Browsing by Author "Kayode, R.M.O."
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Item Chemical Composition of Marasmius Oreades: A Wild Edible Mushroom among Kabba-Bunu Inhabitants of Nigerian.(Published by School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 2016) Kayode, R.M.O.; Laba, S.A.; Kayode, B.I; Aliyu, T.H.; Salami, K.O.; Opaleke, D.O.The use of mushroom as food ingredient has been practiced over years, though many species are consumed for their nutritional and health benefits, the chemical composition of most of these wild edible mushrooms in the tropics has been poorly studied. In this work, a wild mushroom Marasmius oreades; commonly eaten among inhabitants of Bunu land in Nigeria was assessed. The mushrooms were harvested from forests in three villages namely Aduratedo-Ape (AA), Okebukun (OK) and Aiyetoro-Kiri (AK). Proximate, phytochemical, mineral, fatty acid and amino acid constituents of the mushrooms were assessed using standard methods. The proximate on dry matter basis were; protein (12.06-14.54%), fat (7.73-8.38%), fibre (0.56-0.62%), total ash (10.15-14.90%) and carbohydrate (56.01-57.60%). There was no significant (P<0.05) difference in the parameters tested except the protein (14.54%) and ash (14.90%) of samples AK and OB respectively. The predominant phytochemical was flavonoids (12.052%) with others occurring at lower concentrations. Linoleic are most predominant fatty acids with an average result of 51.78%. The range of values obtained for both monounsaturated (28.77-29.34%) and polyunsaturated (51.68-53.20%) fatty acids were greater than saturated fatty acid (18.22-18.29%) in all samples. M. oreades contains great amount of potassium (1270.61 mg/kg), sodium (822.34 mg/kg), phosphorus (619.77 mg/kg), calcium (180.27 mg/kg) and magnesium (95.49 mg/kg). Some amino acids were significantly (P<0.05) affected by sampling locations such as threonine, lysine, cysteine, serine, aspartate and glutamate. The essential amino acids score (1.340) and essential amino acid index (1.261) indicated M. oreades as a good source of quality protein. However, it was limiting in tryptophan and leucine. This study concludes by recommending M. oreades as a good dietary supplement for adults.Item Chemical composition of Marasmius Oreades; A Wild Edible Mushroom among Kabba – Bunu Inhabitants of Nigerian(FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 2016) Kayode, R.M.O.; Laba, S.A.; Kayode, B.I.; Aliyu, T.H.; Salami, K.O.; Opaleke, D.O.The use of mushroom as food ingredient has been practiced over years, though many species are consumed for their nutritional and health benefits, the chemical composition of most of these wild edible mushrooms in the tropics has been poorly studied. In this work, a wild mushroom Marasmius oreades; commonly eaten among inhabitants of Bunu land in Nigeria was assessed. The mushrooms were harvested from forests in three villages namely Aduratedo-Ape (AA), Okebukun (OK) and Aiyetoro-Kiri (AK). Proximate, phytochemical, mineral, fatty acid and amino acid constituents of the mushrooms were assessed using standard methods. The proximate on dry matter basis were; protein (12.06-14.54%), fat (7.73-8.38%), fibre (0.56-0.62%), total ash (10.15- 14.90%) and carbohydrate (56.01-57.60%). There was no significant (P<0.05) difference in the parameters tested except the protein (14.54%) and ash (14.90%) of samples AK and OB respectively. The predominant phytochemical was flavonoids (12.052%) with others occurring at lower concentrations. Linoleic are most predominant fatty acids with an average result of 51.78%. The range of values obtained for both monounsaturated (28.77-29.34%) and polyunsaturated (51.68-53.20%) fatty acids were greater than saturated fatty acid (18.22-18.29%) in all samples. M. oreades contains great amount of potassium (1270.61 mg/kg), sodium (822.34 mg/kg), phosphorus (619.77 mg/kg), calcium (180.27 mg/kg) and magnesium (95.49 mg/kg). Some amino acids were significantly (P<0.05) affected by sampling locations such as threonine, lysine, cysteine, serine, aspartate and glutamate. The essential amino acids score (1.340) and essential amino acid index (1.261) indicated M. oreades as a good source of quality protein. However, it was limiting in tryptophan and leucine. This study concludes by recommending M. oreades as a good dietary supplement for adults.Item Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma longibrachiatum using Ananas comosus Waste and Saccharum officunarum Bagasse(Nigerian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biolog, 2014-01-01) Omojasola, P.F; Okun, H.A.; Oladoye, C.O.; Kayode, R.M.O.; Ahmed El-Imam, AminaTrichoderma longibrachiatum and Aspergillus niger were used to ferment two agro-based wastes; Pineapple peel (PP) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) as substrates for citric acid production. The wastes were ground, used to as carbon source in mineral salts media. Submerged fermentation was conducted at (29±10C) for five days and citric acid production and residual glucose were evaluated. pH, substrate concentration and inocula size were varied to determine their effect on citric acid production. 