Browsing by Author "Njinga Ngaitad Stanislaus"

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    Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Partition Fractions of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Vernonia amygdalina
    (Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2024-12) Njinga Ngaitad Stanislaus; Egharevba Godshelp Osas; David Susan Mosebolatan; Mbakop Carline; Abdulazeez Iyabode Fatima; Olorukooba Halima Omolara; Olayiwola Olabisi Oreoluwa; Salawu Muritala Kayode; Shittu Abiodun Olatunji
    The calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa and the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina are plant parts which are widely consumed in Nigeria. These plant parts are known for their numerous medicinal uses which is a function of the phytochemicals present in them. This study was undertaken to investigate and compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol fractions of the calyx of H. sabdariffa and the leaf of V. amygdalina to ascertain their medicinal values. Phytochemical studies were done using standard methods such as Fehling’s test, alkaline reagent test, Keller-Kiliani test and spectrophotometric techniques. The antioxidant activities were carried out through DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging effects. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Vernonia amygdalina revealed the presence of varying amounts of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols and flavonoids. The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of Vernonia amygdalina contained alkaloids while only the chloroform fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa contained alkaloids. The difference in alkaloidal content of the chloroform fractions of both plant extracts was not statistically significant at P<0.05. The methanol fraction of both plants contained saponins with Vernonia amygdalina showing a higher percent of saponin compared to that of Hibiscus sabdarriffa although the difference was not statistically significant at P<0.05. Vernonia amygdalina contained more flavonoids in all fractions than Hibiscus sabdariffa. The difference in concentration of flavonoids between the fractions of both plant was statically significant at P<0.05. The phenolic content of the petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol fractions of H. sabdariffa were higher than that of V. amygdalina but the difference was not statistically significant at P<0.005 while the phenolic content of the ethyl acetate and acetone fractions of Vernonia amygdalina were statistically higher than that of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Amongst all the fractions, the methanolic fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa showed the highest antioxidant activity of 90.57 % at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The activity decreased with an increase in the concentration.The result of the phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa and the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina ascertained; the medicinal values of these plants, the folkloric claims and their wide consumption.
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    Standardization and Thin-Layer Chromatographic Profiling of Powdered Leaves and Flowers of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2023-12) Abdullahi Ajao Abdulrasheed; M.K Oladipo; Njinga Ngaitad Stanislaus; Attah Francis Alfred
    Introduction: Chromolaena odorata (CO) represent an important medicinal plant in the tropics. The correlation between its phytoconstituents and elemental components in the leaf and flower is desirable for its authentication and identification. Aim: The study was carried out to document the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, elemental analysis and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) profiles of crude powdered leaves and flowers of CO. Method: The thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) profiling. The microscopic study of the dried powder of the leaves and flowers was conducted using a compound light microscope attached to a digital camera. The elemental (mineral) analysis was done using the atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Result: The powdered leaf microscopy showed sessile glandular trichomes as well as multicellular and uniserate covering trichomes. Diagnostic characters of the flower showed presence of abundant bi and mutlticellular trichomes, pollen grains in pollen sac and other cellular characters. The TLC profiling of these two organs showed that the Retention factor (Rf) values for both the leaves and the flowers were very close while the analysis of elemental components in both samples were found to be similar with the amount of calcium, copper and manganese significantly higher in the leaf than in the flower. Conclusion: Chromolaena odorata has been demonstrated in this study to be a rich source of beneficial trace elements and secondary metabolites. This study has documented some pharmacognostic standards for the powdered leaves and flowers of CO which could be helpful in the proper identification and utilization of the plant. Keywords: