Browsing by Author "Salawu, KM"
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Item Anti-inflammatory and Diuretic Activities of Moringa oleiferaLam. (Moringaceae) and Andrographis paniculata Burm.f. (Acanthaceae) Co- administered in Rats(Pharmaceutical research, development and Practices, 2016) Lawal, BA; Salawu, KM; Agunu, A; Adedoyin, IR; Abdul-Ganiy, GOMoringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) and Andrographis paniculata Burm.f. (Acanthaceae) are commonly used medicine plants in several parts of Nigeria. The leaf extract of M. oleifera (MO) has been extensively studied and used traditionally for its anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities. Because of the wide medicinal benefits of these plants they are often used together in polyherbal formulation(s). This study was aimed at evaluating some biological activities of MO and A. paniculata (AP) administered singly and in combination. This aim was pursued using in vivo acute toxicity study, formalin induced rat paw edema and diuretic assay. The leaf extracts MO and AP were observed to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract of MO and AP at 100 mg/kg body weight displayed 69.44 and 10.10 % inhibition of rat paw edema respectively, while the combination of extract elicited weaker inhibition (11.29 %) of paw volume. The extract of MO and AP when administered singly and in various combination at different doses elicited similar diuretic activity compared to the hydrochlorothiazide except at a combined dose of MO 50 mg/kg + AP 50 mg/kg, where the urine volume (1.27±0.60 mL) was lower compared to the negative control (1.62±0.52 mL). The extracts of MO and AP were observed to be relatively safe. The extract of MO had significant anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities compared to AP. However the combination of both plants extracts led to inhibition of the anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities of MO.Item Evaluation of heavy metal impurities in metformin tablet brands marketed in Ilorin, Nigeria(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2022-01-31) Bamidele, OD; Eniayewu, OI; Adegbola, AJ; Salawu, KM; Njinga, NS; Abdullahi, STThe safety and quality of pharmaceutical products are important considerations for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Periodic assessment of heavy metals impurities in pharmaceutical products used for long term treatment of chronic diseases is important to safeguard the health and well-being of patients. This study investigated the levels of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in brands of metformin tablets commonly prescribed in Ilorin, Nigeria, for the management of diabetes. Five brands of commonly prescribed metformin tablets were randomly purchased from pharmacies in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria. Metal concentrations in the acid digested samples were profiled using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Method validation results showed excellent linearity (r 2=0.9921(Mn), 0.9995 (Cu), 0.9998 (Zn), 0.9996(Cd), 0.9913(Pb)), with limits of detection (0.001, 0.001, 0.002, 0.002 and 0.025 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively) and limits of quantification (0.003, 0.003, 0.006, 0.006 and 0.076 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively) in the concentration ranges of 2– 10, 0.2–1.6, 0.2–1.6, 1–4 and 1–4 mg/L for Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively. Mn, Cu, and Zn were detectable in varying concentrations in all the five brands of metformin evaluated in this study while none of the brands contained Cd and Pb at detectable levels. The levels of Mn, Cu and Zn ranged between 0.031-0.062, 0.085-0.112 and 0.040-0.130 mg/mL respectively across the brands. The highest concentrations of Mn, Cu and Zn were 0.062(0.001), 0.112(0.001) and 0.130(0.001) mg/L respectively. Similarly, maximum daily ingestible amounts for Mn, Cu and Zn ranges between 0.84-1.75, 2.17-3.03 and 6.12-20.7 μg/day respectively, which were below permissible daily exposure (PDE). These results indicate that all the metformin brands evaluated could be safely administered orally to the patients without fear of any of the metal’s toxicity consequences.Item MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ASPERGILLUS TAMARII (TRICHOMACEAE)(Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017-03) Ogbole, OO; Adebayo-Tayo, BC; Salawu, KM; Okoli, VCMicrobial drug resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, this has prompted a continuous search for new and effective antibacterial agents from diverse sources including endophytic fungi of plants and mushroom. Aspergillus tamarii is an endophytic fungus that has been isolated from different plants and mushrooms such as Lycoperdon umbrinum. This study was undertaken to identify the endophytic fungi isolated from L. umbrinum and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extract from the endophytic fungi. The endophytic fungus was identified as Aspergillus tamarii (strain SRRC 108818S) based on sequence data analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. The extract from Aspergillus tamarii had significant antibacterial activities on Salmonella typhi (ATCC33458), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6633), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), with zone of inhibitions of 15.5 ± 0.707, 14.5 ± 0.707, 14 ± 0.00 and 23 ± 1.414 respectively at the highest concentration of 200 mg/mL. The extract however, does not have any effect on Candida albicans at all tested concentration. Aspergillus tamarii is an endophytic fungus that could be a potential source of antibacterial agent.Item Phytochemical,Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Analysis of the Ethylacetate Fraction of Paullinia pinnata Leaf L.(Sapindaceae)(Pharmaceutical research, development and Practices, 2018-05) Aiyelero, MO; Salawu, KM; Yaro, AH; Enape, OJ; Usman, SOAbstract Paullinia pinnata(Sapindaceae) is commonly called sweet gum (English). Traditionally various parts of P. pinnata is used in the management of various diseases including chronic arthritis rheumatic pain. Phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction of P. Pinnata leaf showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinone, steroidal terpenoids and carbohydrates only and it was also observed to be non-toxic with LD of 1264.9 mg/kg. The fraction displayed significant analgesic activity (21.45, 35.62 and 92.70 % inhibition at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively) in the formalin induced pain model, whereas ketoprofen had a 28.32 % inhibition of pain. In acetic acid induced writhing model the fraction also displayed significant analgesic activity between 70.03 to 100 % inhibition of the contraction of the abdominal muscle and stretching of the hind limbs at a dose of 75 to 300 mg/kg body weight respectively, where ketoprofen had a 76.60 % inhibition. The fraction had significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw oedema model with maximum activity up to three hours (60.0 % at first hour, 47.47 % at second hour, 65.38 % at third hour and 63 % at fourth hour) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. The ethyl acetate fraction of P. Pinnata leaf poses significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.