really the problem but its embezzlement and misappropriation in the Nigerian context is of greater concern. It recommended that Nigeria should adopt “growth oriented strategies” to strengthen the economic conditions of the country which will allow for reduction of the real debt burden to a sustainable level. This should be premised on transparent government with uncompromised political will on the part of the decision-makers.Item Exploring the legislative framework of the Nigerian National Assembly.(Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2018) Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Adebiyi, Oluwashina; Mahmoud, KafayatThere seems to be a wide semblance of legislative framework among democratic countries across the globe. This is largely as a result of the significance of the institution to democratic rule and the uniformity of roles. However, while the legislature shape the behaviours of individual legislators in advanced democracies, the Nigerian experience depict otherwise. This led to a situation of strong legislators and weak legislature. It is against this backdrop that this paper explored the legislative framework of the Nigerian National Assembly with the objective of identifying the factors responsible for the peculiar trajectory. The paper found these factors to include: impact of colonial experience, long years of military rule, corruption, incessant conflicts and ethnic rivalry, overriding influence of godfathers and money politics. It also identified a number of challenges fuelling this trajectory and concluded that there is hope of a democratic rebirth and renewed national legislature if there is a paradigm shift from the way politics is done in Nigeria. The paper recommended among others that there is need for the National Orientation Agency (NOA) and other relevant MDGs of government to embark on aggressive re-orientation of both politicians and the electorates especially to correct the misconception of the roles of the legislature.Item External intervention and asymmetric warfare in Africa: the case of Nigeria(Faculty of Social Sciences and Entrepreneural Studies, Lead City University, 2014) Bakare, Adebola RafiuThe President Jonathan’s address at the 68th United Nations General Assembly in New York (September 24, 2013) may probably mark a turning point in external military intervention in countries under terrorist attack. He opined that attack by any terrorist group on civilian (asymmetric warfare) anywhere in the world is an assault on collective humanity and all countries must intervene regardless of where it happens; for the international community to win the global war on terror. It is on this note that this paper examines the implication which Nigeria’s external intervention will have on its national security under two repercussive views: the ongoing internal Boko Haram insurgency and the newest wave of retaliatory vengeance attack by the terrorists on the intervening third-party as recently witnessed in the Al-Shabab Kenyan Westgate Mall attack. The paper raised concern on a number of security lapses ranging from porous border, undocumented influx of foreign nationals, lack of intelligence information sharing among security institutions and inappropriate response to intelligence report among others which might gravely affect the nation. The paper strongly supports the idea of external intervention on the scale of existing peacekeeping operations but with the stringent condition that all identified security lapses are taken care of, before dabbling into such venture. It concluded that Nigeria should engage in the exercise to bring peace to the continent of Africa in particular and the world order in general; and justify her ‘most suitable’ campaign for the UN Security Council permanent seat.Item First Ladies as Instantaneous Philanthropists: How Public Office Holders Wives Un(do) Philanthropism for Sustainalbe Development in Nigeria(Clarion University of Pennsylvania, 2019) Abubakar, Abdulrahman; Aremu, Fatai Ayinde; Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Bello, Muhammed LawanItem The influence of political culture on political participation: the Nigerian experience(Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin., 2013) Bakare, Adebola RafiuThe paper explores the relationship between political culture and political participation in the context of reciprocal causal effect using Nigeria’s experience. It submitted that the two concepts are mutually inclusive as the level of people’s attitude to political activities is heavily determined by the belief they share in their society (political culture). It also argued that political culture is not static rather dynamic and changes in response to new ideas generated from both internal and external factors such as industrialization, influence of immigrants, war, revolutions amongst others. The paper espoused that there is no unified political culture in Nigeria as a result of the heterogeneous nature of the country coupled with the lack of unity and support for the existence of the country as a unified nation which consequently resulted in the emergence of religion and ethnicity as the central notions of Nigerian political culture. It blamed this disunity on the selfish and exploitative interest of the British colonial government who dragged the country into peril in the name of unification of the country through the 1914 amalgamation. In light of this, the paper analysed the political culture of Nigeria under two headings: ‘northern’ and ‘general’ political cultures and discovered that the former is heavily built on religious doctrine while the latter is built on ethnicity. This confirms the identification of religion and ethnicity as the central notions of Nigerian political culture. It argued that these two notions are responsible for the political instability in Nigeria and is causing more harm (disunity and political apathy) than good. The paper recommends that effort must be made to re-orientate the citizen on the need to eschew ethno-religious nationalism and promote core nationalism in order to foster unity and increase positive political participation.Item Legislative (in)effectiveness in developing democracies: the Nigerian experience(John Archers Publishers Ltd, 2014) Bakare, Adebola RafiuLegislative (in)effectiveness in developing democracies: the Nigerian experienceItem Legislative Process in Nigeria's National Assembly(Department of Political Science, University of Ilorin, 2019) Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Aliu, Fatima Omotayo; Abubakar, AbdulrahmanItem Legislative turnover and lawmaking effectiveness in Kogi State House of Assembly, 1999-2015(Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2017) Murana, Asimiyu; Ambali, Abdulrauf; Bakare, Adebola RafiuLegislative turnover and lawmaking effectiveness in Kogi State House of Assembly, 1999-2015Item Legislative turnover in Nigeria: a cross examination of States’ Houses of Assembly (2011-2015).(Nigerian Political Science Association, 2016) Bakare, Adebola RafiuLegislative turnover is one of the central issues in the legislative studies but little attention is given to it both in developed and developing democracies. Where the concept is studied, focus is usually on national at the expense of sub-national legislatures. Most of the works are also single-case study neglecting the novelty of comparative discourse. It is against this backdrop that this paper attempts to study the concept in Nigeria’s sub-national level with a view to identifying the variations, causality and its implications on legislative effectiveness. In the wake of the multitude of calculative models, the author drew inspiration from the MLRL model to develop a model suitable to the specificity of Nigeria case. The paper seeks to achieve four objectives chiefly which are to find out how much turnover actually occurred in the Nigerian state legislatures in 2011-2015 and to state whether or not the turnover rate is proper or beneficial for the political system. Using quantitative method, the paper established that high turnover is recorded in almost all the 36 states’ Houses of Assembly caused by lack of internal party democracy and god-fatherism, rotational candidacy, increased political consciousness among others. The paper concluded that the high turnover rate recorded is injurious to legislative effectiveness and recommended that a substantial number of experienced legislators needed to be retained not only to train the new ones but also for institutional memory retention.Item MONEY POLITICS AND VOTE BUYING IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS ON DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN KWARA STATE(Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Ekiti State University, 2018-03) Abubakar, Abdulrahman; Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Babaita, Tunde AbdulkareemA free and fair election is sine qua non to democratic survival in any nation. Election periods are defining moment in all democratic process because it is the only means of political recruitment known to the principle of democracy. However, politicians have become desperate to win electoral contests by deploying financial and material resources to entice the electorates in order to win. This trajectory led to the prevalence of vote buying and the emergence of money politics in Nigeria and other democracies. It is against this backdrop that this paper attempts to examine the root causes of this phenomenon and its implications on democratic consolidation in Nigeria with particular reference to Kwara State. Secondary source of data was adopted and thematic data analysis technique is used to analyse the data. The paper found that there is a link between money politics and vote buying. It also observed that the act is not peculiar to Nigeria and Kwara State alone rather it is a global phenomenon. However, it discovered that its dimension in Kwara State is alarming and disturbing as a result of its negative implications especially in the aspect of weakening governance apparatus leading to democratic decay. The paper therefore put forward a number of recommendations on how to make vote buying less attractive to the moneybags.Item Money politics and vote buying in Nigeria: implications on democratic governance in Kwara State(Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin, 2018) Abubakar, Abdulrahman; Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Babaita, T. A.A free and fair election is sine qua non to democratic survival in any nation. Election periods are defining moment in all democratic process because it is the only means of political recruitment known to the principle of democracy. However, politicians have become desperate to win electoral contests by deploying financial and material resources to entice the electorates in order to win. This trajectory led to the prevalence of vote buying and the emergence of money politics in Nigeria and other democracies. It is against this backdrop that this paper attempts to examine the root causes of this phenomenon and its implications on democratic consolidation in Nigeria with particular reference to Kwara State. Secondary source of data was adopted and thematic data analysis technique is used to analyze the data. The paper found that there is a link between money politics and vote buying. It also observed that the act is not peculiar to Nigeria and Kwara State alone rather it is a global phenomenon. However, it discovered that its dimension in Kwara State is alarming and disturbing as a result of its negative implications especially in the aspect of weakening governance apparatus leading to democratic decay. The paper therefore put forward a number of recommendations on how to make vote buying less attractive to the moneybagsItem Patterns of media coverage of Nigeria’s 2015 general elections(Department of Communications and Language Arts, University of Ibadan. Ibadan, 2017) Aremu, Fatai Ayinde; Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Abayomi, KolapoStudies have established that the media is one of the core institutions in democratic sustenance. It is in light of this that this study attempts to analyze the patterns of media coverage of the 2015 general elections in Nigeria in order to identify the causal factors and the loopholes surrounding extant laws and policies guiding the media in the Nigeria democratic regime. Employing sequential explanatory strategy of the mixed method research design, data from four (4) major national newspapers (Nigerian Tribune, The Sun, Punch and Daily Trust) were analyzed through content analysis techniques. The media outlets were found to violate the regulatory frameworks on publication of hate speeches and characters murdering advertorials for political and economic gains. The study therefore recommends that a strong ethical standard mechanism, backed up with sanction be put in place and periodic sensitizations be done by the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria (BON) and other regulatory agencies on the need to eschew publications capable of undermining the peaceful existence of the country and the survival of the hard earned democracyItem Power, influence, authority and leadership in political science.(Department of Political Science and International Studies, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti (ABUAD), Ekiti State, Nigeria., 2015) Saka, Luqman; Adebiyi, Oluwashina; Bakare, Adebola RafiuPower, influence, authority and leadership in political scienceItem Rethinking Nigeria’s electoral legal framework: a focus on eligible voters’ disenfranchisement(Department of Political Science, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, 2018) Bakare, Adebola Rafiu; Tajudeen, O. O.; Akhanolu, Isaac O.Psephologists have established that election is one of the most critical factors central to the principles and practice of democracy. For any democracy to be consolidated, electoral process which is the method of political recruitment must be all-inclusive. That is, no eligible voter should be disenfranchised. Appreciable scholarship efforts have been invested in the study of election and electoral process in Nigeria, however, little attention is given to the deliberate disenfranchisement of some eligible voters by the country’s electoral framework. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the dimensions of disenfranchisement of some categories of people by Nigeria’s electoral management body using the 2015 General elections as point of reference. The main thrust of the paper is to identify the factors responsible for the disenfranchisement and the implications on electoral outcome and democratic consolidation in Nigeria. The paper adopts the basic propositions of the theory of institutional legitimacy to study the technical disenfranchisement of large number of eligible voters by INEC in the 2015 general elections. Data were gathered from secondary source and descriptive method of data analysis is adopted. The paper found that legal framework of the electoral system and institutional lapses are responsible for the disenfranchisement of some eligible voters, especially the ad-hoc staff that was recruited for election duties and voters who could not access their Permanent Voter’s Card (PVCs) as a result of poor distribution of PVCs in some states. The paper among others calls for a review of the electoral process to allow the electoral workers vote during elections.Item Rivalry or partnership policing?: Harvesting the gains of the state and non-state security providers in Ilorin, Nigeria(University of Ilorin, 2014) Bakare, Adebola RafiuThe surge in criminal activities and urban conflicts depicts police inability in stemming the insecurity tide which made Nigerians and government-owned institutions to turn to non-state security providers for protection. This trajectory resulted in the proliferation of vigilante security apparatus bringing about two security providers in a single polity. This paper examines the nature of the relationship between these two security providers in the wake of the legal framework which criminalizes non-state actors’ possession of fire-arms. It also measures public perception on which security provider is more effective using Ilorin as a case study. The study utilized qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. It discovered that the relationship between the two security providers is that of a mutual distrust and mistrust. It reveals that most people prefer the non-state security provider because it is relatively cheaper and conspicuously effective in crime prevention. The study discovered that this trend is as a result of the challenges hindering the effectiveness of the police such as: corruption, inadequate funding and logistic infrastructure, manpower shortage, inadequate ICT equipment to gather and analyze intelligence information, amongst others. The paper recommended that there should be a paradigm-shift from the inherited European model of policing which alienated the people from direct participation in the provision of security to that of community policing where there will be a partnership between state and non-state security providers; by blending contemporary policing strategies of the state with that of the non-stateItem Roles of civil society organizations in governance process in Nigeria(Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2016) Lawal, E. E.; Bakare, Adebola RafiuRoles of civil society organizations in governance process in Nigeria.Item Towards the search for an incorrupt Nigeria: the tale of a drifting nation(Department of Political Science, University of Ilorin, 2015) Bakare, Adebola RafiuCorruption is one of the greatest threats to Nigeria’s democracy and national development. It has fuelled political violence, inadequate infrastructures, and other human rights violations. Its devastating effects on the nation have manifested in lopsided distribution of wealth, malfunctioned or decayed infrastructure and degrading living conditions among a great proportion of the citizenry. The paper argues that the fight against the scourge can best be described as driftwood without compass or direction. At a point, there may be concrete evidences that the anti-corruption project is moving forward. At another point, events show how confused Nigerian leaders are, in the war on corruption. It submitted that the lack of political will and selective prosecutions are responsible for the woeful tale of the country’s experience. The paper traced the anti-corruption efforts of successive government since 1999 bringing out the achievements and challenges of the anti-graft agencies. The paper applauds the current anti-corruption efforts of the President Buhari but opines that he will not have a smooth ride in the fight against corruption because the corrupt cartels will fight back using subjective criticism, detraction and frustration. The paper suggested that the President must be conscious of his actions and that of his immediate family and staff to avoid a corrupt related action that could be used to frustrate his zeal. The paper recommends the application of all the available mechanisms of the constitution, good governance, political will and international support to uproot corruption. That the legislature should complement the efforts of the executive by further amend the laws that created anti-corruption agencies in a bid to strengthen them and not to whittle down their power to become a toothless bulldog. That the civil society should be active as whistle-blower in case of excesses from the anti-graft agencies as well as to the activities of the government in discouraging the graft war by protecting its cronies.