Browsing by Author "Akpabio, U."

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    Assessment of the knowledge of contamination-causing microorganisms in food and food products in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
    (Ilorin Journal of Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023-03) Oludairo, O. O.; Zakariya, M. E.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akpabio, U.
    The contamination of food and its products by microbial agents is a worldwide public-health concern. Many countries have documented significant increases in the incidence of diseases caused by microorganisms in food over the past few decades. This study focused on assessing the knowledge of the public on the microorganisms causing contamination in food and food products. Cross sectional study design was used in this study. The study population was members of the public in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. This was achieved by administering 223 structured questionnaire forms to willing members of the public in the Ilorin metropolis using stratified random sampling technique and undertaking desk reviews of responses. The result revealed that 67.7% of the respondents could not mention any food contaminants while 66.8% did not know anything about these contaminants while 95.5% only had superficial knowledge based on their response to questions about the subject matter. Male respondents and those above the age of 25 were adjudged to have more knowledge of microorganisms causing contamination in food while the knowledge of respondents with primary school certificate were lowest compared to those with other level of education. This strongly calls for an increase in public health education by all health professionals and the adoption of more innovative strategies for educating the public. There is a need for more advocacies and social mobilization by the government and non-governmental organizations with renewed vigour in the enforcement of public health regulations to safeguard members of society.
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    Prevalence of Salmonella Species in Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) in Gambari Market, Ilorin East Local Government, Kwara State, Nigeria.
    (Zagazig Veterinary Journal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt., 2023) Oludairo, O. O.; Zakariya, M. E.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akpabio, U.
    Although milk is highly nutritious, it is also an excellent substrate for microorganisms’ growth like Salmonella which is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease worldwide. This research aimed to isolate Salmonella spp. from nono sold in Gambari market, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, test the isolated Salmonella spp. to ten antimicrobial agents and evaluate the risk factors associated with the production and retailing processes of nono in the study area. These were achieved by collecting 113 nono samples and analysing them using conventional isolation methods, confirming the suspected isolates using Microbact GNB 24E. Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial sensitivity test and structured questionnaires were also used. Six (5.3%) Salmonella spp. were isolated. All (100%) the Salmonella isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin. Three (50%) of the isolates had resistance breakpoints of 14mm or less to colistin. Five resistance patterns were recorded among the isolates. Eighty percent of the respondents did not wash their hands before milking, while 70% didn't clean the udder before milking. Self-administration of antibiotics to milking cows by 85% of respondents was also recorded. The isolation of Salmonella, including multiple-antimicrobial-resistant species, in nono in the study area could be an indication of contamination.
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    Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors
    (Zagazig Veterinary Journal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt., 2023) Oludairo, O. O.; Kwaga, J. K. P.; Kabir, J.; Abdu, P.; Gitanjali, A.; Perrets, A.; Cibin, V.; Lettini, A.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akpabio, U.
    Over 2,500 Salmonella serovars cause typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which has economic and public health importance worldwide. The routes, modes, and vectors of Salmonella transmission in humans and animals, including the factors that affect them are important in the understanding of the epidemiology, prevention, and control of the disease. This study aims to identify the routes, modes, and vectors of transmission of Salmonella, including the factors that enhance the spread, maintenance, and persistence of the organism in humans and animals. This was achieved by using a Google search engine to obtain peer-reviewed articles on the keywords of this study. The major route of transmission of Salmonella in humans is faecaloral, while the transovarial route has also been reported in poultry. Ingestion of contaminated food or water, contaminated materials from pets/wildlife, infected persons, and transmission to the young through the placenta are described as modes of transmission of Salmonella in humans. Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium), Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) attach efficiently to vectors like fruits and vegetables with the aid of AgfD-regulated-adhesin, biofilms, and flagella. The organism can also invade plant tissues before transmission to humans and animals. Phytophagous hemipteran and cynanthropia/coprophagic insects serve as vectors of transmission by forcibly excreting ingested Salmonella and through their intermittent habitat and diet changes, respectively. Lice serve as vectors by ingesting viable strains of the organism, after they reach a maximum titre of 0.5–5.0 ×107 within 6–8 hours; Salmonella is thereafter shed and transmitted through their faeces. Factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella include pathogen, host and environment-related factors like increased antimicrobial resistance, intermittent shedding of the organism and rainfall, respectively. The knowledge of the routes, modes, vectors, and factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella will contribute to the body of knowledge on the epidemiology, prevention, and control of salmonellosis.