Protective Roles of Neem Leaves on Hormonal Levels in Heteroclarias Exposed to Diclofenac
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Date
2024-12-29
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Abstract
Background: The release of the untreated effluents from the
pharmaceutical factories has great potential adverse effects on the aquatic
organisms like fish, which could induce stress and cause alterations in the
hormonal levels of the fish. Methods: This study investigated the effects of
lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Diclofenac on hormonal levels of
Heteroclarias for 96 h and 30 d. The Diclofenac-exposed-fish were fed on
different percentages (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %) of Neem leaf to access the
ameliorative potentials of the leaf against the toxicity of Diclofenac. After
each experiment, blood was collected from both the control and the
Diclofenac-exposed fish for hormonal assay. Results: The 96 h LC50 was
estimated as 10.8 mg/l. The serum levels of hormones such as follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); oestradiol;
prolactin; testosterone; progesterone; triiodothyronine (T3); thyroxine (T4)
and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were significantly (P<0.05)
reduced in the Diclofenac-exposed-group compared to control and the
reduction is concentration dependent. However, group C fed on 1 % Neem
leaf significantly (P<0.05) increased compared to group B fed on 0 % Neem
leaf. Conclusion: The study implies that 1 % Neem leaf inclusion in diet of
Heteroclarias is capable of minimizing the toxic effect of Diclofenac and
improve the hormonal levels of the fish.