0.62 and 0.61 g L-1 of citric acid were produced from PP; while 0.08 and 0.24 g L-1 were produced from SB by T. longibrachiatum and A. niger respectively on Day 5 of fermentation. Maximum citric acid yield by A. niger was 0.61 g L-1 at pH 3; 0.92 g L-1 at 25% substrate concentration and 0.70 g L-1 at 0.5% inocula size on PP and 0.24 g L-1, 0.5 g L-1 and 0.52 g L-1 respectively on SB. Maximum yield with T. longibrachiatum was 0.6 g L-1 at pH 3; 0.62 g L-1 at 15% substrate concentration and 1.26 mg mL-1 at 0.5% inocula size on PP and 0.24 g L-1, 0.50 g L-1 and 0.52 g L-1 at pH 3.0, 25% substrate concentration and 1.5% inocula size respectively on SB. Under optimized conditions, T. longibrachiatum yielded 0.46 g L-1 citric acid which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than 0.41mg mL-1 produced by A. niger on PP. No significant difference (P<0.05) in the yield by both organisms on SB. Both wastes were found to be suitable substrates for commercial citric acid production.Item Comparative Dietary Values of Dried Pawpaw Leaves, Cassava Leaves and Orange Pulp for Giant African Land Snails.(Society of Animal Production, Department of livestock and Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka., 2016) Badmos, A.A.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Yusuff, A.T.; Oke, S.A.; Amusan, T.O.; Kayode, R.M.O.; Bolarin, O.; Adefalu, L.L.; Lawal, A.O.This study was conducted to investigate the comparative nutritional adequacy of cassava leaves, pawpaw leaves and orange peel for snail (Archachatina marginata) feed components. A total of three hundred adult snails (weighing 270 – 300g each) were randomly allocated to five treatments that were replicated five times, and each replicate unit consisted of twenty snails. The diets were formulated to contain 22 % protein and 1 900 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy. The result showed that the control diet (pawpaw leaves based) was most consumed, gave the highest weight gain and visceral weight, but the orange pulp based diet gave most efficient Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and dressing percentage (p<0.05). The study recommends the use of the three test ingredients as feed components for the Giant African Land Snails.Item EFFECT OF AMARANTHUS MOSAIC VIRUS (AMV) AND BITTER LEAF MOSAIC VIRUS (BMV) ON GROWTH, PROXIMATE, NUTRIENT CONTENT AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF GREEN AMARANTH (Amaranthus hybridus L.)(School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna-Nigeria, 2016) Aliyu, Taiye Hussein; Abdulkareem, H.A.; Balogun, Olusegun Samuel; Eifediyi, K.E; Kayode, R.M.O.A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Bitter leaf mosaic virus (BMV) and Amaranthus mosaic virus (AMV) on growth response, proximate, nutrient composition and sensory acceptability of green amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus L.). The treatments comprised single and double inoculations of A. hybridus with AMV and BMV while buffer inoculated plants served as control. Data were collected from 1st to 8th week after inoculation (WAI) for plant height, number of leaves, and number of leaves with viral disease symptoms. Standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist were used for determining the proximate composition and sensory acceptability were carried out on the leaves at harvest. The results showed that the significantly highest percentage disease severity at 8 WAI was recorded in plants inoculated with AMV (19.3%) followed by BMV (16.2%) and BMV + AMV (15.1%). The growth parameters from the 5th to the 8th WAI indicated that AMV inoculated plants were the shortest plants (22.6 to 33.7cm) with the significantly lowest number of leaves (6.9 to 23.6cm) compared to the control plants which were the tallest. The analysis showed a depletion of the proximate and mineral contents of the leaves by the viruses. However, the sensory evaluation revealed overall general acceptability of the virus infected plants despite an aversion to the colour.Item Evaluation of the Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical screening of an Exotic and Wild Species of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus-sajor caju)(Nigerian Journal of Agriculture Food and Environment, Published by Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria., 2013) Kayode, R.M.O.; Olakulehin, T.F.; Annongu, A.A.