Browsing by Author "Odetoye, T.E."
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Item Biodiesel: Sustainable energy replacement for petroleum based diesel fuel - A review,(Green Wave Publishing of Canada, 2015) Ajala, O.E.; Aberuagba, F.; Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, A.M.Biodiesel is a sustainable and renewable source of fuel. It has been considered as a comparable substitute to petro‐diesel, which is a fast depleting resource. Many studies have been undertaken on biodiesel production from various feedstock as a result of its importance. The differences between the physico‐chemical properties of biodiesel and petro‐diesel were considered with the aim of justifying the applicability of biodiesel in compression ignition engines (CIE). It was established that biodiesel has relatively close BTE (brake thermal efficiency) and BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) values with petro‐diesel, hence, is suitable for CIE operation without any modification. The exhaust from CIE using biodiesel was lower compared to petro‐diesel and this confirms the environmental friendliness of biodiesel. The catalyst being an important substance in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil/animal fat to produce biodiesel was comprehensively discussed, and heterogeneous catalysts were established to be preferred due to several advantages over homogenous catalysts. This paper reviews biodiesel production, prospects, benefits and challenges as a replacement for petrol diesel.Item Chemical Engineering Discipline In: An Introduction to Engineering Disciplines(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., 2019) Eletta, O.A.A.; Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.COURSE SYNOPSIS Introduction to chemical engineering profession: Definition of chemical engineering. Specializations/ Options in chemical engineering. Use of various implements and equipment in chemical engineering for various operations/processes. Prospects and job opportunities in chemical engineering as a profession. Relevant regulatory bodies and societies in chemical engineering. The role of chemical engineers in advancement of humanity.Item Effects of the extraction parameters on the quality characteristics of Parinari polyandra B. seed oil(Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Ilorin, 2016) Odetoye, T.E.; Afolabi, T.J.; Onifade, K.R.Extraction process parameters can influence the quality of oil obtained from seeds during extraction process. The effect of extraction process parameters on the quality of parinari seed oil, a potential renewable industrial raw material, is yet to be reported. This research was aimed at investigating the effects of some extraction process parameters on some quality characteristics of parinari oil (acid, iodine and saponification values). This work reports for the first time the effects of extraction process parameters on the properties of parinari seed oil. The parinari seeds were harvested and oil was obtained from the seeds by solvent extraction method based on the experimental design. The experimental design followed central composite design (CCD). Effects of extraction parameters on the quality characteristics were investigated. The study parameters were time (2-6 h), temperature (60-70 oC), solid- solvent ratio (0.03 - 0.08 g/cm3) and solvent types (n-hexane and petroleum ether). The responses were acid, saponification and iodine values. The results indicated that time and temperature significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of parinari oil. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based analysis of variance indicated that the models obtained were all significant (p < 0.0001). The set of conditions for the optimal quality was obtained at temperature (60 oC), time (2 h), solid to solvent ratio (0.07 g/cm3) and n-hexane solvent with 89.7% desirability. The effects of the extraction process parameters on parinari oil quality were obtained. The information provided from this work will be useful for potential scaling up of the parinari oil extraction process.Item Introduction to Chemical Engineering Discipline. In: An Introduction to Engineering Disciplines(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin in Unilorin Press, 2019) Eletta, O.A.A.,; Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.Item Production and characterization of biodiesel using palm kernel oil, fresh and recovered from spent bleaching earth(Green Wave Publishing of Canada, 2014) Aladetuyi, A.; Olatunji, G.A.; Ogunniyi, D.S.; Odetoye, T.E.; Oguntoye, S.O.Palm kernel oil (PKO) was recovered from spent bleaching earth with a yield of 16 %, using n-hexane while the fresh oil was extracted from palm kernel with n-hexane and a yield of 40.23% was obtained. These oils were trans-esterified with methanol under the same reaction conditions: 100 oC, 2 h reaction time, and oil-methanol ratio of 5:1 (w/v). The cocoa pod ash (CPA) was compared with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The percentage yields of biodiesel obtained from PKO catalysed by CPA and KOH were 94 and 90%, respectively. While the yields achieved using the recovered oil catalysed by CPA and KOH were measured at 86 and 81.20 %. The physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel produced showed that the flash point, viscosity, density, ash content, percentage carbon content, specific gravity and the acid value fell within American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications for biodiesel. The findings of this study suggest that agricultural residues such as CPA used in this study could be explored as alternatives for KOH catalyst for biodiesel production.Item Production of Biodiesel from Parinari polyandra B. Seed Oil using Bio-Based Catalysts(Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Ilorin, 2016) Amos, O; Ogunniyi, D.S.; Odetoye, T.E.Two agricultural residues, cocoa pod ash (CPA) and rice husk ash (RHA), were investigated as bio-based catalysts for the transesterification of Parinari polyandra seeds oil and the results obtained using these bio-based catalysts were compared with potassium hydroxide which is a conventional catalyst. Oil was extracted from parinari seeds and a yield of 57% was obtained. Cocoa pod and rice husks were ashed in muffle furnace at 600 oC and then characterized. Atomic Absorption Spectrometric analysis indicated the metal constituents of CPA as 13.05 ppm potassium, 6.65ppm sodium while RHA contained 3.24 ppm potassium, 1.748 ppm sodium, 0.053 ppm iron, 1.575 ppm magnesium, 2.325 ppm calcium and 0.009 ppm aluminum. Various concentrations of KOH, CPA and RHA (0.5-0.4%) were investigated in the transesterification reactions. Methanol - to - oil ratio of 6:1 with 1% KOH, 2% RHA and 4% CPA catalysts gave good biodiesel yields. The biodiesel yields of 99.94%, 98.61% and 88.85% were obtained with 1% KOH, 4% CPA and 2% RHA catalysts respectively. The properties of the biodiesel produced were determined and found to fall within the ASTM specification for standard biodiesels.Item Pyrolysis of Parinari polyandra Benth fruit shell for bio-oil production(Green Wave Publishing of Canada, 2014) Odetoye, T.E.; Onifade, K.R.; Abu Barkar, M.S.; Titiloye, J.O.Non-conventional agricultural residues such as Parinari polyandra Benth fruit shell (PPBFS) are potential sources of biomass feedstock that have not been investigated for bio oil production. In this study, PPBFS was pyrolyzed via an intermediate pyrolysis process for the production of bio oil. The bio oils were obtained using a fixed bed reactor within a temperature range of 375–550 oC and were characterized to determine their physicochemical properties. The most abundant organic compounds present were acetic acid, toluene, 2-cyclopenten-1-one, 2-furanmethanol, phenol, guaiacol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. The bio-oil produced at 550 oC possessed a higher quantity of desirable compounds than those produced at lower temperatures. The presence of acetic acids in the bio-oil suggested the need to upgrade the bio-oil before utilization as a fuel source.Item A Review of Bioenergy Policy Implementation in Ghana, Malawi and Nigeria(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria., 2019) Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.; Titiloye, , J.O.In response to the global recognition of bioenergy as a significant source of renewable energy necessary for mitigating the global environmental challenge, the Governments of various African countries are starting to develop their economic and energy policies towards the adoption, development, production, and utilization of biomass for production of biofuel in some African communities. Although, Government’s role and policy have been identified as key factors for effective adoption of biomass energy, the implementation, its production, and utilization is not yet at fully blown stage in most countries of sub-Saharan African. This paper attempts to assess the current developments in adopting biofuel production and utilization in some sub-Saharan African countries, identifying the causes of being at the early stage, despite the enormous potential. This paper also recommends a strategy for achieving a relatively rapid outcome in bioenergy policy implementation in sub-Saharan African.Item A Review of Biofuels Research in Nigeria(Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria., 2019) Odetoye, T.E.; Ajala, E.O.; Ogunniyi, D.S.Biofuels are attracting a lot of research attention as a source of renewable energy due to environmental benefits and prospects of energy security. The expectation of the global community is particularly high towards Sub-Saharan African countries like Nigeria to meet the growing bioenergy needs by harnessing the abundant supply of biomass feedstock. However, lack of home-grown technology has been one of the major drawbacks of biofuel industrialization in Nigeria. Although a reasonable amount of biofuel research effort has been embarked on locally in Nigeria, most of these research works have remained on the shelf instead of being translated into commercial production. This paper reviews some biofuel research work done on Nigerian biomass. It recommends that funding the existing and new biofuel research work in Nigeria and channeling research towards industrialization as important drivers towards biofuel production in Nigeria.Item Studies on the preparation of Parinari polyandra Benth seed oil alkyd resins(Wiley, 2013) Odetoye, T.E.; Ogunniyi, D.S.; Olatunji, G.A.Parinari polyandra Benth seed oil was utilized in the preparation of four sets of alkyd resin (35%, 50%, 60%, and 75% oil formulations) using a two‐stage alcoholysis‐polyesterification method. The rate of polyesterification was depended on the amount of oil used during synthesis. The properties of the alkyds (drying times, film characteristics, water and acid resistances, and solubility) were evaluated using relevant standards. Inclusion of cobalt naphthenate drier in the alkyds and their exposure to outdoor temperature improved the drying properties. White gloss paints formulated from the alkyds, considering a pigment‐volume concentration of 20.67% in the gloss paint formulation compare well with commercial standard. FTIR and 1H‐NMR analysis confirm the alkyd (glycerol‐phthalate) structure.Item Synthesis of Solid Catalyst from Dolomite for Biodiesel Production using Palm Kernel Oil in an Optimization Process by Definitive Screening Design(Brazilian Society of Chemical Engineering, 2019) Ajala, E.O.,; Ajala, M.A.,; Odetoye, T.E.; Okunlola, A. T.A solid catalyst for biodiesel production was synthesized from dolomite by calcination at different temperatures of 800 and 900oC for 2 h. The catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET). Its performance in the production of palm kernel biodiesel (PKB) using palm kernel oil in an optimization study was carried out by a definitive screening design. The varying process parameters for the optimization were methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst quantity, reaction time and dolomite calcination temperature. Tendency and extent of the catalyst reusability were also studied. The catalysts were found to contain calcium and magnesium oxides with morphological structures of: surface areas 507 and 560 m2/g, pore volumes 0.180 and 0.199 cm3/g, and pore sizes 27.07 and 31.48 Ȃ for Dolomite Catalyst Calcined (DCC) at 800oC (DCC800) and DCC at 900oC (DCC900), respectively. The optimal parameters of methanol:oil molar ratio 12:1, temperature 65oC, catalyst quantity 8% (w/w), time 4 h and DCC800 gave an optimum yield of 98.69% biodiesel. The catalyst was reused for the 8th cycle after which the %yield of PKB decreased by <4%. It can be concluded that the dolomite catalyst has a great activity and potential as a viable catalyst for quality biodiesel production.Item Thermal modification of chicken eggshell as heterogeneous catalyst for palm kernel biodiesel production in an optimization process(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020-02-04) Ajala, E.O.; Ajala, M.A.; Odetoye, T.E.; Aderibigbe, F.; Osanyinpeju, H; Ayanshola, A.M.Synthesis of the heterogeneous chicken eggshell catalyst (CEC) using thermal treatment at temperatures of 800 °C (CEC800) and 900 °C (CEC900) for palm kernel biodiesel (PBD) production was undertaken. The morphology, chemical composition, and surface area of the catalysts were determined. Catalyst’s efficiency in the production of biodiesel frompalmkernel oil was studied using a definitive screening design of optimization technique. The optimization parameters investigated were calcination temperature, catalyst quantity, methanol:oil molar ratio, and reaction time. The stability of the catalyst after the 5th cycle of repeated usage was studied. The CEC900 contained the highest chemical composition of 32.36% (wt) calcium with the morphology of highly porous, uniformly distributed spherical shape, with no agglomeration.A surface area of 120.4m2/g and a smaller pore size of 1.324 nmwere obtained fromthe CEC900. The optimal operating parameters of 4% (w/w) catalyst quantity, 10:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 50 °C reaction temperature, 1 h reaction time, and 900 °C calcination temperature were obtained to yield optimum biodiesel of 97.10%. Qualitative characterization confirmed that the CEC900 is suitable to produce quality PBD of ASTM standard. Reduction in the catalytic activity of 6% PBD was noticed in the 5th cycle. Therefore, thermal-modified CEC is a suitable and low-cost catalyst for biodiesel production.Item Thermochemical characterization of Parinari polyandra Benth fruit shell for bio-oil production(Elsevier, 2013) Odetoye, T.E.; Onifade, K.A.; Titiloye, J.O.; AbuBarkar, M.S.The aim of this work is to investigate the thermochemical characteristics of Parinari polyandra Benth fruit shell. An agricultural waste residue is investigated using standard methods including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), proximate and ultimate analysis, structural composition and bomb calorimeter. The proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out to determine the ash and fixed carbon contents, volatile matter, and elemental compositions. The structural composition analysis determined the hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content of the biomass. The measured calorific value obtained was 20.5 MJ/kg. The TGA and DTG profiles indicate the waste fruit shells are viable for pyrolysis reaction. The inorganic contents are relatively low with potassium found to be the most abundant element. The hemicelluloses and cellulose contents are indicative of relatively higher rate of pyrolysis and comparable with established biomass utilised for bio-oil production.