Browsing by Author "Adebisi, J. A."
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Item Assessment of deformation twinning in cold rolled austenitic stainless steels with electron back scatter diffraction(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2014) Ahmed, I. I.; Wright, D.; Adebisi, J. A.; Aremu, I. N.; Yahaya, T.; da Fonseca, J. Q.Deformation twinning has traditionally been studied with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In this study, an assessment of deformation twinning in Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS), type 304L, cold rolled to 20% reduction was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) techniques rather than the conventional TEM. The study revealed the presence of deformation twins in the cold rolled grains of ASS. It emerged from the study that the deformation twins observed may facilitate localised heterogeneous deformation and development of internal stresses within the grain.Item Cassava Leaf Nanoparticles (CLNPs) as a Potential Additive to Anti-Corrosion Coatings for Oil and Gas Pipeline(Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, 2017) Kolawole, F. O.; Kolawole, S. K.; Agunsoye, J. O.; Bello, S. A.; Adebisi, J. A.; Okoye, O. C.; Hassan, S. B.Characterization of synthesized cassava leaf nanoparticles (CLNPs) was carried out using SEM/EDX and Gwyddion software, XRD and TEM for cassava leaves (CL) ball milled at 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours. The morphological study was done using SEM and the Gwyddion software was used to determine the particle sizes from the SEM images. The particle size range for the un-milled cassava leaves (CL) was between 1.88 + 0.09 to 19.53 + 0.98 μm. After milling for 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours the average particle sizes were 4.96 + 0.25, 3.51 + 0.18 μm, 86.90 + 4.35, 74.50 + 3.73 nm respectively. Crystallite size of 23.94 + 1.20 nm was obtained by XRD using Scherrer equation after milling for 72 hours and the XRD results revealed the presence of compounds such as SiO2, CaCO3, Ca2(SO4)2H2O and CaC2O4(H2O). Furthermore, TEM was used to determine nanoparticles after milling for 72 hours and the particle size ranged from 9.16 + 0.46 to 58.20 + 2.91 nm for cassava leaf nanoparticles (CLNPs) and EDX results showed trace element of O, Si, Ca, K, Fe and S in the CL milled for 72 hours . FTIR was also carried out to determine the nature of bond that exist in the organic compounds in CLNPs and GCMS analysis was used to reveal the organic compounds that were present in CLNPs. Anti-Corrosion coatings reduces corrosion activities to the bearest minimum.Item Combustion characteristics of bio-degradable biomass briquettes(School of Engineering, Taylor’s University, Malaysia, 2018) Abdulkareem, S.; Hakeem, B. A.; Ahmed, I. I.; Ajiboye, T. K.; Adebisi, J. A.; Yahaya, T.This paper reports on the combustion characteristics of biodegradable biomass briquettes prepared from charcoal, sawdust and sugarcane bagasse. The three materials were mixed in respective ratio of 20:20:60, 20:30:50, 20:40:40, 20:50:30 and 20:60:20. The briquettes were produced using Budenberg dial gauge hydraulic compression machine with the formation of briquettes under 64 MPa pressure with 120 seconds dwell time. Combustion characteristics such as proximate analysis, fuel-burning rate, fuel ignition time and afterglow time of the produced briquettes were determined. Results show that briquette with sample composition of 20:50:30 has better calorific value of 24613.69 kJ/kg and sample with ratio 20:30:50 has lowest calorific value of 22500.3 kJ/kg, while sampling with ratio 20:30:50 has better physical properties with shatter resistance of 99.61% and porosity index value of 47.40%.Item Design of Mini Combined Harvester(JPE: Journal of Production Engineering, 2017) Abdulkarim, K. O.; Abdulrahman, K. O.; Ahmed, I. I.; Abdulkareem, S.; Adebisi, J. A.; Harmanto, D.In this research, various problems associated with harvesting of agricultural food grains by local farmers in Nigeria were identified. The aim of the research was to design low cost multipurpose mini combined harvester for production using locally available materials at affordable cost. The research was to ensure improved performance and low cost maintenance of harvester for use by farmers in developing nations. The modelling of the chassis and other components of the combined harvester was done using Solid works 2014. The selection of materials for the design was achieved using Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) 2014. Calculations for the design of each components and power requirements to determine the engine specifications were carried out to ensure optimal performance. The output of the research was the development of mini combine harvester which is a microcosm of large capital intensive harvester, at affordable cost to small scale farmer in developing nations. The research ensures the use of mechanised farming equipments designed and developed from local materials for effective harvesting and transportation of agricultural produce.Item Effect of aluminium particles on mechanical and morphological properties of epoxy nanocomposites(Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Serbia, 2017) Bello, S. A.; Agunsoye, J. O.; Adebisi, J. A.; Hassan, S. B.Bumper is a front or rear part of automobiles. It is designed and shaped to be impact absorbing and protecting automobiles from damage in low impact collisions. Initially, they were made from heavy steels, increasing the weight of automobiles and fuel consumption. Also, high impacts of steel bumpers on pedestrians during accidental collision cause fatalities and or disabilities. An effort to enhance fuel efficiency, safety, freedom of design and shape detailing, heavy alloys for automobile applications are now being replaced with polymeric composites. Aluminium micro particles and nanoparticles were prepared from aluminium cans through sand casting, lathe machine spinning, and ball milling techniques. Both types of aluminium particles were incorporated into a mixture of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA, epoxy resin) cured with amine base hardener (ABH). Phases of the epoxy polymer and composites were identified using Xray Diffraction (XRD). Spatial arrangement of the phases within the matrix and their elemental composition were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope with attached energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Tensile, impact and micro hardness tests were conducted on the prepared epoxy/aluminium composites. Results of the XRD showed the presence of aluminium compounds/phases due to chemical reactions between aluminium particles and DGEBA/ABH system. SEM confirmed a homogeneous distribution of the phases within the epoxy matrix, and that there is a strong adhesion between the epoxy matrix and aluminium particles. Correlation between the mechanical properties of the prepared nanocomposite and the procured bumper materials exhibited a fair suitability of the prepared nanocomposites for automobile applications.Item Effect of welding variables on mechanical properties of low carbon steel welded joint(Production Engineering Institute (PEI), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Slovania, 2014) Talabi, S. I.; Owolabi, O. B.; Adebisi, J. A.; Yahaya, T.This paper discussed the effect of welding variables on the mechanical prop-erties of welded 10 mm thick low carbon steel plate, welded using the Shield-ed Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) method. Welding current, arc voltage, welding speed and electrode diameter were the investigated welding parameters. The welded samples were cut and machined to standard configurations for tensile, impact toughness, and hardness tests. The results showed that the selected welding parameters had significant effects on the mechanical properties of the welded samples. Increases in the arc voltage and welding current resulted in increased hardness and decrease in yield strength, tensile strength and impact toughness. Increasing the welding speed from 40-66.67 mm/min caused an increase in the hardness characteristic of the welded samples. Initial decrease in tensile and yield strengths were observed which thereafter increased as the welding speed increased. An electrode diameter of 2.5 mm provided the best combination of mechanical properties when compared to the as received samples. This behaviour was attributed to the fact that in-creased current and voltage meant increased heat input which could create room for defect formation, thus the observed reduced mechanical properties.Item Effect of welding variables on mechanical properties of low carbon steel welded joint(Production Engineering Institute (PEI), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Slovania, 2014) Talabi, S. I.; Owolabi, O. B.; Adebisi, J. A.; Yahaya, T.This paper discussed the effect of welding variables on the mechanical prop-erties of welded 10 mm thick low carbon steel plate, welded using the Shield-ed Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) method. Welding current, arc voltage, welding speed and electrode diameter were the investigated welding parameters. The welded samples were cut and machined to standard configurations for tensile, impact toughness, and hardness tests. The results showed that the selected welding parameters had significant effects on the mechanical properties of the welded samples. Increases in the arc voltage and welding current resulted in increased hardness and decrease