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Oyeyinka, S.A.; Kayode, B.I.Mushroom is use in the preparation of several delicacies in many part of Nigeria, There is dearths of information on the nutritional qualities of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju) cultivated on gmelina wood waste. Hence, this study is designed to ascertain the nutritional composition and phytochemical properties of indigenous wild species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju) and the exotic species that is commercially grown on gmelina wood waste at the Forestry Research Institute in Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were obtained and analysed for proximate, mineral and phytochemical properties on dry weight basis using standard methods. Results of Proximate analyses of the exotic and wild oyster mushroom samples were: moisture (7.00 and 7.15%), protein (19.30 and 25.24%), crude fat (7.24 and 6.65%), crude fibre (7.47 and 7.05%), total ash (7.13 and 8.25%) and carbohydrate by difference (51.86 and 45.66%) respectively. Qualitative analysis of both samples showed the presence of the following phytochemicals: alkaloid, saponin, tannin, cardiac glycosides and flavonoid. The quantitative analysis of the phytochemical properties of the exotic specie’s showed saponin (4.05%), flavonoid (0.06%) tannin (0.27%) cardiac glycosides (0.63%) and alkaloid (10.05%); while, the wild specie showed saponin (3.03%), flavonoid (0.09%), tannin (0.30%) cardiac glycosides (1.45%) and alkaloid (9.64%). Alkaloid seems to be the most predominant phytochemical in the two mushroom species. The values obtained for the predominant minerals content of the exotic sample were: potassium (mg/100g), magnesium (154.75mg/100g), calcium (142.79 mg/100g) and iron (116.90mg/100g); Most of the values were lower compared with the values of the wild counterpart as follow: potassium (665.89mg/100g), magnesium (162.93mg/100g), calcium (147.23mg/100g) and iron (125.61mg/100g). The other minerals for the exotic species ranged from 68.75mg/100g (manganese) to 0.22mg/100g (molybdenum) while, the wild specie ranged from 72.79mg/100g (manganese) to 0.16mg/100g (molybdenum). This study concluded that oyster mushroom grown on gmelina wood waste favourably compared with the wild counterpart and has potential for use as acceptable human foodItem Investigation of the toxicity levels of supplemental dietary DL-methionine for poultry in a tropical environment(Society of Animal Production, Department of livestock and Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, 2014) Annongu, A.A.; Karim, O.R.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Kayode, R.M.O.; Adeyemi, K.D.The study investigated the effect of supplementing dietary methionine on growth performance, serum biochemistry and liver histology in cockerels. A total of three hundred 1 day- old cockerel chicks were randomly assigned to diets containing 0.10, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45 or 0.55% of dietary methionine in a completely randomized design and fed for six weeks. Feed intake, weight gain, survival rate, serum cholesterol, transaminase activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values and liver histology were determined. The result showed that feed intake and growth rate decreased with increasing level of dietary methionine although not significant (p> 0.05), while survival rate was 100% regardless of dietary treatments. Birds fed 0.10, 0.25 and 0.35% methionine had significantly higher (p< 0.05) weight gain, feed efficiency and HDL cholesterol but lower (p<0.05) LDL cholesterol and TBARS values than those fed 0.45 and 0.55% methionine. The activities of gamma glutamyl transaminase (GGT) and alanine transaminase (ALT) was significantly higher in birds fed 0.10 and 0.25 than 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55% methionine while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity decrease significantly (p< 0.05) with increasing levels of methionine. Normal hepatic architecture was observed in liver of birds fed 0.10 and 0.25% methionine while those fed higher levels had distorted hepatic architecture, the severity of which increased with increasing levels of methionine. Thus, inclusion of supplemented dietary methionine above 0.25% is likely to create health hazards in poultry in a tropical environment like Nigeria.Item Moringa Oleifera: Medicinal Values, Antimicrobial Properties & Application as Food Ingredients-A Review.