Browsing by Author "Atunwa, S.A."
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Item Cytotoxicity and Anti-Proliferative Studies of Crinum Jagus L. (Amaryllidaceae) Bulb Extract(Bima Journal of Science and Technology, 2020) Salawu, K.M.; Atunwa, S.A.; Eniayewu, I.O.Crinum jagus is a flowering plant, commonly called poison bulb. Traditionally, the bulb extract is used in the treatment of several ailments including cancer. Cancer is a global cause of death characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. This research thus aimed to identify secondary metabolites present in the crude extract of C. jagus and evaluate its cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities using bench top assays. Whole C. jagus bulb was collected, air-dried under the shade and extracted into distilled methanol. The extract was concentrated in vacuum and subjected to; phytochemical analysis, brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay, Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays. Data obtained was analyzed by Graphpad prism version 6.0. The whole bulb on extraction had a percentage yield of 12.15 % w/w. The phytochemical content of the extract includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and some glycosides. The extract demonstrated concentration dependent brine shrimp lethality (LC50 of 65.62±0.74 µg/mL), Sorghum bicolor radical growth inhibition (IC50 = 5.36±3.21µg/mL) and significant Allium cepa root growth inhibition comparative to cyclophosphamide (a standard anticancer drug). The extract was found to be rich in secondary metabolites which elicited significant cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities. This is the first report of antiproliferative activity of C. jagus bulb extract. Hence, this study justifies the traditional use of the bulb in the treatment of cancer.Item Cytotoxicity and Anti-Proliferative Studies of Crinum jagus L. (Amaryllidaceae) Bulb Extract(Bima Journal of Science and Technology (BJST), 2020-07) Salawu, M.K.; Atunwa, S.A.; Eniayewu, O.I.Crinum jagus is a flowering plant, commonly called a poison bulb. Traditionally, the bulb extract is used in the treatment of several ailments including cancer. Cancer is a global cause of death characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. This research thus aimed to identify secondary metabolites present in the crude extract of C. jagus and evaluate its cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities using benchtop assays. The whole C. jagus bulb was collected, air-dried under the shade and extracted into distilled methanol. The extract was concentrated in vacuum and subjected to; phytochemical analysis, brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay, Sorghum bicolor radical and Allium cepa root growth inhibitory assays. Data obtained was analyzed by Graphpad prism version 6.0. The whole bulb on extraction had a percentage yield of 12.15 % w/w. The phytochemical content of the extract includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and some glycosides. The extract demonstrated concentration-dependent brine shrimp lethality (LC50 of 65.62±0.74 μg/mL), Sorghum bicolor radical growth inhibition (IC50 = 5.36±3.21μg/mL) and significant Allium cepa root growth inhibition comparative to cyclophosphamide (a standard anticancer drug). The extract was found to be rich in secondary metabolites which elicited significant cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities. This is the first report of antiproliferative activity of C. jagus bulb extract. Hence, this study justifies the traditional use of the bulb in the treatment of cancer. Keywords: Crinum jagus, Brine Shrimps, Sorghum bicolor, Allium cepa, Cytotoxicity, antiproliferativeItem An Evaluation of the Impact of Zinc and Copper Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) on the Drug Release Profiles of Piroxicam(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice, 2020-05) Kola-Mustapha, A.T.; Ayuba, A.A.; Amali, M.O.; Atunwa, S.A.; Ishola, F.; Tella, A.C.Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) poorly soluble in an aqueous medium with a slow and gradual dissolution in biological fluids resulting in sub-optimal efficacy in patients. In recent times, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a new class of highly tenable hybrid porous materials with unique properties have been explored for usage as drug carriers and other biomedical applications. This study is aimed at studying the solubility, in vitro release profile and kinetics of piroxicam loaded Zinc and Copper Metal-Organic Frameworks. Piroxicam was loaded on Zinc and Copper MOFs and tested for its solubility, dissolution and drug release profile. The mechanisms of the release pattern of the drug from Zinc and Copper MOFs were analysed using kinetic models. At the end of the study, Piroxicam-loaded Zn MOFs had solubility of 161.34 ± 0.63 μg/mL, while that of Cu MOFs and pure piroxicam had solubility of 154.31 ± 1.27 μg/mL and 134.86 ± 0.48 μg/mL respectively. Within a period of 24 hours, Piroxicam had the highest release from Zn MOFs; with a drug release in the range of 43.70 to 99.10%. Piroxicam was released from the loaded Cu MOFs in the range of 41.20 to 78.3% while the release of pure Piroxicam was in the range of 37.50 to 49.0%. Mechanism of piroxicam release was by Fickian diffusion. Piroxicam was successfully loaded on Zinc and Copper MOFs. Zn MOFs demonstrated a better solubility and dissolution profile as compared to Cu MOFs. These study shows the drug delivery potentials of the Zinc and Copper MOFs in improving the solubility and drug release of piroxicam. ___________________________________________________________________________ KEYWORDS: piroxicam, solubility, zinc, copper, MOFs, drug release.Item Heavy Metal Content of Commonly Consumed Herbal Bitters in Ilorin, Nigeria(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2017-12) Ayanniyi, R.O.; Folami, S.O.; Olumoh-Abdul, A.H.; Atunwa, S.A.; Oreagba, I.A.Background: The use of herbal medicines has increased in recent years and has gained much attention in the health sectors, scientific community and the public alike. The safety and quality of these products become questionable even when the efficacy and potency may be guaranteed. Objective: The presence of heavy metals was determined. Methods: Two batches of five herbal bitters were purchased from different parts of Ilorin. Samples were prepared from these batches and analyzed for the presence of Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe) and Lead (Pb) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Their concentrations were compared with WHO permissible limits. The variations in the concentration of Cd, Fe, and Pb in the two batches of samples were also determined at P < 0.05. Results: The value of Cd ranged from 0.003-0.3mg/L, Pb 0.000-0.067mg/L and Fe 0.083-0.27mg/L. This study revealed that majority of the samples contained Cd and Pb in concentrations significantly lower than the permissible limits. However, the two batches of herbal bitters contained Fe with concentrations significantly higher than the official permissible limit of 0.1mg/L. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed that Iron was present in all the samples with some concentrations significantly higher than the WHO permissible limit. Lead and cadmium were present in some of the samples with concentrations below the WHO permissible limit. Key words: Herbal bitters, lead, cadmium, iron, atomic absorption SpectrophotometerItem Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of lannea kerstingii engl & k .Krause (anacadiaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Njinga, N.S.; Sule, M.I.; Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Amali, M.O.; Bolaji, A.R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Atunwa, S.A.; Hassan, H.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, antibacterial, acute toxicity and anti-convulsant activity. Standard method was used to determine the phytochemistry while the antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. The ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of the stem bark was found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. The LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem-bark of L. kerstingii afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. Thus, justifying the use of this plant in treating convulsion.Item Phytochemical, antibacteria and anticonvulsant activity of the stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl & k. Krause (anacadiaceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources.(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2018) Njinga, Ngaitad; Sule, M.I.; Shittu, A.O.; David, M.S.; Amali, M.O.; Bolaji, A.R.; Abdullahi, S.T.; Atunwa, S.A.; Hassan, H.S.; Eniayewu, O.I.The stem bark of Lannea kerstingii Engl. & K. Krause was investigated for its phytochemistry, acute toxicity, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activit ies. Standard methods were used to evaluate phytochemistry while antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and broth dilution method s on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Maximal electroshock-induced seizures test in chicks and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures test in mice were used to determine the anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates steroids and triterpenes. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem bark were found to be active against S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus sp, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition ranging from 20-27.5mm and MIC ranging from 6.25mg/mL to 100mg/mL and MBC from 50mg/mL and above. LD50 was found to be 2154.066 mg/kg. The crude methanol extract of the stem bark afforded dose (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) dependent protection to the laboratory animals against the hind limb tonic extension though not statistically significant (P<0.05) showing the inability of the extract to inhibit seizure discharge within the brainstem seizure substrate. Meanwhile the extract at doses of 300 and 600mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) prolonged the onset of seizure in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test showing the potential of this plant in raising seizure threshold in the brain therefore making it beneficial in the treatment of myoclonic and absence seizures. This justifies the use of the plant in treating convulsion.