Browsing by Author "Williams, Felicia"

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    Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension among Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Civil Service Hospital, Nigeria
    (Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020-07) Bello, Shakirat Iyabo; Williams, Felicia; Bello, Nusirat; Ajulo, Mathew A.; Yusuf, Abdulrasheed A; Lawal, Hafis G.
    The utilization of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection could lead to diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the incidence and risks for diabetes mellitus and hypertension amongst HIV-infected patients on cART at ART Clinic of Civil Service Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Crosssectional research was conducted among 262 consented HIV-infected patients on cART from April to July 2018. Random blood sugar and blood pressure of the patients were measured with glucometer and sphygmomanometer, respectively. The subjects were administered with standardized sociodemographics, treatment, and clinical variable forms. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used, and ethical approval was obtained. The patients had a mean age of 44.32±11.60 years and had received cART for a median duration of 6.01± 2.16 years. There was a high incidence (18.3%) of hypertension and diabetes mellitus diseases among the patients on cART. The majority of 32 (66.67%) of the patients were on Efavirenz + Lamivudine + Tenofovir combination therapy. The risk factors for the comorbidity were gender (OR 1.113; 95% CI 0.014-0.938, p < 0.043), duration on HIV infection (OR 1.084; 95% CI 0.860-1.366, p < 0.049), duration on cART (OR 1.928; 95% CI 0.861-1.679, p < 0.048) and types of cART (OR 1.042; 95% CI 1.000-1.085, p < 0.047). The high incidence of the comorbid conditions in HIV-infected patients on cART affirms the necessity to integrate screening for these two concomitant diseases in the HIV program as part of a healthcare support strategy.
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    Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies of crude ethanolic extract and flavonoid of Carissa edulis leaves
    (International Journal of Nigerian Society for Experimental Biology, 2015-03-28) Hajare, Ibrahi; Williams, Felicia; Salawu, Kayode; Usman, Afiniki
    Carissa edulis is used traditionally in Nigeria for the treatment of epilepsy, headache, syphilis, rheumatism and sickle cell anaemia. In this study, phytochemical screening was conducted to determine putative active components of Carissa edulis, as well as acute toxicity studies of the ethanolic extract and flavoniod fractions of the leaf. The phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of the leaves indicated the presence of carbohydrates, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Acute toxicity studies for the ethanolic extract and the flavonoid fraction were carried out using Lorke’s method. In the first part of the experiment (phase A), Three groups of mice (n=3 in each group) were intraperitoneally given 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of body weight concentration of the ethanolic extract and the mice were observed for 24 hours. The same procedure was repeated for the flavonoid fraction. The results showed that administration of 1000 mg/Kg concentrations of the ethanolic extract was fatal, while no death was recorded at the same concentration of flavonoid fraction. On this basis, in the second part of the study (phase B), mice were intraperitoneally administered 600 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg and 2900 mg/kg concentration of the ethanolic extract while those for the flavonoid fraction had 1200 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg, 2900 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg flavonoid fraction. All mice were observed for 24 hours. The LD50 of the ethanolic extract and flavonoid fraction of the Carissa edulis leaves was 2154.1 mg/kg which is said to be slightly toxic. The maximum tolerated doses for both ethanolic extract and flavonoid fraction of Carissa edulis was 646.23mg/kg. The findings revealed that the leaves of Carissa edulis contain carbohydrates, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids that may contribute to its reported medicinal value. The acute toxicity studies suggest that the extract and fraction are slightly toxic. Thus further studies are necessary for full characterization of the active components in order to develop it further for safe medicinal use.