(Department of Science Education, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 2015) Kayode, R.M.O.; Kayode, B.I.; Laba, S.A.; Salami, K.O.Moringa oleifera Lamarck is a native plant to the southern foothills of the Himalayan areas of Asian countries and currently grown in many tropical and subtropical countries. The plant parts are used in the preparation of herbal medicine for the treatment of diver’s pains and diseases in South Asia. It is an important food source in some parts of the world such as India and Africa where it is used to combat malnutrition. The immature green pods, seeds, dried leaves and seed oil are used in food preparation. The interest in utilization of moringa seed as antimicrobial agents, medicinal uses, food additives and application in food preservation has been amplified in the past few decades by an increasingly negative consumer perception of most synthetic food preservatives and drugs. In addition, food-borne diseases are overwhelmingly increasing public health problem which calls for more effective preservation strategies. The nutritional composition, medicinal uses and antibacterial properties of the various parts of Moringa oleifera have been documented extensively. However, there is dearth’s of information and limited knowledge about the mode of action of the plant extracts. This review encourages researchers to focus on methods of processing the parts into a more useful and acceptable food products, the mode of action of the individual chemical component or synergistic interactions of the chemical compounds of the plant on different microbial species, and on their reactions with food chemical matrix that will enhance its extracts to be used as food preservative.Item Performance and Hematology indices of Broiler Chickens fed Mono-Culture Fungal Fermented Mango (Mangifera indica) Kernel Cake.(Published by Society of Animal Science, Department of Livestock & Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka., 2013) Kayode, R.M.O.; Ojiako, F.A.; Ogundun, N.J.; Annongu, A.A.; Abdulsalam, K.O.; Adeyemi, K.D.A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing maize with different mono-culture fungal fermented Mango kernel Cake at 20% inclusion level on performance and hematology indices in starter broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty 1day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six treatment groups of 60 chicks each in a completely randomized design. The treatments were the Control, Unfermented mango kernel cake (UMKC), Rhizopus oligosporus fermented mango kernel cake (Ro), Aspergillus niger fermented mango kernel cake (An), Rhizopus stolonifer fermented Mango kernel cake (Rs) and Penicillium chrysogenum fermented mango kernel cake (Pc). The highest total body weight gain of 494.45g was observed with birds fed control diet which was not significantly (p> 0.05) different from birds fed diets Ro (469.66g), An (483.92g) and Pc (492.52g) but differ (p< 0.05) from UMKC (408.04g). Birds fed Pc diet had higher feed intake that was significantly (p< 0.05) different from other treatments. Birds fed UMKC had a significantly lower protein, fibre and ash retention and lower feed efficiency than other treatments. However, fat retention does not differ (p> 0.05) among treatments. The hematological parameters of the birds fed different diets were within normal range except the values of PCV (16.00%) obtained for the birds fed UMKC which was significantly lower (p< 0.05) than other treatments. Fungi fermented mango kernel cake could be used to replace maize in diet of broiler starter without deleterious effects on performance, nutrient retention and hematological indices.Item Physicochemical Properties of Processed Aerial Yam (Discoreabulbifera) and Sensory Properties of Paste (Amala) Prepared with Cassava Flour(The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2017) Kayode, R.M.O.; Buhari, O.J.; Otutu, L.O.; Ajibola, T.B.; Oyeyinka, S.A.; Opaleke, D.O.; Akeem, S.A.Aerial yam is a member of the Dioscoreaceae family which consist several varieties found in South Asia and Africa. The tubers are under-utilized and not commercially grown; but are cultivated and consumed among rural dwellers in parts of Western Nigeria. The tubers were washed, sorted, peeled, sliced and blanched in hot water at 80ºC for 10min. The blanched yam slices were divided into four portions. Two portions were fermented for 48hr and sun (BFSUD) and solar (BFSOD) dried. The other two blanched portions were also sun (BSUD) and solar (BSOD) dried respectively. The dried slices were milled, sieved and used for proximate, functional and phytochemical analysis. Proximate composition of aerial yam flour was: moisture content (7.66-10.60%), total ash (0.05-1.76%), crude protein (4.42-5.07%), crude fibre (0.56-0.69%), crude fat (3.42-3.82%), and carbohydrate (79.28-82.37%). The phytochemical constituent included alkaloid, steroids, saponin and flavonoid. The bulk density, water absorption capacity and dispersibility were within the range of 0.52-0.54g/ml, 56.50-66.00g/g and 4.47-5.75% respectively. The sample, BFSUD had the highest crude protein, dispersibility and water absorption capacity was selected and mixed with cassava flour for amala on which sensory evaluation was conducted. Five aerial yam flour (AY) treatments were formulated and coded as follow: AY100, AY80CS20, AY60CS40, AY40CS60, and AY20CS80. Cassava flour (CS100) was used as