Browsing by Author "Aliyu, Abdulmalik"

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    Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Uropathogens Isolated from Pregnant Women in Selected Hospitals in Ilorin
    (Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research., 2019-06) Olufadi- Ahmed, Haishat; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Kola- Mustapha, Adeola; Diyaolu, Ayobami
    Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections among pregnant women and if untreated could lead to serious complications. Objective: This work was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens and their antibiotics susceptibility profile among pregnant women attending two ante-natal clinics in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 111 pregnant women between the ages of 18-50 attending ante-natal clinic at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital and Civil Service Hospital, Ilorin participated in the study. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured on Cysteine-Lactose-Electrolyte Deficient agar. Presence of significant bacteriuria (> 105 cfu/mL) was determined using the plate count method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Results: Of the 111 urine samples collected, 27.9% of them were found positive on culture. Among the isolated organisms, Klebsiella oxytoca (25.7%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (22.9%), were the most prevalent. Isolated bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic with the highest resistance seen with amoxicillin (94.3%), streptomycin (77.1%) and nitrofurantoin (54. 3%). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (51.4%), ceftriaxone (51.4%), ceftazidime (34.3%), cotrimoxazole (51.4%), imipenem (2.9%), ciprofloxacin (14.3%) and gentamicin (25.7%) have the lowest rate of bacteria resistance. Of the isolates, 82.9% showed Multi-Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ≥ 0.3. Conclusion: High prevalence of bacteriuria in both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women was observed in the study areas. The alarming rate of multi-antibiotic resistance strain is therefore an indicator of a serious clinical problem in the community.
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    Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Uropathogens Isolated from Pregnant Women in Selected Hospitals in Ilorin
    (Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2019-06) Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Mosebolatan Susan; Kola-Mustapha, Adeola T.; Diyaolu, Ayobami Hassan
    Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections among pregnant women and if untreated could lead to serious complications. Objective: This work was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens and their antibiotics susceptibility profile among pregnant women attending two ante-natal clinics in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 111 pregnant women between the ages of 18-50 attending ante-natal clinic at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital and Civil Service Hospital, Ilorin participated in the study. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured on Cysteine-Lactose-Electrolyte Deficient agar. Presence of significant bacteriuria (> 105 cfu/mL) was determined using the plate count method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Results: Of the 111 urine samples collected, 27.9% of them were found positive on culture. Among the isolated organisms, Klebsiella oxytoca (25.7%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (22.9%), were the most prevalent. Isolated bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic with the highest resistance seen with amoxicillin (94.3%), streptomycin (77.1%) and nitrofurantoin (54. 3%). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (51.4%), ceftriaxone (51.4%), ceftazidime (34.3%), cotrimoxazole (51.4%), imipenem (2.9%), ciprofloxacin (14.3%) and gentamicin (25.7%) have the lowest rate of bacteria resistance. Of the isolates, 82.9% showed Multi-Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ≥ 0.3. Conclusion: High prevalence of bacteriuria in both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women was observed in the study areas. The alarming rate of multi-antibiotic resistance strain is therefore an indicator of a serious clinical problem in the community.
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    Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Uropathogens isolated from pregnant women in selected hospitals in Ilorin
    (Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. Published by Nigerian Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2019) Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, M; Kola-Mustapha, Adeola; Diyaolu, Ayobami
    Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections among pregnant women and if untreated could lead to serious complications. Objective: This work was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens and their antibiotics susceptibility profile among pregnant women attending two ante-natal clinics in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 111 pregnant women between the ages of 18-50 attending ante-natal clinic at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital and Civil Service Hospital, Ilorin participated in the study. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured on Cysteine-Lactose-Electrolyte Deficient agar. Presence of significant bacteriuria (> 105 cfu/mL) was determined using the plate count method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Results: Of the 111 urine samples collected, 27.9% of them were found positive on culture. Among the isolated organisms, Klebsiella oxytoca (25.7%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (22.9%), were the most prevalent. Isolated bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic with the highest resistance seen with amoxicillin (94.3%), streptomycin (77.1%) and nitrofurantoin (54. 3%). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (51.4%), ceftriaxone (51.4%), ceftazidime (34.3%), cotrimoxazole (51.4%), imipenem (2.9%), ciprofloxacin (14.3%) and gentamicin (25.7%) have the lowest rate of bacteria resistance. Of the isolates, 82.9% showed Multi-Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ≥ 0.3. Conclusion: High prevalence of bacteriuria in both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women was observed in the study areas. The alarming rate of multi-antibiotic resistance strain is therefore an indicator of a serious clinical problem in the community.