in yield strength, tensile strength and impact toughness. Increasing the welding speed from 40-66.67 mm/min caused an increase in the hardness characteristic of the welded samples. Initial decrease in tensile and yield strengths were observed which thereafter increased as the welding speed increased. An electrode diameter of 2.5 mm provided the best combination of mechanical properties when compared to the as received samples. This behaviour was attributed to the fact that in-creased current and voltage meant increased heat input which could create room for defect formation, thus the observed reduced mechanical properties.Item Extraction of silica from cassava periderm using modified sol-gel method(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2018) Adebisi, J. A.; Agunsoye, J. O.; Bello, S. A.; Haris, M.; Ramakokovhu, M. M.; Daramola, M. O.; Hassan, S. B.Cassava peridem wastes are generated and disposed indiscriminately or burnt due to zero economic value. In this study, modified sol-gel synthesis of amorphous silica nanoparticles from cassava periderm (CP) was investigated. The wastes were pretreated with HCl to remove soluble metallic impurities. Both treated and untreated CP flakes were calcined at 700 oC to obtain their respective ashes. The ashes were leached with HCl to remove soluble metallic oxides and thereafter sol-gelled to obtain silica gel modified with ethylene glycol. The gel was dried at 80 oC for 18 hours and then characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, Raman, TEM and PSA. The SEM micrographs showed that silica modified with ethylene glycol is less agglomerated with higher silica yield and lower particle sizes. All the silica produced showed similar functional groups and non-crystallinity. The silica nanoparticles could be used as starting materials for synthesis of silicon nanoparticles.Item Extraction of Silica from Sugarcane Bagasse, Cassava Periderm and Maize Stalk: Proximate Analysis and Physico-Chemical Properties of Wastes(Springer, 2019) Adebisi, J. A.; Agunsoye, J. O.; Bello, S. A.; Kolawole, F. O.; Ramakokovhu, M. M.; Daramola, M. O.; Hassan, S. B.Indiscriminate disposal and burning of agricultural wastes constitute environmental pollution and increase in greenhouse gases emission. Renewable nature and availability of agricultural wastes has stimulated researchers to explore “wastes to wealth creation” policy. Three agricultural wastes were investigated for potential use for silica production. Proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), compositional analysis, calcination and statistical analysis were carried out to quantify the ash and establish presence of silica. Response surface methodology was used for statistical analysis of CP calcination. The proximate analysis showed that sugarcane bagasse, cassava periderm and maize stalk ash contents are 1.73, 4.93 and 4.80%, respectively. The EDS results showed that their ashes contain 5.22,6.10 and 7.01% silicon, respectively. XRF results revealed presence of 38% SiO2 in CP ash. XRD revealed presence of silica and silicates phases. TGA shows that their calcination temperature must be above 500 °C. Numerical optimization of CP calcination gave optimum condition of 700 °C for 270 min to attain 82% weight loss. Calcination regression equation exhibited high coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.8225. The three wastes contain silica and silicates from which silica could be extracted. Calcination temperature and time have been established to be significant in ash content enhancement.Item Finite Element Analysis of Mini Combined Harvester Chassis and Hitch(JPE: Journal of Production Engineering, 2017) Abdulkarim, K. O.; Abdulrahman, K. O.; Ahmed, I. I.; Abdulkareem, S.; Adebisi, J. A.; Harmanto, D.The perennial problems associated with harvesting of agricultural products in sub-Sahara Africa are not unconnected with financial limitations of the farmers. The design of low cost mini combine harvester was aimed at ameliorating the challenges of agricultural products harvest in Nigeria. The work presented here was a detailed analysis of low cost mini combine harvester chassis and hitch. The need for cost effectiveness, affordability, durability and efficiency of the designs necessitated detail analysis of the design to achieve the above objectives. Solidworks Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software was employed in carrying out both static and fatigue analysis of a low-cost mini combine harvester chassis and hitch design. The results were compared and contrasted, with appreciable improvements on available existing data. The stresses, displacements and strains on the chassis were significantly low with factors of safety of 2.48 and 2.80 for chassis and hitch respectively.Item Flexural Performances of Epoxy Aluminium Particulate Composites(Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, 2018) Bello, S. A.; Agunsoye, J. O.; Adebisi, J. A.; Raji, N. K.; Adeyemo, R. G.; Alabi, A. G. F.; Hassan, S. B.Polymers are characterised with lightness, ease of formability and resistance to chemical attack but their modulus and strength are low. Epoxy was reinforced with aluminium particles of different sizes. Bond, functional group and chemical formulae of the composite phases were examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometer. The flexural test was also conducted on the developed composites via three-point method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using aluminium percentage by weight (wt%) and sizes (Ps) as the predictor variables. Results indicated different chemical formulae of the composite phases. A maximum of 124.44 % increase in flexural modulus was found at 12 wt% reinforcement addition. Probability value, 0.000 for each of wt% and Ps affirm evenly significant influence of both variables on flexural modulus of the composites. Hence, the developed multiple regression model can be used for predicting the flexural modulus of epoxy particulate composites within and outside the scope of experiment.Item Green production of silica nanoparticles from maize stalk(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Adebisi, J. A.; Agunsoye, J. O.; Bello, S. A.; Haris, M.; Ramakokovhu, M. M.; Daramola, M. O.; Hassan, S. B.Amorphous silica has been produced from some agricultural wastes but with drawbacks on agglomeration challenges. In the present study, potential of maize stalk (MS) wastes as a source of nano silica was studied through modified sol-gel techniques, which involved acid pretreatment, calcination, leaching, sol-gel modification, and post-filtration treatments. Nano silica particles obtained were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, PSA, Raman, and FT-IR for morphology, elemental composition, particle size, and surface chemistry. Results obtained revealed that pre-calcination acid treatment of the MS did not improve the silica yield but reduced the Van der Waal’s interaction of the silica particles resulting in silica particles with a smaller degree of agglomeration. Sodium silicate modified with ethylene glycol sol-gel treatment prior to titration reduced silica agglomeration. Silica nanoparticles obtained according to XRD, TEM, and PSA are below 30 nm.Item Hardness and Tensile Properties of Prophylactic Knee Brace Produced from Cow Bone and Periwinkle Shell Composites(Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 2019-06) Abdulkareem, S.; Adekaye, T. A.; Abdulrahim, A. T.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Ajiboye, T. K.; Ahmed, I. I.; Ibrahim, H. K.; Adebisi, J. A.; Yahaya, TApplication of reinforced aluminium scrap for the production of prophylactic knee brace (Pkb) particularly with agro-waste materials is rarely available. In this work, hardness and tensile properties of aluminium alloy (Al 6063) straps reinforced with cow bone (Cb) and periwinkle shell (Ps) for the production of Pkb were investigated. The Cb and Ps sourced were cleaned and the Cb was sun-dried for 4 weeks before crushing with Denver laboratory Ball mill (Model: 48-D0500/Q). The Ps was also crushed, sun-dried for 7 days and treated in the oven (Model SDO/225) at 110 oC for 30 minutes to remove moisture. The particle size of 75 μm was used to cast six (6) each of aluminium/cowbone (Al/Cb) and aluminium/periwinkle shell (Al/Ps) composites. The cast aluminium composites of Pkb and original Pkb were investigated for density, hardness, and tensile properties. It was observed that addition of Cb and Ps in the cast Pkb gave a density of 2.68 g/cm3 and 2.60 g/cm3 respectively. The average values of hardness and tensile strength obtained were 41.18 BHN and 135.88 MPa respectively when Ps was added to the cast aluminium Pkb, while addition of Cb gave harness values of 40.45 BHN and tensile strength of 134.63 MPa.Item Hardness and Tensile Properties of Prophylactic Knee Brace Produced from Cow bone and Periwinkle Shell Composites.(Published by Deer Hill Publications, B-19-06 PV8, Platinum Hill Condominium Jalan Melati Utama, 53100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia., 2019-06-20) Abdulkareem, S.,; Adekaye, T. A.,; Abdulrahim, A. T.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.,; Ajiboye, T. K.,; Ahmed, I. I.,; Ibrahim, H. K.,; Adebisi, J. A.; Yahaya, T.Application of reinforced aluminium scrap for the production of prophylactic knee brace (Pkb) particularly with agrowaste materials is rarely available. In this work, hardness and tensile properties of aluminium alloy (Al 6063) straps reinforced with cow bone (Cb) and periwinkle shell (Ps) for the production of Pkb were investigated. The Cb and Ps sourced were cleaned and the Cb was sun-dried for 4 weeks before crushing with Denver laboratory Ball mill (Model: 48-D0500/Q). The Ps was also crushed, sun-dried for 7 days and treated in the oven (Model SDO/225) at 110 oC for 30 minutes to remove moisture. The particle size of 75 µm was used to cast six (6) each of aluminium/cowbone (Al/Cb) and aluminium/periwinkle shell (Al/Ps) composites. The cast aluminium composites of Pkb and original Pkb were investigated for density, hardness, and tensile properties. It was observed that addition of Cb and Ps in the cast Pkb gave a density of 2.68 g/cm3 and 2.60 g/cm3 respectively. The average values of hardness and tensile strength obtained were 41.18 BHN and 135.88 MPa respectively when Ps was added to the cast aluminium Pkb, while addition of Cb gave harness values of 40.45 BHN and tensile strength of 134.63 MPa.Item Investigation of Surface Residual Stress Profile on Martensitic Stainless Steel Weldment with X-Ray Diffraction(Elsevier, 2018) Ahmed, I. I.; Adebisi, J. A.; Abdulkareem, S.; Sherry, A. H.The development of residual stresses during fabrication is inevitable and often neglected with dire consequences during the service life of the fabricated components. In this work, the surface residual stress profile following the martensitic stainless steel (MSS) pipe welding was investigated with X-ray diffraction technique. The results revealed the presence of residual stresses equilibrated across the weldment zones. Tensile residual stress observed in weld metal was balanced by compressive residual stresses in the parent material on the opposing sides of weld metal.Item Investigation of Thermal Insulation Properties of Biomass Composites(Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia Depok 16424, Indonesia, 2016) Abdulkareem, S; Ogunmodede, S; Aweda, J. O.; Abdulrahim, A. T; Ajiboye, T. K; Ahmed, I. I.; Adebisi, J. A.This paper reports on the investigation of thermal properties of Kapok, Coconut fibre and Sugarcane bagasse composite materials using molasses as a binder. The composite materials were moulded into 12 cylindrical samples using Kapok, Bagasse, Coconut fibre, Kapok and Bagasse in the ratios of (70:30; 50:50 and 30:70), Kapok and Coconut fibre in the ratios of (70:30; 50:50 and 30:70), as well as a combination of Kapok, Bagasse and Coconut fibre in ratios of (50:10:40; 50:40:10 and 50:30:20). The sample size is a 60mm diameter with 10mm – 22mm thickness compressed at a constant load of 180N using a Budenberg compression machine. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity tests were carried out using thermocouples and the results were read out on a Digital Multimeter MY64 (Model: MBEB094816), while a Digital fluke K/J thermocouple meter PRD-011 (S/NO 6835050) was used to obtain the temperature measurement for diffusivity. It was observed that of all the twelve samples moulded, Bagasse, Kapok plus Bagasse (50:50), Kapok plus Coconut fibre (50:50) and Kapok plus Bagasse plus Coconut fibre (50:40:10) has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0074, 0.0106, 0.0132, and 0.0127 W/(m-K) respectively and the highest thermal resistivity. In this regard, Bagasse has the lowest thermal conductivity followed by Kapok plus Bagasse (50:50), Kapok plus Bagasse plus Coconut fibre (50:40:10) and Kapok plus Coconut fibre (50:50).Item Mechanical Properties of Banana Pseudo Stem Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite as a Replacement for Transtibial Prosthetic Socket(Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago, 2016) Odusote, J. K.; Oyewo, A. T.; Adebisi, J. A.; Akande, K. A.Using natural plant fibres as reinforcement in polymers has earned relevance in recent years due to their eco-friendly nature. Thus, an investigation was undertaken on banana pseudo stem, a natural fibre abundantly available in Nigeria. Banana pseudo stem fibres are not only strong and lightweight, but also relatively inexpensive for they are often considered as waste. The purpose of this study is to establish the tensile, flexural, and hardness properties of banana pseudo stem reinforced in epoxy composite materials. This is projected to serve as a replacement to the currently used synthetic glass fibre transtibial prosthetic socket. The resin used was epoxy (TKL 121). Composite samples, after treatment of the continuous fibres with 5 % NaOH and 2 % ascetic acid solution, were prepared manually using hand-lay-up method with the fibre ratio of 0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %. The results of 30 % glass fibre polyester composite (GFPC) were compared with those of banana pseudo stem epoxy composite (BPEC) produced in this study. The tensile, hardness and impact tests of BPEC at 40 % fibre content were 64.23 ± 4.11 MPa, 63.31 ± 0.03 MPa, 55.23 ± 0.20 BHR, respectively. These were slightly lower than those of the glass fibre composite, which are respectively 65.72 ± 3.30 MPa, 66.10 ± 1.88 MPa, and 61.05 ± 1.77 BHR. Consequently, BPEC can further be developed to serve as a potential replacement for glass fibre composite in prosthetic socket application using standard production procedure.Item Metallurgical and Corrosion Property of Additive Manufactured Titanium Alloy-Ti6al4v.