control treatment. The overall acceptability of flour paste (amala) ranged from 5.45 (Sample AY80CS20) to 7.25 (sample AY100). The study revealed treatment AY60CS40 and AY80CS20 possessed the overall acceptability, mean score above 7.0 (like slightly). Therefore 60-80% incorporation of aerial yam flour with cassava is recommended based on desirable sensory characteristics. Aerial yam flour can be used for food preparation and commercial purpose which may in turn increase the utilization.Item Quality Attributes of Weevils (Callosobruchus Maculatus) Infested Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Products(Nigerian Journal of Agriculture Food and Environment, Published by Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria, 2013) Oyeyinka, S.A.; Oyeyinka, A.T.; Karim, O.R.; Kayode, R.M.O.; Balogun, M.A.; Balogun, O.A.Cowpea is an important food legumes widely consumed in almost every part of the world including Nigeria. The cowpea seeds are often rendered worthless by the cowpea weevils (Callosobruchus Maculatus).This infestation usually originate in the field and continue progressively in stored seeds. This study therefore evaluated the growth rate of weevils, weight loss of the stored cowpea seeds, and the effect of weevils on the proximate, functional and sensory properties of cowpea products (cowpea flour and akara). Akara is a deep-fat fried ball prepared from whipped cowpea paste, flavoured with pepper, onion and salt. Twenty five (25) matured weevils were inoculated into 6.4kg of fresh uninfested cowpea seeds and stored at room temperature (25 ± 5°C) for 4 weeks duration of the study. The number of live weevils was counted and the weight of cowpea seeds was measured weekly and Samples were taken weekly from the stored weevil infested cowpea seeds, milled into flour and evaluated for proximate composition and functional properties. The flours were subsequently used in the production of akara and subjected to sensory evaluation. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance test and means separated at 5% probability level. Proximate composition of the flours varied significantly with moisture (10.51-11.51%), ash (3.01-3.20%), protein (16.4619.61%) and fat contents (1.12-1.40%) decreasing with increase in the duration of storage period while carbohydrate (63.2467.86%) and crude fibre (0.91-1.01%) increased. All the functional properties including loose bulk density (0.56-0.66g mL-1), packed bulk density (0.75-0.86g mL-1), water absorption capacity (1.00-1.25 g water g-1 flour) and oil absorption capacity (0.8-1.10 g water g-1 flour) decreased significantly as duration of storage increased. A similar trend observed for the flours was obtained for the proximate composition of the akara samples with moisture (10.52-11.63%), ash (3.59-3.82%), protein (16.60-19.97%) and fat contents (2.06-2.30%) decreasing with increase in duration of storage, while carbohydrate (61.4166.21%) and crude firbre (0.88-0.97%) increased. Sensory attributes of akara produced from uninfested cowpea flour was the most acceptable, flour from one week infested cowpea was comparable with the uninfested cowpea flour in aroma, taste, texture and acceptability. Generally, panelist described the texture of akara made from these flours as dry with a tough outer surface and a beany flavorItem Seed Protein and Minerals Utilization from Moringa: Toxicological and Physiological Implications of Phyto-chemicals and Heavy Metals in Fed Broilers(Society of Animal Production, Department of livestock and Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka., 2014) Annongu, A.A.; Belewu, M.A.; Karim, O.R.; Adeyina, O.A.; Kayode, R.M.O.; Sola-Ojo, F.E.; Aremu, J.O.Investigations on the utilization of nutrients from full-fat Moringa oleifera seed meal (FMOSM) and the toxicological and physiological implications of the seeds phytochemicals and heavy metals on utilization of the nutrients were conducted. Dietary FMOSM was offered to broiler chicks at hatch for 4-weeks in a one-way classification design experiment. Response criteria from the birds were determined on nutrients utilization, bioavailability of minerals including heavy metals and effects on blood constituents and metabolites. FMOSM was included in diets at graded levels of 0.00, 7.50, 10.00, 12.50 and 15.00% for diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Increasing level of virgin seed meal in diets caused a concomitant decrease in almost all the indices measured (p < 0.05), probably due to the anti-nutrients/toxic factors in the unprocessed seed meal. The birds utilized the rich minerals content of M. oleifera including its heavy metals, which prolonged consumption might be inimical to the health status of the experimental animal models. It was therefore concluded that untreated full-fat seed meal be included in diets for poultry not beyond 10% for optimum results.