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    Assessment of physicochemical and elemental quality of water from River Lavun, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria
    (Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2018-09) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Ibrahim, Yakubu K.E; Oyi, Ruqqaya A
    Bida axis of Niger State, Nigeria depends on River Lavun for its domestic and commercial activities especially for fishing, drinking, washing, transportation, irrigation and waste disposal, with potential impact on physicochemical and elemental qualities of the river water. The physicochemical parameters of the river water, namely: temperature, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, phosphate, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) evaluated were found to be within acceptable limit set by World Health Organization (WHO) and/or Nigeria Industrial Standard (NIS) while dissolved oxygen (DO) was above the limit. Elemental composition of the river water was also studied using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results of the elemental analysis showed that silver, cobalt, and lead were not detected, while the levels of iron, manganese, nickel, and cadmium, were above acceptable limit of drinking water set by WHO and/or NIS.
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    Bacteriological and Elemental Quality of Clarias gariepinus (cat fish) Samples from River Lavun, Bida Niger state, Nigeria
    (Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Ibrahim, Yakubu K.E; Oyi, Ruqqaya A
    Background: River Lavun, located near Bida is a source of domestic water for the populace. Fish from this river is consumed by general populace. Polluted river water contaminates its fish, it is therefore, necessary to evaluate bacteriological and elemental quality of fish from this river which have been reported earlier to be polluted. Objective: To evaluate the bacteriological and elemental quality of fish from River Lavun, with a view of assessing its potential health hazard. Methodology: Three live cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) were obtained from River Lavun monthly for six months for analyses. Using standard methods, microbial load was determined, while susceptibility profiles of the identified isolates was obtained using disc diffusion technique. Elemental contents of the fish were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Heterotrophic plate counts ranged from 1.5±0.3 to 5.4±0.6×105 (cfu/g) while faecal coliform counts ranged between 3.8±1.2 and 6.8±2.4×102 (cfu/g). The Enterobacteriaceae constituted 69.8% of the isolates comprising, mostly Klebsiella spp. (20.8%), Enterobacter spp. (17.0%), Escherichia coli (13.2%), Salmonella spp. (9.4%) and Serratia spp. (5.7%). Staphylococcus spp. constituted as much as 30.2%. A high proportion of these organisms were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefuroxime. However, Staphylococcus spp. were generally susceptible to the test antibiotics. A high number of isolates (67.9%) were multi-drug resistance. Three elements: Iron, Zinc and Nickel were above permissible limit in fish prescribed by FAO/WHO. Conclusion: Fish from this river is polluted with some pathogenic bacteria and contains some elements that could be hazardous on consumption.
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    Bacteriological Assessment of River Lavun, Bida Niger State, Nigeria
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development & Practice, 2016) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Ibrahim, Yakubu K.E; Oyi, Ruqqaya A
    The bacteriological quality of water from River Lavun (lower part of River Kaduna), used by the populace of Bida and environ for domestic activities, irrigation and source of aquatic food was investigated. Water samples were collected from three different points along the river for six months. Using standard methods, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), faecal coliform count (FCC) and faecal streptococci counts (FSC) were determined while identification of specific contaminant were done using rapid test kits. Heterotrophic counts ranged from 1.7 ×104 to 8.9 ×104 (cfu/ml). Faecal coliform counts ranged from 2.4 ×102 to 6.8 ×103 (cfu/ml) with relatively lower faecal streptococci counts (8.6 ×10 to 3.4 ×102 cfu/ml). These counts varied depending on the period, with highest values at the peak of rainy season (September). Forty seven (47) isolates belonging to fifteen bacterial species were identified in the water. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae (91.5%) constituted major contaminants population with Klebsiella spp. (46.5%), Enterobacter spp (18.6%), E. coli (11.6%), Citrobacter spp. (9.3%), Salmonella spp., Serratia spp. (4.7% each), Shigella spp. (2.3%), and Yersinia spp. (2.3%). Staphylococci species constituted (8.5%) only. Antibiogram carried out using disc diffusion technique showed multiple antibiotic resistances among the Enterobacteriaceae of bacterial contaminants but were however susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Staphylococci spp. were generally susceptible to virtually all the antibiotics tested.
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    Bacteriological Quality of Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) and Commercial Yoghurts Marketted in Ilorin
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2016-12) Shittu, Abiodun; David, Susan; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke; Olajide, Risqoh
    Eleven samples comprising of six branded yoghurts and five unbranded ‘nono’ purchased from seven different locations randomly selected in Ilorin city were evaluated for their bacteriological quality. The physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. Results for the total bacterial count for yoghurt ranged from 3.08 × 102 cfu/mL to 9.67×102cfu/mL while that of ‘nono’ ranged from 1.056×103cfu/mL to 3.152×103cfu/mL. Eleven bacteria species were identified in this study. A total of forty-five isolates were obtained with Staphylococcus aureus (17.8%) and Pasturella multocida (17.8%) having the highest frequency. Others were Aeromonas hydrophilia (15.6%) Klebsiella oxytoca, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinobacillus spp (8.9%), Xanthomonas maltophilia (6.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (4.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.2%). Marketed yoghurts and locally produced ‘Nono’ in Ilorin were found to be contaminated with mostly Gram negative bacteria belonging majorly to the Enterobacteriaceae family and a Gram positive organism (Staphylococcus aureus). The yoghurt and ‘nono’ samples were found to be of unacceptable microbiological quality. The presence of these pathogenic organisms in these commonly consumed dairy products could constitute public health hazards and possibly food poisoining especially if they are stored under inappropriate conditions for longer periods of time.
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    Bacteriological Quality of Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) and Commercial Yoghurts Marketted in Ilorin
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice, 2016) Shittu, Abiodun O; David, Susan M; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke H; Olajide, R.O
    Eleven samples comprising of six branded yoghurts and five unbranded „nono‟ purchased from seven different locations randomly selected in Ilorin city were evaluated for their bacteriological quality. The physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. Results for the total bacterial count for yoghurt ranged from 3.08 × 102 cfu/mL to 9.67×102cfu/mL while that of „nono‟ ranged from 1.056×103cfu/mL to 3.152×103cfu/mL. Eleven bacteria species were identified in this study. A total of forty-five isolates were obtained with Staphylococcus aureus (17.8%) and Pasturella multocida (17.8%) having the highest frequency. Others were Aeromonas hydrophilia (15.6%) Klebsiella oxytoca, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinobacillus spp (8.9%), Xanthomonas maltophilia (6.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (4.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.2%). Marketed yoghurts and locally produced „Nono‟ in Ilorin were found to be contaminated with mostly Gram negative bacteria belonging majorly to the Enterobacteriaceae family and a Gram positive organism (Staphylococcus aureus). The yoghurt and „nono‟ samples were found to be of unacceptable microbiological quality. The presence of these pathogenic organisms in these commonly consumed dairy products could constitute public health hazards and possibly food poisoining especially if they are stored under inappropriate conditions for longer periods of time.
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    Biofilm Detection and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates from In-Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in A Tertiary Hospital
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice, 2018) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke H; David, Susan M; Olufadi-Ahmed, Haisat Y; Salami, Omoseye; Itodo, Ene P
    A survey for the detection of biofilms amongst uropathogens was conducted in a Medical ward of a Tertiary hospital in Ilorin, Kwara State. This was done to determine the prevalence of biofilm producing uropathogens among patients with CA-UTI (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection) using MTP (microtitre plate) method. Effect of media variations in the production of biofilms and the antibiogram pattern of the isolates were also determined. Out of the 50 urine samples collected and analyzed, 27 (54.0 %) yielded growth and 28 isolates were identified. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (42.9 %), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (35.7 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the least (21.4 %). A total of 59. 3 % of the isolates were resistant to various antibiotics used and 39.3 % of the isolates were found to be multiple antibiotic resistant. Of the 28 uropathogens isolated, 21 (75.0 %) were biofilm formers comprising of 17.9 % high biofilm formers and 57.1 % of moderate biofilm formers while 25.0 % did not form biofilm in BHIsuc. High biofilm formation was observed in Staphylococcus aureus. There was variation in biofilm formation with different media as more isolates (75. 0 %) produced biofilm in BHIsuc than in TSBglu (67.9 %). Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have potential of biofilm production which could lead to relapse of disease condition and eventually treatment failure in CA-UTI.
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    Biofilm Detection and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates from In-patients with Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Hospital
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2018-12) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke; David, Susan; Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat; Salami, Omatseye; Itodo, Ene; Kola- Mustapha, Adeola
    A survey for the detection of biofilms amongst uropathogens was conducted in a Medical ward of a Tertiary hospital in Ilorin, Kwara State. This was done to determine the prevalence of biofilm producing uropathogens among patients with CA-UTI (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection) using MTP (microtitre plate) method. Effect of media variations in the production of biofilms and the antibiogram pattern of the isolates were also determined. Out of the 50 urine samples collected and analyzed, 27 (54.0 %) yielded growth and 28 isolates were identified. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (42.9 %), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (35.7 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the least (21.4 %). A total of 59. 3 % of the isolates were resistant to various antibiotics used and 39.3 % of the isolates were found to be multiple antibiotic resistant. Of the 28 uropathogens isolated, 21 (75.0 %) were biofilm formers comprising of 17.9 % high biofilm formers and 57.1 % of moderate biofilm formers while 25.0 % did not form biofilm in BHIsuc. High biofilm formation was observed in Staphylococcus aureus. There was variation in biofilm formation with different media as more isolates (75. 0 %) produced biofilm in BHIsuc than in TSBglu (67.9 %). Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have potential of biofilm production which could lead to relapse of disease condition and eventually treatment failure in CA-UTI.
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    Biofilm Detection and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates from In-patients with Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Hospital
    (Journal of pharmaceutical research, development and practice, University of Ilorin, 2018-12) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Bello, Ronke Hadiyyah; David, Mosebolatan Susan; Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat Yetunde; Salami, Omatseye; Itodo, Ene; Kola-Mustapha, Adeola T.
    A survey for the detection of biofilms amongst uropathogens was conducted in a Medical ward of a Tertiary hospital in Ilorin, Kwara State. This was done to determine the prevalence of biofilm producing uropathogens among patients with CA-UTI (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection) using MTP (microtitre plate) method. Effect of media variations in the production of biofilms and the antibiogram pattern of the isolates were also determined. Out of the 50 urine samples collected and analyzed, 27 (54.0 %) yielded growth and 28 isolates were identified. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (42.9 %), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (35.7 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the least (21.4 %). A total of 59. 3 % of the isolates were resistant to various antibiotics used and 39.3 % of the isolates were found to be multiple antibiotic resistant. Of the 28 uropathogens isolated, 21 (75.0 %) were biofilm formers comprising of 17.9 % high biofilm formers and 57.1 % of moderate biofilm formers while 25.0 % did not form biofilm in BHIsuc. High biofilm formation was observed in Staphylococcus aureus. There was variation in biofilm formation with different media as more isolates (75. 0 %) produced biofilm in BHIsuc than in TSBglu (67.9 %). Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have potential of biofilm production which could lead to relapse of disease condition and eventually treatment failure in CA-UTI.
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    Chapter Twenty-Five: Biogenic nanomaterials with diverse biological activities in the food and biomedical industries
    (ScienceDirect, 2023-04-28) Aliyu, Abdulmalik
    Several studies have revealed the sustainability of green metallic nanoparticles generated from microorganisms which might be linked to several factors such as environmentally friendly nature, low cost of production, stability of the product, presence of biocompatible coatings, absence of harmful by-products, and rapid growth rate. Many of these green metallic nanoparticles have been reported to possess biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This chapter thus sets out current advances in the application of nanobiotechnological and metabolic processes for effective designing synthesis of nanomaterials derived using biologically active metabolites from microorganisms and their modes of action. These nanomaterials could be an economical source of edible coatings in the food and biomedical industries.
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    Chapter Twenty-Six: Patenting protocols, toxicity, risk assessments, and policy issues of nanomaterials with diverse applications in food, biomedical, and other relevant sectors
    (ScienceDirect, 2023-04-27) Aliyu, Abdulmalik
    Nanotechnology has become a capable device within cutting-edge science. This has generated serious concern, especially regarding its potential to cause harm. Human well-being and the environment are susceptible to the unfavorable impacts of Nanobiotechnology. This is often compounded by the lack of data on the conceivable interpretation of toxicological information produced in research facility models to people. Thus, a balance must be maintained between the possible benefits and risks of nanomaterials. Therefore, multiple alternative testing techniques could provide adequate information on the toxicity of nanoparticles, which could predict risks to humans and the environment. This chapter provides information on toxicity, risk assessments, and policy issues regarding nanoparticles related to humans and the environment, steps to patent fabricated nanoparticles, a list of patented nano drugs, and the way forward.
