Browsing by Author "Oreagba, Ibrahim"

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    Adverse reactions to antiretroviral drugs in patients receiving therapy in a Federal teaching hospital Southwest Nigeria
    (West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2014) Usman, Sikiru; Oreagba, Ibrahim; Agede, Olalekan; Awodele, Olufunsho; Ejikam, Chioma; Akinyede, Akinwunmi
    Background: Antiretroviral drugs have proven efficacy in reducing viral load to undetectable plasma levels. Although, adverse reactions to antiretroviral drugs may cause death, prolongation of hospitalization, nonadherence and treatment failure in HIV infected persons; they are not fully documented in Nigeria. It is therefore necessary to evaluate adverse reactions of patients to antiretroviral drugs in Nigeria. Objectives: This study aimed to document the adverse reactions to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in HIV-positive patients, assess their severity causality and identify the risk factors for the development of the ADRs. Methods: With the aid of data capture form and interview, information about ADR was obtained prospectively from 51 new patients eligible to commence ARV for a period of 3 months. The retrospective arm made use of information extracted from the case notes of 137 ARV-experienced patients selected using a web-based random method from June 2009 – July 2010). Results: Dizziness (17.40%) was the most frequently reported adverse event in both arms of the study followed by body weakness (11.85%), anemia (11.11%), rash (9.63%), pruritus (9.63%), nausea and vomiting (7.41%) and fatigue (7.41%). Majority of suspected ADRs were mild (76.5%) while only few were severe (3.9%). Female + 3 gender (p=0.0010), CD4 cells count below 200 cells/mm (p=0.0005) and antiretroviral drug combination of Zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine (p=0.0099) were significantly associated with the development of ADRs to ARVs. Conclusion: The most common adverse event to antiretroviral drugs in this study was dizziness followed by body weakness, anaemia, skin rash, body itching, lipodystrophy, nausea and vomiting. Most of the ADRs were + mild and their development was significantly associated with female gender, CD4 cells count below 200 3 cells/mm and antiretroviral drug combination of Zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine.
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    Heavy metal content of commonly consumed herbal bitters in Ilorin, Nigeria
    (West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacy, 2017) Ayanniyi, Rashidat Oluwafunke; Folamin, Samson; Olumoh-Abdul, Hidayah; Atunwa, Soliu; Oreagba, Ibrahim
    Background: The use of herbal medicines has increased in recent years and has gained much attention in the health sectors, scientific community and the public alike. The safety and quality of these products become questionable even when the efficacy and potency may be guaranteed. Objective: The presence of heavy metals was determined. Methods: Two batches of five herbal bitters were purchased from different parts of Ilorin. Samples were prepared from these batches and analyzed for the presence of Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe) and Lead (Pb) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Their concentrations were compared with WHO permissible limits. The variations in the concentration of Cd, Fe, and Pb in the two batches of samples were also determined at P < 0.05. Results: The value of Cd ranged from 0.003-0.3mg/L, Pb 0.000-0.067mg/L and Fe 0.083-0.27mg/L. This study revealed that majority of the samples contained Cd and Pb in concentrations significantly lower than the permissible limits. However, the two batches of herbal bitters contained Fe with concentrations significantly higher than the official permissible limit of 0.1mg/L. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed that Iron was present in all the samples with some concentrations significantly higher than the WHO permissible limit. Lead and cadmium were present in some of the samples with concentrations below the WHO permissible limit.