Browsing by Author "Shittu, A.O"

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
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    Bacteriological Quality of Locally Fermented Milk (Nono) and Commercial Yoghurts marketed in Ilorin.
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Development & Practice, 2016-12) Shittu, A.O; David, M.S; Aliyu, M.S; Bello, R.H; Olajide, R.O
    Eleven samples comprising of six branded yoghurts and five unbranded „nono‟ purchased from seven different locations randomly selected in Ilorin city were evaluated for their bacteriological quality. The physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. Results for the total bacterial count for yoghurt ranged from 3.08 × 102 cfu/mL to 9.67×102 cfu/mL while that of „nono‟ ranged from 1.056×103 cfu/mL to 3.152×103 cfu/mL. Eleven bacteria species were identified in this study. A total of forty-five isolates were obtained with Staphylococcus aureus (17.8%) and Pasturella multocida (17.8%) having the highest frequency. Others were Aeromonas hydrophilia (15.6%) Klebsiella oxytoca, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinobacillus spp (8.9%), Xanthomonas maltophilia (6.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (4.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.2%). Marketed yoghurts and locally produced „Nono‟ in Ilorin were found to be contaminated with mostly Gram negative bacteria belonging majorly to the Enterobacteriaceae family and a Gram positive organism (Staphylococcus aureus). The yoghurt and „nono‟ samples were found to be of unacceptable microbiological quality. The presence of these pathogenic organisms in these commonly consumed dairy products could constitute public health hazards and possibly food poisoining especially if they are stored under inappropriate conditions for longer periods of time.
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    CHARACTERIZATION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALS OF A HERBAL PREPARATION
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019) Njinga, N.S; Bakare-Odunola, M.T; Mustapha, K.B; Yahaya, T; Shittu, A.O; Bello, H.R; Usman, S.O; Ayanniyi, R.O; Olufadi, H.Y
    Herbal product (HP) (from Ricinus communis and honey) is used locally for the management of inflammatory and inflammation related disorders including asthma. The current study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chemical profile, elemental components, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the HP used for treatment of asthma. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteus reagent and AlCl3 colorimetric method respectively. The chemo-profiling was done using TLC. Elemental analysis was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Albumin-induced paw oedema model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity while agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the HP at different concentrations. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, steroids and terpenoids were detected in the HP. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 10.00 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 336.60 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. The chemo-profiling showed one spot at 254 nm but none at 366 nm. AAS indicated the presence of K, Ca, Fe, Na, Zn, Cu and Pb (Cu and Pb were within WHO acceptable limit). The 100 % concentration produced sudden but transient significant reduction in oedema size at 30 minutes. However, at 60 minutes the effect produced at 25 % was comparable to that of Ibuprofen at 20 mg/kg body weight. At 100% concentration HP all the organisms tested were sensitive except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The presence of flavonoids may justify the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities thus validating its use in local treatment of Asthma.
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    Chemical Equivalence of Some Brands of Metronidazole Tablets Marketed in Sagamu Community
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Development and Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018-05) Kasim, L.S; Oyefule, M.O; Eniayewu, O.I; Njinga, N.S; Abdullahi, S.T; Shittu, A.O
    The occurrence of fake and substandard medicines has become a global issue that draws the attention of all key players in the sector in all nations of the World. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of metronidazole tablets in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for therapeutic purpose. Five (5) brands of 200mg metronidazole tablet, marketed in Sagamu community Pharmacies were randomly selected and subjected to physicochemical studies which include uniformity of weight, crushing strength, friability, and disintegration rate, and chemical equivalence study using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to official procedures in British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). All brands except brand D and E passed the weight uniformity test. The friability test was passed by all the brands except brand E according to B.P specification which states that the loss in weight should be less than 1% also all brands except brand B showed satisfactory crushing strength. Also, the disintegration rate of the brands was satisfactory according to the B.P. specification as all the brands disintegrated within 30 minutes. The results of high performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of brands A,B,C,D, and E to be 97.44% w/w, 130.9% w/w, 111.56% w/w, 98.52% w/w, 96.02% w/w respectively. The British Phamacopoeia specification for percentage composition of metronidazole is in the range of 90-105%. Therefore brand A, D and E passed the test while brand B and C did not pass the test. The results showed that only brand A passed all the analytical procedures and therefore fit or safe for human consumption.
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    Design, formulation and characterization of ibuprofen-polyethylene glycol (6000) solid dispersions
    (West African College of Postgraduate Pharmacists, 2019) Shittu, A.O; Oyeyiola, R.W; Njinga, N.S; Afosi, A.B
    Background: Formulation of solid dispersion has attracted considerable interest where dispersing a poorly water soluble drug in a water soluble polymer matrix improves the dissolution characteristics and bioavailability of the drug. Aim: The aim of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate and bioavailability of Ibuprofen (BCS class II) using solid dispersion techniques. Method: Ibuprofen solid dispersion was prepared by fusion method. Drug-carrier physical mixtures were also prepared. Effects of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) was studied for the solid dispersions and physical mixtures. The solid dispersions were investigated for drug content, solubility and dissolution characteristics, surface morphology using optical microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). All the solid dispersions showed better solubility characteristics and dissolution rate than physical mixtures. Evaluation of the FTIR results shows that the stretching vibration of ibuprofen carbonyl peak in SDs and physical mixture remained which indicates that the drug crystalline form may not be altered during solid dispersion formation and its attenuated intensities were thought to be due to the lower drug content as the amount of polymer was increased. Conclusion: The FT-IR and DTA results for SDs and physical mixtures showed no drug-polymer interaction. The statistical analysis, solubility and dissolution rate test result of ibuprofen was compared to that of the SD formulations and the values obtained were significantly below 0.05 which indicates that the results are statistically significant. Therefore, solid dispersion may be an effective technique to enhance dissolution rate of Ibuprofen. Keywords: Solid dispersion, Ibuprofen, solubility, bioavailability, PEG-6000, Fusion
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    Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of the leaf of Senna alata and bark of Piliostigma thonningii and the effect of their combination against skin infections
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State., 2020-06-04) Afosi, A.B; Shittu, A.O; Adekunle, R.B; Bello, R.H; Attah, F.A; Eniayewu, I.O
    The skin is the largest, multi-layered organ with a protective function. However, a breach as a result of damage to the epidermis causes micro-organisms to penetrate and cause infections. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of leaf of Senna alata and bark of Piliostigma thonningii as well as possible effect of the extracts combination in varying ratios. Ethanolic extracts of leaf of S. alata and bark of P. thonningii were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against selected Gram-positive - Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative - Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia enterocolitica; and fungal strain - Candida albican using agar well diffusion method at 100, 200 and 300 mg/mL and in combination at 75:25, 25:75 and 50:50 ratios against selected microorganisms. Gentamicin and Nystatin were used as positive controls. Triplicate zones of inhibition were measured after 24 and 72 hours for bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. The extracts of S. alata and P. thonningii had means of zones of inhibition ranging from 24.00±1.06 to 13.00±0.00 and 30.00±0.43 to 15.00±1.00 against S. aureus and 21.50±0.25 to 18.00±0.00 and 19.00±0.43 to 17.00±0.81 against E. coli respectively. Only the extract of S. alata showed antifungal activity with mean of zones of inhibition ranging from 30.00±0.53 to 12.00±0.82 against C. albicans. The synergistic activity S. alata and P. thonningii at ratio 50:50 produced the highest activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Considering these antimicrobial activities observed, the two extracts have shown interesting potentials in the treatment of skin infections.
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    Physicochemical Properties and Compact analysis of a new Directly Compressible Filler-Binder “Tstarac” and its Utilization in the Formulation of Ascorbic Acid Tablets
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State., 2016-12) Shittu, A.O; Afosi, A.B
    An investigation into the design of a directly compressible filler/binder from two locally available raw materials is hereby reported. ‘Nigeria tapioca starch’ (NTS) and ‘Nigeria acacia sieberiana gum’ (NASG) were both extracted using standard methods. The resultant materials were passed through mesh 60 and were then coprocessed in isopropanol and water at ratio of 2:1. NTS and NASG were arbitrarily selected at ratio 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20 which gave flow rates of 5.6, 15.1, and 20.6 g/s; angle of repose of 32.3 o , 30.0 o , and 27.5 o . Compressibility index was 20.9, 17.3 and 6.0 %; while Hausner ratio was 1.21, 1.16, and 1.06, respectively. The composite containing NTS and NASG (80:20) exhibited the best physicochemical properties and was subsequently selected for the ascorbic acid formulations. It was concluded that the coprocessed NASG and NTS have excellent compressibility and compatibility properties and can serve as cost effective excipients in conventional pharmaceutical solid dosage formulations.
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    Quality assessment of different brands of diclofenac tablets marketed in Ilorin metropolis: a pharmaceutical and public health perspective
    (Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy. Published by the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria., 2020-04) Abdullahi, S.T; Olanipekun, O.C.; Eniayewu, O.I; Bamidele, O.D; Bakare-Odunola, M.T; Shittu, A.O; Soyinka, J.O.
    Background: The quality of a medicinal product is an important factor for its safety and efficacy. Poor-quality medicines are a major impediment to improvements in public health. This study assessed the pharmaceutical quality of different brands of diclofenac (DCF) tablets in Ilorin metropolis. Methods: Four randomly selected brands of diclofenac potassium tablets (coded: DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D) were obtained from pharmaceutical outlets, and quality parameters were evaluated according to Pharmacopeial methods. The potency of tablets was determined spectrophotometrically based on the measurement of maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 276 nm in doubly distilled water. Results: Method validation according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines showed acceptable sensitivity (limit of detection of 0.3886 μg/mL and limit of quanti􀃶cation of 1.1775 μg/mL), precision (% relative standard deviation range of 0.72 – 1.54), accuracy (% recovery range of 98.9 – 101.3). Average contents of active diclofenac were 45, 98, 103 and 105% for DCF-A, DCF-B, DCF-C and DCF-D respectively. DCF-A brand was not only substandard but falsi􀃶ed based on British Pharmacopoeia potency speci􀃶cation range of 95 – 105%. Conclusion: A substandard and falsi􀃶ed brand of diclofenac tablets was detected. Drug regulatory authority must ensure periodic post-registration surveillance of licensed pharmaceutical products marketed in the country to secure the health and safety of the populace.