(Faculty of Engineering, Department of Manufacturing Engineering / Galati University Press, 2020) Mahamood, R. M.; Marvins, T.; Abdulrahman, K. O.; Shuaib-Babata, Y. L.; Adebisi, J. A.; Akinlabi, S. A.; Hassan, S. E.; Akinlabi, T.Additive manufacturing (AM) is an important manufacturing technology that has changed the way products are designed and manufactured. Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), an AM technology, has the capability of producing components using a 3Dimensional CAD model, through a layer by layer formation process just like any other AM technology. In this study, the influence of the scanning speed on the corrosion property of Titanium alloy-Ti6Al4V using LMD process was investigated. The scanning speed varied between 0.02 m/s and 0.14 m/s while other processing parameters were kept constant. The electrochemical corrosion test was conducted in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The result revealed that the corrosion resistance property was found to increase with the scanning speed.Item Microstructural correlation of hardness profile in martensitic stainless steel weldment(Springer, 2016) Ahmed, I. I.; Adebisi, J. A.; Yahaya, T.; Abdulkareem, S.; Sherry, A. H.The correlation between microstructures and hardness profiles in low carbon martensitic stainless steel girth weldment were investigated. Optical microscopy and a scanning electron microscope equipped with electron back scatter diffraction system were used for assessment of microstructural phases, grain sizes, and grain misorientation across the weldment. The hardness value fluctuated between the peak and lowest values in the heat-affected zone of the weldment. The hardness profile observed is consistent with microstructural evolution across the weldment. The low hardness value observed in the weld metal was attributed to the large proportion of ferrite introduced by the superduplex filler metal used for the fabrication and grain coarsening caused by prolonged cooling of the weld metal. The electron backscatter diffraction data showed that higher grain sizes occurred in the weld metal and this is consistent with the highest degree of misorientation and recrystallisation observed in the weld metal than parent and HAZ region of weldment.Item Optimisation of charge ratios for ball milling synthesis: agglomeration and refinement of coconut shells(Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, 2018) Bello, S. A.; Agunsoye, J. O.; Adebisi, J. A.; Hassan, S. B.Agglomeration is an attraction of fine particles for one another due to their high surface energy, leading to formation of particle colonies known as agglomerates. When a polymeric or metallic matrix is reinforced with particles, agglomerates usually create regions of discontinuity or weak particle adhesion within the matrix and degrade mechanical properties of the resulting composites. In ball-milling synthesis of nanoparticles, formation of agglomerates can be controlled through optimisation of milling parameters. In this study, coconut shell (lignocellulosic) nanoparticles were synthesised by varying the charge ratios from 2.5 to 40 at constant milling duration (70 hours), speed in terms of drum/vial rotation (194 revolution per minute) and ball sizes (5- 60 mm). Assessment of the effects of charge ratios (CRs) on the morphologies and particles sizes of uncarbonised coconut shell nanoparticles (UCSnp) was studied. The synthesised UCSnp were characterised using electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The results showed various morphologies and orientations of UCSnp with changes in the CRs. Size determination using XRD and SEM revealed a reduction in particle size as the CR increased up to a value of 10. At higher CRs, further reduction in the average particle size was not observable. This could be linked to a balance between particle refinement and agglomeration at these higher CRs. Although particle agglomeration was apparent above CR values of 10, sizes of the UCSnp obtained above this CRs were much smaller than the initial size (37 μm) of the coconut shell precursor particles. This affirmed the ball milling synthesis as a particle refinement process, but not a coarsening/agglomeration process. The results obtained from statistical analyses show agreement with experimental results.