Browsing by Author "Sowande, Olugbenga A."
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Item HATA, COST - 231, EGLI and ILORIN - A Performance Assessment(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho., 2014) Ayeni, Adeseko A.; Faruk, Nasir; Sowande, Olugbenga A.; Onidare, Samuel O.; Bello, Olayiwola W.; Surajudeen-Bakinde, Nazmat T.Information carried through the wireless medium are subject to impairments due to several events along the route of transmission, leading to path losses. For effective network planning therefore, these events and their effects on radio propagation need to be known and accounted for. In this work, we studied the radio propagation profile, along selected routes in Ilorin, Kwara State due to transmissions from the NTA, Ilorin, the Harmony FM and the University of Ilorin FM transmitters. Each of the routes are divided into segments, as seen, in the figures. The measurements were made, using the N9432C Agilent spectrum analyzer. Analysis, of obtained data, showed that the nature of the environment, affects radio propagation. Even within the same route and all other conditions the same, the models’ relative performances vary, from one segment to the other. The performances of the models corroborate the notion that empirical models are environment-specific.Item Large Spectrum Survey in Rural and Urban Environments, within the 50 MHz - 6 GHz Bands(ELSEVIER, 2016) Faruk, Nasir; Bello, Olayiwola W.; Sowande, Olugbenga A.; Onidare, Samuel O.; Muhammad, Mujaheed Y.; Ayeni, Adeseko A.In-depth spectrum measurement was conducted in rural and urban locations, covering 50 MHz - 6 GHz bands, during the weekdays and weekends. A modified duty cycle metric is presented by introducing a space variable into the existing metrics available today. An adaptive energy detection threshold technique was employed, the results indicate the average spectral occupancy of 0.18%, and 5.08% in rural and urban locations respectively during weekdays and 1.45% on weekends for urban locations. Furthermore, short and long term temporal variations of the duty cycle for each of the bands were studied, and it was found that GSM 900 shows significant temporal variation when compared with GSM 1800. It was also found that the choice of the detection threshold would significantly affect the duty cycle as GSM 900 and 1800 give exponential decay with increase in detection threshold while TV band shows very sharp exponential decay which becomes invariant after -85 dBmItem PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL PROPAGATION MODELS FOR FIXED WIRELESS APPLICATION(Faculty of Communication and Information Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2018) Adebowale, Quadri R.; Imam-Fulani, Yusuf Olayinka; Sikiru, Ismaeel Abiodun; Sowande, Olugbenga A.; Adeniran, Caroline T.; Onidare, Samuel O.In this study, an efficacy assessment was carried out on 5 most widely used empirical propagation model has the lowest predicted path loss (150 dB to 153 dB) in an urban environment at 3.5 GHz. 3.5 GHz with a transmitter height of 30 m and varying distance from 250 m to 10 km. Three dB and 162 dB respectively in urban environment while the SUI model revealed the least suburban environment. Simulations were carried out at two different frequencies of 2.5 GHz and models by using MATLAB simulator to compare these models for FWA in both urban and COST 231 Hata indicated the highest predicted path loss at 10 m and 6 m with predictions of 160 that, Ericsson model has the least prediction of 145 dB to 147 dB at 10 m and 6 m receivers’ variation of propagation loss of 136 dB to 138 dB. Similarly, the study revealed that Ericsson The study concluded that no specific model predicted the least path loss for both urban and antenna height respectively, operating on 2.5 GHz frequency in urban environment. Apparently, different receiver antenna heights of 3 m, 6 m, & 10 m were considered. The results indicated suburban environment with the varying receiver antenna heights.Item Practical Error Bounds of Empirical Models at VHF/UHF Bands(2016) Onidare, Samuel O.; Faruk, Nasir; Bello, Olayiwola W.; Mohammed, Mujaheed Y.; Sowande, Olugbenga A.; Ayeni, Adeseko A.Empirical path loss models are widely used to predict signal propagation behavior in an environment. In this paper, a multi-transmitter scenario was used to bound the errors of five widely used empirical propagation path loss models in predicting radio waves propagation in the UHF and VHF bands in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. A drive test was conducted using a dedicated Agilent N9342C spectrum analyzer along seven different routes that span urban and open areas. Three transmitters were utilized in the campaign (National Television Authority NTA Ilorin, Harmony FM and Unilorin FM). The prediction error, root mean square error (RMSE), skewness of the error distribution and the relative error were further computed and presented. Furthermore, the performance of the models were also cor-related with their design parameters and constraints. The analysis reveals that, of the five models investigated, the error bounds of the ECC model is very high, hence its accuracy for Ilorin terrain, while the three models of Cost-231, Hata and Ilorin (a localized model) were below the acceptable tolerable values for the metrics used and the Egli model falls within a reasonable range of the acceptable values of 6-7dB for urban areas and 10-15dB for Suburban and rural areas. For example, while the ECC model recorded RMSE values of 54.11dB, 52.23dB and 52.41dB for the three transmitters, the corresponding values for the Hata model were; 7.9 dB, 8.37 dB and 10.13 dB, for the COST 231 model: 8.46 dB, 10.09 dB and 9.66 dB and for the Ilorin model, the RMSE values were; 8.51 dB, 8.50 dB and 10.57 dB. The RMSE values obtained for the Egli model are 16.77 dB, 14.50 dB and 10.90 dB respectively. Finally, it was found that the error distribution for each model followed the terrain profile of the routes.Item Spectral Limitations and the Emerging Trends in Wireless Communication(University of Ibadan Journal of Science and Logics in ICT Research, 2020-05) Ayeni, Adeseko; Onidare, Samuel O.; Sowande, Olugbenga A.; Adebowale, Quadri I.The electromagnetic spectrum had long been found to support the transmission of information. In this paper, the authors provided a brief treatise on the stupendous growth of wireless communication appeal, as an alternative to wired communication, for long-distance communication. Specifically, the paper delved into how the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emerged to support the transmission of information. A discussion of the profound progress that had been made in the field of mobile communication with the emergence of different generations leading to the, now, proposed 5G networks, with increasing capabilities intended to make life more meaningful in all areas of human endeavour, was also provided. Further consideration was provided on the finite nature of the radio spectrum, which became a challenge in the face of the consistently emerging wireless technologies and rapid deployment of such emerging technologies to match the exponential increase in transmittable information types and demand for such. The inadequacy of the traditional spectrum management approach, the fixed spectrum allocation, which, partly, accounts for the “scarcity of the radio spectrum” that accompanied the wireless communication growth was expounded. Finally, the various efforts made to confront these challenges and the techniques involved in the new approach to spectrum management; i.e. the dynamic spectrum access or sharing was discussed