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    EMERGENCE OF METALLO-b-LACTAMASE PRODUCING GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN A HOSPITAL WITH NO HISTORY OF CARBAPENEM USAGE IN NORTHWEST NIGERIA
    (Ife Journal of Science, 2019) Olowo-okere, Ahmed; Abdullahi, M.A.; Ladidi, B.K.; Suleiman, S.; Tanko, N.; Ungokore, H.Y.; Aliyu, Abdulmalik
    Carbapenems are among the antibiotics of last resort against infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, resistance to this important class of antibiotic is on the increase due to expression of metallo-betalactamases (MBLs). This study investigated the occurrence of MBL-producing bacteria in a healthcare facility in Sokoto, Nigeria. Swabs were collected from the rectum (n = 29) and bed linens (n = 27) of patients within the surgical wards of the hospital between March and August, 2018 and processed using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) broth enrichment method for isolation of carbapenem resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). In addition, 110 bacteria isolated from clinical specimens submitted to microbiology laboratory of the hospital were collected and tested for susceptibility to antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The carbapenem resistant isolates were further evaluated for MBL-production using the combined disc method. Overall, 31(28.2%) of the Gram-negative bacterial isolates were carbapenem resistant. The most predominant isolated bacterium in this study was E. coli (18; 36%). The isolates were highly resistant to cephalosporins (74%) and fluoroquinolones (52.7%) while remaining moderately susceptible to gentamicin (38.8%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (45.7 %). Majority of the CR-GNB were extensively drug resistant (19; 38%) and pan drug resistant (10; 20%). The MBL-production test revealed that 19 (38.0%) of the CR-GNB were MBL-positive. The study revealed a high prevalence of MBL-producing CR-GNB in a hospital with no history of its use. This report documents for the first time the independent emergence of such resistance in our hospital. Implementation of adequate antibiotic stewardship program is therefore imperative so as to contain this emerging threat.
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    Plasmid Profile of Multidrug Resistant Isolates from Water and Fish
    (Journal of pharmaceutical research, development and practice, University of Ilorin, 2018-12) Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat Y.; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Ibrahim, Y.K.E; David, Mosebolatan Susan; Bello, Ronke Hadiyyah
    Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic material that can replicate independently and usually harbour antibiotic resistance genes. This study evaluated the presence and sizes of plasmid from multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) isolates from water and fish using acridine orange as a plasmid curing agent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acridine orange to the 22 MAR ranged between 0.625 – 5.0 mg/mL. Majority (86.4 %) of the MAR isolates lost their resistant and became susceptible to more antibiotics indicating that their resistance was plasmid encoded. As much as 68.4 % of the isolates had one or more plasmid bands with sizes varying from 1.0 -3.0 kbp. The presence of plasmids - carrying MAR isolates in fish and river may heighten the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to the environment which will pose a serious threat to the human health.
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    Plasmid Profile of Multidrug Resistant Isolates from Water and Fish
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice, 2018) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Ibrahim, Yakubu K.E; Oyi, Ruqqaya O; David, Susan M; Olufadi-Ahmed, Haisat Y; Bello, Ronke H
    Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic material that can replicate independently and usually harbour antibiotic resistance genes. This study evaluated the presence and sizes of plasmid from multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) isolates from water and fish using acridine orange as a plasmid curing agent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acridine orange to the 22 MAR ranged between 0.625 – 5.0 mg/mL. Majority (86.4 %) of the MAR isolates lost their resistant and became susceptible to more antibiotics indicating that their resistance was plasmid encoded. As much as 68.4 % of the isolates had one or more plasmid bands with sizes varying from 1.0 -3.0 kbp. The presence of plasmids - carrying MAR isolates in fish and river may heighten the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to the environment which will pose a serious threat to the human health.
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    Plasmid Profile of Multidrug Resistant Isolates from Water and Fish
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Practice., 2018-12) Aliyu, Abdulmalik; Ibrahim, Yakubu; Oyi, A.R; David, Susan; Olufadi-Ahmed, Haishat; Bello, Ronke
    Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic material that can replicate independently and usually harbour antibiotic resistance genes. This study evaluated the presence and sizes of plasmid from multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) isolates from water and fish using acridine orange as a plasmid curing agent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of acridine orange to the 22 MAR ranged between 0.625 – 5.0 mg/mL. Majority (86.4 %) of the MAR isolates lost their resistant and became susceptible to more antibiotics indicating that their resistance was plasmid encoded. As much as 68.4 % of the isolates had one or more plasmid bands with sizes varying from 1.0 -3.0 kbp. The presence of plasmids - carrying MAR isolates in fish and river may heighten the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to the environment which will pose a serious threat to the human health.
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    Potential antibacterial activity of the extracts of local chewing sticks ‘Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus’ against Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Urinary pathogens.
    (West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2019-06) Shittu, Abiodun; Aliyu, Abdulmalik; David, Susan; Njinga, Ngaista; Ishaq, hikmat
    Background: The development of new antibacterial that offer significant activities over existing drugs is serious challenge to the health managers. Objective: This study aims at investigating the possible activity of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus roots extract against selected microorganism. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhiiATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundiiATCC 8090and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL.Fagara zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/mL and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/mL while Distemonanthus benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin) which were tested against. Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBCfor Distemonanthus benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/mL respectively while that of Fagara zanthoxyloidesranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by Fagarazanthoxyloides and Distemonant husbenthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance.