Browsing by Author "Atata, R.F"
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Item Comparative Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Benzathine Penicillin and Procaine Penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2008) Giwa, H.B.F; Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.FComparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of benzathine and procaine penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, northern Nigeria was carried out retrospectively for prescribed/dispensed antibacterial drugs to outpatients with early syphilis among other infectious diseases, by examining outpatients case notes between 2005 and 2007. Results show that benzathine penicillin cost N 4.31/unit of effectiveness while procaine penicillin injection cost N 18.19/unit of effectiveness in the treatment of early syphilis. Benzathine penicillin injection therefore appears to be more cost effective than procaine penicllin injection. Subjecting the cost and effectiveness to sensitivity analysis did not change this conclusion. Statistical analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness (outcome) of benzathine penicillin and procaine penicillin injection, (56.2%) (χ2 = 48.58, P<0.5), Therefore there is association between effectiveness and therapeutic option chosen with benzathine penicillin being a more cost effective option. The result of this study is significant because benzathine penicillin is usually traded off for less cost-effective procaine penicillin in many cases even when there is no contraindication to the use of benzathine penicillin. Benzathine penicillin injection is more cost effective than procaine penicillin injection at their usual therapeutic dose in the treatment of early syphilis.Item Comparative Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Benzathine Penicillin and Procaine Penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2008) Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.F; Giwa, H.B.FComparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of benzathine and procaine penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, northern Nigeria was carried out retrospectively for prescribed/dispensed antibacterial drugs to outpatients with early syphilis among other infectious diseases, by examining outpatients case notes between 2005 and 2007. Results show that benzathine penicillin cost N 4.31/unit of effectiveness while procaine penicillin injection cost N 18.19/unit of effectiveness in the treatment of early syphilis. Benzathine penicillin injection therefore appears to be more cost effective than procaine penicllin injection. Subjecting the cost and effectiveness to sensitivity analysis did not change this conclusion. Statistical analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness (outcome) of benzathine penicillin and procaine penicillin injection, (56.2%) (χ2 = 48.58, P<0.5), Therefore there is association between effectiveness and therapeutic option chosen with benzathine penicillin being a more cost effective option. The result of this study is significant because benzathine penicillin is usually traded off for less cost-effective procaine penicillin in many cases even when there is no contraindication to the use of benzathine penicillin. Benzathine penicillin injection is more cost effective than procaine penicillin injection at their usual therapeutic dose in the treatment of early syphilis.Item Cost-Minimization Analysis of Antimicrobial Therapy in A Tertiary Healthcare institution in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, 2008) Giwa, H.B.F; Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.FCost Minimization Analysis of antimicrobial therapy in a tertiary health care institution in a developing economy country was carried out. The most applicable tool for generic equivalent drugs was used in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary healthcare Institution in Nigeria, between 2005 and 2007. Relevant information such as diagnosis, cost of drugs (in Naira – N), dosage, duration of therapy among others were obtained retrospectively from patient case-notes for which antibacterial are the mainstay of therapy and dispensed prescriptions. The mean cost per defined daily dosage (DDD) of generic and branded for each antibacterial was computed. These were compared using Student’s t-test. The outcome measure was potential eradication of bacterial in question by the respective antibacterial drug. The analyses showed that the use of expensive branded drugs were very rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalent is available. The differences in the mean cost/DDD were very significant for all the antimicrobial agents at p<0.05. For example the mean cost/DDD of ciprofloxacin was N267 for branded product and N80.00 for generic (t = 421.2 at p<0.05).Sensitivity analysis also Confirm this decision. Prescriptions of expensive branded drugs were rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalents are available. The mean cost per Defined Daily Dose of Branded and Generic equivalent were significantly different for all antibiotics applicable for cost minimization analysis, with Generic Products much cheaper than Branded equivalentItem Cost-Minimization Analysis of Antimicrobial Therapy in A Tertiary Healthcare institution in Nigeria(Published by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos., 2008) Giwa, A; Osagbemi, G.K; Atata, R.F; Giwa, H.B.FCost Minimization Analysis of antimicrobial therapy in a tertiary health care institution in a developing economy country was carried out. The most applicable tool for generic equivalent drugs was used in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary healthcare Institution in Nigeria, between 2005 and 2007. Relevant information such as diagnosis, cost of drugs (in Naira – N), dosage, duration of therapy among others were obtained retrospectively from patient case-notes for which antibacterial are the mainstay of therapy and dispensed prescriptions. The mean cost per defined daily dosage (DDD) of generic and branded for each antibacterial was computed. These were compared using Student’s t-test. The outcome measure was potential eradication of bacterial in question by the respective antibacterial drug. The analyses showed that the use of expensive branded drugs were very rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalent is available. The differences in the mean cost/DDD were very significant for all the antimicrobial agents at p<0.05. For example the mean cost/DDD of ciprofloxacin was N267 for branded product and N80.00 for generic (t = 421.2 at p<0.05).Sensitivity analysis also Confirm this decision. Prescriptions of expensive branded drugs were rampant even when the much cheaper generic equivalents are available. The mean cost per Defined Daily Dose of Branded and Generic equivalent were significantly different for all antibiotics applicable for cost minimization analysis, with Generic Products much cheaper than Branded equivalent. ______________________________________________________________________________Item Evaluation of Hospital Disinfection as a means of controlling Endemic Nosocomial Pathogens in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria(Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2010) Giwa, A; Atata, R.F; Ibrahim, YKE; Olurinola, P.F; AKANBI II, A.A; SANNI, A. AEvaluation of hospital environment disinfection as a means of controlling endemic nosocomial pathogens in a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria was evaluated. Disinfectant used in the Hospital was collected from the Infection Control unit and prepared in different concentrations. The isolated bacterial species from the hospital environment were exposed to graded concentrations of the disinfectants and the most effective concentration on each isolate was noted. This procedure was carried out in two successive years (2006 and 2007). Killing rate of the isolates that were resistant to the disinfectants was also carried out and likely effective exposure time was determined. The following bacterial species were isolated: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Serratia spp., Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus spp. Minimum Effective Dilution (MED) of the disinfectant on all isolates ranged from 1:300 to1:1000. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most resistant isolate with MED of 1:400 and 1:300 respectively. Result of killing rate on the two most resistant isolates showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa required 80 and 120 minutes of exposure respectively to the disinfectant to bring about almost total killing of these resistant isolates. The results show that improper disinfections, degradation of disinfectant and lack of routine standardization of disinfectants are responsible for failure of chemical disinfection as a means of controlling nosocomial infections in the hospital.