Browsing by Author "Akanbi, O. B."
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Item A 30-year Retrospective Laboratory Surveillance of Wildlife Rabies in Nigeria.(Journal of Current Veterinary Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, Egypt, 2022) Tekki, I. S.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Hambolu, E. S.; Chabiri, L.; Davou, J. A.; Oludairo, O. O.; Jegede, H. O.; Nwosuh, C.; Akanbi, O. B.; Daodu, O. B.; Ocholi, R.Rabies is a neglected, fatal zoonotic disease that poses great diagnostic challenge in developing countries. It remains a serious public health hazard in many developing countries where dog bite is the main mode of transmission to man. Accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies is important in the confirmation of the disease in man and animals. This study was designed to evaluate the existence of rabies in wild animals in Nigeria between 1990 and 2019. Annual records of rabies which were confirmed through laboratory diagnosis at the National Reference Laboratory for rabies in Nigeria, The National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, were retrieved, analysed and presented using descriptive statistics. A total of Eighty- four (84) wildlife specimens tested for rabies during the period under review, 17 (20.34%) were positive for rabies while 67 (79.76%) were negative. Squirrels (8%) and monkeys (5%) had the highest occurrence of the disease. Thus presenting baseline information on the occurrence of rabies in wildlife in Nigeria.Item Bacteriological Analysis of water used in abattoirs within Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria.(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Aina, O. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Akanbi, O. B.Water that is used in the abattoir for meat processing, cleaning procedures, drinking and other activities must meet international standard for potable water. It must not contain chemicals, hard physical components or microorganisms in amounts high enough to cause hazards to health. The bacteriological status and risk posed by the water used in four government owned abattoirs in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, were evaluated in this study. The bacteriological examination of samples of water from available sources in abattoirs in the study areas were carried out to determine their suitability for use and potability. Twenty-six samples were collected both before (BA) and during (DA) abattoir activities. The pour plate technique was used to ascertain the Total Viable Bacterial Count (TVC) of collected water samples. The Estimated Number of Coliform Count (ECC) was determined using MacConkey broth. The values of TVC and ECC for all the samples ranged from 2x106 to 4.8x107 CFU/mL This exceeded the 1x102 CFU/mL limit recommended by WHO for potable water. A total of 52 isolates belonging to 8 bacteria species were identified; 2 Acinetobacter spp. (3.8%), 14 Bacillus spp. (26.4%), 3 Citrobacter spp. (5.7%), 3 Enterobacter spp. (5.7%), 12 Salmonella spp. (22.6%), 4 Shigella spp. (7.6%), 9 Staphylococcus spp. (17%) and 6 Proteus spp. (11.2%) were isolated from the water samples. Results showed that water samples from the study areas had high bacterial load, thus posing high public health and food safety risks especially to the public that consume on meat processed with the water from these abattoirs. Governmental/non-governmental organizations and spirited individuals should urgently address the issue of provision of adequate and safe water for abattoir activities in addition to providing facilities for water treatment so as to safeguard the health of the populace. Consumers should properly wash meat and meats products after purchase, boiling, steaming, frying and proper cooking of meat after purchase and before consumption are highly recommended.Item Detection and molecular characterization of a first isolate of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in Nigeria(Tropical Animal Health and Production, Springer Nature, 2021) Daodu, O. B.; Shaibu, J. O.; Richards, A. B.; Folaranmi, E. B.; Adegoke, S.; Ajadi, A.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Akanbi, O. B.; Afolabi, A A.; Daodu, O. C.; Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Halleed, N. I.; Audu, R. A.; Oluwayelu, D. O.Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was recovered from necropsied rabbits that died during an outbreak characterized by epistaxis, incoordination, paralysis, and multi-organ haemorrhages in Ilorin, Nigeria. The haemagglutination test (HA) and RTPCR assay targeted against a fragment of the RHDV VP60 gene were performed on liver, spleen, and kidney homogenates; faeces; and urine obtained from the rabbits. Amplicons were purified, sequenced, and phylogenetically analysed. The liver homogenates yielded the highest HA titres while RT-PCR of liver, spleen, and kidneys yielded the expected 1252 bp band. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Nigerian RHDV strain (RHDV/NGR/ILN/001) was 98.57%, 97.95%, and 96.70% homologous with RHDV2 (RHDVGI.2) strains from the Netherlands, Germany, and France, respectively. RHDV/NGR/ ILN/001 induced tracheal, intestinal, and mediastinal lymph node haemorrhages, pulmonary oedema and congestion, and enlarged, necrotic liver in experimentally inoculated rabbits. The implications of this study, which is the first report of RHDV in Nigeria, are discussed.Item Improving Awareness and Preventive Activities about Rabies in Ifelodun Local Government Area, Kwara State and Aba South Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria.(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan., 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Nwoha, R. I. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Akanbi, O. B.Rabies is an ancient disease of poor and vulnerable communities and is responsible for many human deaths in Africa and Asia. The rate at which cases of rabies are reported in the media, veterinary clinics and human hospitals is increasingly high. Although rabies is highly feared, yet public awareness and knowledge of its risk factors are still very poor in Nigeria. The low level of the knowledge of the disease has negatively affected the elimination of rabies in the country. The aim of this study was to impact members of the selected communities with knowledge about rabies. Rabies awareness campaign was carried out in Ifelodun Local Government Area of Kwara State and Aba South Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria from July to September 2019 using public address system to communicate, inform and educate youths and adults in schools, churches, mosques, markets, town halls and community centers in the study areas. Questionnaire was thereafter administered to collect data on rabies awareness and anti-rabies vaccination for dogs. The study revealed general acceptance of members of the communities to the educational awareness campaigns carried out in the study areas. This was also reflected in the respondents’ knowledge that rabies is a deadly disease (69%) transmitted majorly by dogs (73%) and predominantly through bite (86.6%). The government at all levels should sponsor and incorporate rabies education into free mass dog vaccination programs. We recommend that government should support regular rabies campaign in addition to mass dog vaccination programs and consider subsidy on anti-rabies vaccine for the successful elimination of rabies in Nigeria.Item Knowledge and Attitude Towards Zoonoses among Workers in Selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria.(Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Department of Forestry Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi., 2021) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Jegede, H. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Akanbi, O. B.An exploratory questionnaire-based survey of zoological workers (n=152) was carried out from April 2016 to March 2017 in Ibadan (Oyo State), Ilorin (Kwara State) and Jos (Plateau State), Nigeria to assess local knowledge and attitude towards zoonoses among zoological workers. A combination of closed and open-ended questions, focused group discussions and ranking techniques were employed to gather information on perceptions concerning the type of zoonotic diseases prevalent in the study area, level of risk, mode of transmission and methods of preventing disease transmission from animals to humans. The results revealed that 44.1% of the respondents had good level of awareness about zoonoses. Rabies (99%), tuberculosis (41%), bird flu (47%) and Ebola virus disease (EVD) (44%) were considered the four most common zoonotic diseases in the study area. Among the respondents, 42.1% and 57.2% perceived zoonoses are transmitted by direct contact and attending to sick animals respectively. Constant hand washing was indicated by 45.4% of the respondents as the mode of prevention of zoonoses in the study area. It is necessary that the Government provide the vaccination facility to all the zoological workers against the relevant zoonotic diseases. The level of awareness about the risks associated is needed to improve through proper education, training, and establishment of written infection control policies in the various zoological gardens in the country.Item An Overview of Animal and Humans Brucellosis in Nigeria(Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Egyptian Society for Animal Management., 2022) Aiyedun, J. O.; Oludairo, O. O.; Olorunshola, I. D.; Daodu, O. B.; Akanbi, O. B.Brucellosis is a bacterial disease in humans and animals caused by a group of organisms in the genus Brucella. It is highly contagious and one of the most important zoonosis in the world. The disease remains endemic in Nigeria and its actual incidence and prevalence are unknown due to poor surveillance and inadequate disease reporting system. A comprehensive review of the literature published online was carried out on manuscripts published as far back as 1976 to 2021, A computerized search of existing literature was conducted using the Google search engine, PubMed electronic database and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) abstracts to identify and review relevant publications on brucellosis in animals and humans in Nigeria using the following search terms: brucellosis, malta fever, undulant fever, febrile fever, Gibraltar fever, gastric fever, remittent fever, Mediterranean fever, bangs disease and contagious bovine/ovine abortion. Our review showed that brucellosis is widely distributed in Nigeria amongst human and animal hosts. Undulant fever is the most commonly reported syndrome in humans, while abortion is the most prevalent symptom documented in animals. Serological techniques like rose-Bengal/card test (RBT), standard agglutination tests (SAT), complement fixation test (CFT), indirect enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are often used to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in human and animal hosts. Losses enumerated in the literature include those due to abortions, diminished milk production and contamination of milk, mastitis, animal culls and condemnation of infected animals due to breeding failure and inability to participate in the international animal export trade. In humans, brucellosis reduced work capacity through the sickness of the affected people and can be acquired from animals. There is need for a drastic public health interventions and control measures on brucellosis in the livestock industry in Nigeria.